Background
Methods
Sample design
Scoring Method and Data Analysis
Results
Reliability
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1
| 1.00 | |||||||||||||
2
| 0.38 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
3
| 0.80 | 0.46 | 1.00 | |||||||||||
4
| 0.34 | 0.41 | 0.35 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
5
| 0.50 | 0.46 | 0.53 | 0.41 | 1.00 | |||||||||
6
| 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.43 | 0.32 | 0.38 | 1.00 | ||||||||
7
| 0.66 | 0.40 | 0.68 | 0.48 | 0.61 | 0.49 | 1.00 | |||||||
8
| 0.26 | 0.23 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.74 | 0.40 | 1.00 | ||||||
9
| 0.39 | 0.26 | 0.41 | 0.36 | 0.31 | 0.36 | 0.52 | 0.43 | 1.00 | |||||
10
| 0.38 | 0.35 | 0.41 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.46 | 0.38 | 0.83 | 1.00 | ||||
11
| 0.28 | 0.19 | 0.34 | 0.16* | 0.21 | 0.57 | 0.41 | 0.51 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 1.00 | |||
12
| 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.44 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.52 | 0.59 | 0.60 | 1.00 | ||
13
| 0.44 | 0.29 | 0.45 | 0.28 | 0.43 | 0.20 | 0.43 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.3 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 1.00 | |
14
| 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.27 | 0.69 | 0.41 | 0.63 | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.62 | 0.50 | 0.14* | 1.00 |
Impact Item | Corrected Item - Total Correlation | Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted |
---|---|---|
1 Difficult to pronounce words | 0.65 | 0.89 |
2 Worsened taste | 0.52 | 0.89 |
3 Pain | 0.70 | 0.89 |
4 Uncomfortable to eat | 0.50 | 0.89 |
5 Self-conscious | 0.58 | 0.89 |
6 Feel tensed | 0.65 | 0.89 |
7 Diet unsatisfactory | 0.76 | 0.88 |
8 Interrupted meals | 0.54 | 0.89 |
9 Difficult to relax | 0.64 | 0.89 |
10 Embarrassed | 0.64 | 0.89 |
11 Irritable | 0.56 | 0.89 |
12 Difficult to do jobs | 0.57 | 0.89 |
13 Life less satisfying | 0.44 | 0.89 |
14 Totally unable to function | 0.64 | 0.89 |
Impact Item | Athens | Thessaloniki | University Dental Clinic | Social Insurance Dental Clinic | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corrected Item - Total Correlation
|
Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted
|
Corrected Item - Total Correlation
|
Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted
|
Corrected
Item - Total Correlation
|
Cronbach's Alpha
if Item Deleted
|
Corrected Item -
Total Correlation
|
Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted
| |
1. Difficult to pronounce words | 0.64 | 0.88 | 0.66 | 0.85 | 0.66 | 0.91 | 0.64 | 0.88 |
2. Worsened taste | 0.50 | 0.88 | 0.36 | 0.87 | 0.54 | 0.92 | 0.51 | 0.88 |
3. Pain | 0.73 | 0.88 | 0.68 | 0.85 | 0.77 | 0.91 | 0.66 | 0.88 |
4. Uncomfortable to eat | 0.43 | 0.88 | 0.34 | 0.87 | 0.63 | 0.92 | 0.41 | 0.89 |
5. Self-conscious | 0.48 | 0.88 | 0.60 | 0.85 | 0.65 | 0.92 | 0.54 | 0.88 |
6. Feel tensed | 0.61 | 0.88 | 0.70 | 0.85 | 0.74 | 0.91 | 0.60 | 0.88 |
7. Diet unsatisfactory | 0.72 | 0.88 | 0.72 | 0.85 | 0.81 | 0.91 | 0.73 | 0.87 |
8. Interrupted meals | 0.55 | 0.88 | 0.51 | 0.86 | 0.58 | 0.92 | 0.52 | 0.88 |
9. Difficult to relax | 0.69 | 0.88 | 0.43 | 0.86 | 0.69 | 0.91 | 0.60 | 0.88 |
10. Embarrassed | 0.67 | 0.88 | 0.42 | 0.86 | 0.69 | 0.91 | 0.62 | 0.88 |
11. Irritable | 0.57 | 0.88 | 0.46 | 0.86 | 0.58 | 0.92 | 0.56 | 0.88 |
12. Difficult to do jobs | 0.61 | 0.88 | 0.32 | 0.87 | 0.46 | 0.92 | 0.65 | 0.88 |
13. Life less satisfying | 0.16 | 0.89 | 0.51 | 0.86 | 0.54 | 0.92 | 0.39 | 0.89 |
14. Totally unable to function | 0.62 | 0.88 | 0.57 | 0.86 | 0.73 | 0.91 | 0.58 | 0.88 |
Construct Validity
Variable (number of cases) | OHIP-14 Mean (S.D.*) | Test |
---|---|---|
Number of teeth:
| ||
< 25 teeth | 17.3 (11.3) | Mann-Whitney |
≥ 25 teeth | 12.4 (7.6) | P < 0.01 |
Number of decayed teeth:
| ||
Dt < 2 | 13.7 (9.4) | Mann-Whitney |
Dt ≥ 2 | 18.2 (10.7) | P < 0.05 |
Number of missing teeth:
| ||
Mt < 8 | 12.8 (8.0) | Mann-Whitney |
Mt ≥ 8 | 17.7 (11.5) | P < 0.01 |
Number of filled teeth:
| ||
Ft < 6 | 16.3 (10.9) | Mann-Whitney |
Ft ≥ 6 | 12.8 (7.7) | P < 0.05 |
Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-s) distribution
| ||
OHΙ-s = 0.0-1.2 (good oral hygiene) | 11.9 (8.5) | Kruskall-Wallis |
OHΙ-s = 1.3-3.0 (fair oral hygiene) | 16.0 (9.6) | P < 0.01 |
OHΙ-s = 3.1-6.0 (poor oral hygiene) | 18.8 (10.7) |
Self-perceived oralhealth status | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subscales
|
All subjects n = 210
Mean (S.D.)
|
Good
n = 103
Mean (S.D.)
|
Fair
n = 83
Mean (S.D.)
|
Poor
n = 24
Mean (S.D.)
|
r
s
|
Functional limitation
| 2.9 (2.0) | 2.1 (1.7) | 3.1 (1.6) | 5.5 (1.7) | 0.45* |
Physical pain
| 2.6 (2.0) | 1.9 (1.6) | 2.9 (1.6) | 4.5 (2.3) | 0.39* |
Psychological discomfort
| 2.9 (2.0) | 2.0 (1.6) | 3.3 (1.9) | 4.8 (1.7) | 0.47* |
Physical disability
| 1.4 (1.8) | 0.8 (1.5) | 1.5 (1.6) | 3.5 (2.4) | 0.41* |
Psychological disability
| 2.0 (1.9) | 1.0 (1.2) | 2.5 (1.9) | 4.5 (1.7) | 0.57* |
Social disability
| 1.0 (1.4) | 0.5 (1.1) | 1.2 (1.3) | 2.5 (2.3) | 0.39* |
Handicap
| 2.2 (1.5) | 1.6 (1.3) | 2.5 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.4) | 0.45* |
OHIP-14
| 14.9 (10.0) | 9.8 (7.4) | 17.2 (7.6) | 29.0 (10.1) | 0.57* |
Self-perceived oral health status | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subscales
|
All subjects n = 210
Mean (S.D.)
|
Good
n = 103
Mean (S.D.)
|
Fair
n = 83
Mean (S.D.)
|
Poor
n = 24
Mean (S.D.)
|
r
s
|
Athens
| |||||
Functional limitation
| 3.4 (2.0) | 2.5 (1.6) | 3.4 (1.7) | 5.7 (1.9) | 0.37* |
Physical pain
| 3.2 (1.8) | 2.5 (1.4) | 3.3 (1.5) | 5.1 (2.2) | 0.27* |
Psychological discomfort
| 4.4 (2.3) | 3.3 (1.6) | 4.4 (1.9) | 7.2 (2.2) | 0.45* |
Physical disability
| 1.8 (1.7) | 1.0 (1.4) | 1.8 (1.3) | 3.9 (2.1) | 0.40* |
Psychological disability
| 2.5 (1.8) | 1.4 (1.2) | 2.6 (1.5) | 4.8 (1.4) | 0.51* |
Social disability
| 1.4 (1.6) | 0.8 (1.2) | 1.4 (1.2) | 3.0 (2.3) | 0.35* |
Handicap
| 1.9 (0.8) | 1.9 (0.9) | 2.0 (0.8) | 2.0 (1.0) | 0.02 |
OHIP-14
| 18.8 (9.5) | 13.3 (6.5) | 18.8 (6.6) | 31.6 (9.2) | 0.47* |
Thessaloniki
| |||||
Functional limitation
| 2.3 (1.8) | 1.7 (1.7) | 2.6 (1.5) | 4.8 (0.4) | 0.41* |
Physical pain
| 1.9 (1.7) | 1.5 (1.6) | 2.4 (1.8) | 2.6 (1.5) | 0.35* |
Psychological discomfort
| 2.4 (2.3) | 1.7 (2.0) | 3.4 (2.4) | 4.2 (2.6) | 0.43* |
Physical disability
| 0.8 (1.2) | 0.4 (0.9) | 1.4 (1.4) | 1.8 (1.1) | 0.43* |
Psychological disability
| 1.3 (1.9) | 0.5 (0.9) | 2.4 (2.3) | 3.4 (2.5) | 0.40* |
Social disability
| 0.5 (1.0) | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.9 (1.3) | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.34* |
Handicap
| 1.2 (1.1) | 0.9 (1.0) | 1.5 (1.1) | 1.6 (0.9) | 0.36 |
OHIP-14
| 10.2 (8.5) | 6.9 (6.9) | 14.6 (8.4) | 19.0 (7.0) | 0.52* |
University Dental Clinic
| |||||
Functional limitation
| 2.9 (2.2) | 1.8 (1.8) | 3.0 (1.9) | 5.1 (2.1) | 0.42* |
Physical pain
| 2.5 (2.3) | 1.3 (1.6) | 3.0 (2.2) | 4.7 (2.5) | 0.51* |
Psychological discomfort
| 3.4 (2.8) | 1.8 (2.1) | 4.0 (2.1) | 7.1 (2.7) | 0.63* |
Physical disability
| 1.4 (1.8) | 0.5 (1.3) | 1.8 (1.6) | 3.6 (2.1) | 0.53* |
Psychological disability
| 2.1 (2.0) | 0.8 (1.1) | 2.8 (1.7) | 4.8 (1.5) | 0.67* |
Social disability
| 1.0 (1.4) | 0.6 (1.2) | 1.0 (1.1) | 2.7 (1.8) | 0.42* |
Handicap
| 1.4 (1.0) | 1.0 (1.1) | 1.7 (1.0) | 2.0 (0.7) | 0.37* |
OHIP-14
| 14.7 (11.3) | 7.9 (8.1) | 17.4 (7.7) | 30.0 (9.9) | 0.66* |
Social Insurance Dental Clinic
| |||||
Functional limitation
| 2.9 (1.9) | 2.1 (1.7) | 3.1 (1.6) | 5.8 (1.5) | 0.47* |
Physical pain
| 2.7 (1.7) | 2.2 (1.6) | 2.8 (1.3) | 4.4 (2.2) | 0.32* |
Psychological discomfort
| 3.6 (2.3) | 2.7 (1.9) | 4.0 (2.2) | 6.1 (2.5) | 0.44* |
Physical disability
| 1.3 (1.5) | 0.7 (1.2) | 1.5 (1.2) | 3.4 (2.2) | 0.44* |
Psychological disability
| 1.9 (1.9) | 1.0 (1.2) | 2.4 (1.9) | 4.3 (1.9) | 0.51* |
Social disability
| 1.0 (1.5) | 0.4 (0.9) | 1.3 (1.3) | 2.4 (2.6) | 0.38* |
Handicap
| 1.7 (1.0) | 1.5 (1.1) | 1.9 (0.9) | 0.9 (1.2) | 0.15* |
OHIP-14
| 15.0 (9.3) | 10.7 (9.0) | 17.1 (7.6) | 28.3 (10.6) | 0.52* |
Self-assessment of oral satisfaction | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Subscales
|
All subjects
n = 202
Mean (S.D.)
|
Satisfied
n = 127
Mean (S.D.)
|
Dissatisfied
n = 75
Mean (S.D.)
|
r
s
|
Functional limitation
| 2.9 (2.0) | 2.2 (1.7) | 4.0 (2.0) | 0.43* |
Physical pain
| 2.6 (2.0) | 2.1 (1.7) | 3.5 (1.9) | 0.36* |
Psychological discomfort
| 2.9 (2.0) | 2.1 (1.7) | 4.1 (1.8) | 0.47* |
Physical disability
| 2.0 (1.9) | 1.2 (1.4) | 3.4 (2.0) | 0.53* |
Psychological disability
| 1.4 (1.8) | 0.9 (1.5) | 2.3 (2.0) | 0.40* |
Social disability
| 1.0 (1.4) | 0.5 (1.0) | 1.7 (1.7) | 0.40* |
Handicap
| 2.2 (1.5) | 1.6 (1.3) | 3.1 (1.3) | 0.48* |
OHIP-14
| 14.9 (10.0) | 10.6 (7.5) | 22.3 (9.4) | 0.55* |
Self-assessment of oral satisfaction | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Athens
| ||||
Subscales
|
All subjects
n = 202
Mean (S.D.)
|
Satisfied
n = 127
Mean (S.D.)
|
Dissatisfied
n = 75
Mean (S.D.)
|
r
s
|
Functional limitation
| 3.4 (2.0) | 2.7 (1.6) | 4.2 (2.1) | 0.37* |
Physical pain
| 3.2 (1.8) | 2.7 (1.5) | 3.4 (1.7) | 0.27* |
Psychological discomfort
| 4.4 (2.3) | 3.4 (1.7) | 5.4 (2.4) | 0.45* |
Physical disability
| 1.8 (1.7) | 1.1 (1.4) | 2.6 (1.9) | 0.40* |
Psychological disability
| 2.5 (1.8) | 1.6 (1.3) | 3.4 (1.7) | 0.51* |
Social disability
| 1.4 (1.6) | 0.9 (1.2) | 2.0 (1.8) | 0.35* |
Handicap
| 1.9 (0.8) | 1.9 (0.9) | 2.0 (0.9) | 0.02 |
OHIP-14
| 18.8 (9.5) | 14.3 (6.8) | 23.4 (9.7) | 0.47* |
Thessaloniki
| ||||
Functional limitation
| 2.3 (1.8) | 1.7 (1.6) | 3.7 (1.6) | 0.41* |
Physical pain
| 1.9 (1.7) | 1.5 (1.6) | 2.9 (1.5) | 0.35* |
Psychological discomfort
| 2.4 (2.3) | 1.8 (2.0) | 4.3 (2.3) | 0.43* |
Physical disability
| 0.8 (1.2) | 0.4 (0.9) | 2.0 (1.4) | 0.43* |
Psychological disability
| 1.3 (1.9) | 0.7 (1.2) | 3.3 (2.6) | 0.40* |
Social disability
| 0.5 (1.0) | 0.3 (0.8) | 1.2 (1.4) | 0.34* |
Handicap
| 1.2 (1.1) | 0.9 (1.0) | 1.9 (1.0) | 0.36* |
OHIP-14
| 10.2 (8.5) | 7.5 (6.6) | 19.2 (8.1) | 0.52* |
University Dental Clinic
| ||||
Functional limitation
| 3.4 (2.0) | 1.8 (1.7) | 4.0 (2.2) | 0.44* |
Physical pain
| 3.2 (1.8) | 1.5 (1.8) | 3.8 (2.2) | 0.52* |
Psychological discomfort
| 4.4 (2.3) | 1.8 (1.8) | 5.6 (2.6) | 0.66* |
Physical disability
| 1.8 (1.7) | 0.6 (1.2) | 2.6 (2.0) | 0.55* |
Psychological disability
| 2.5 (1.8) | 0.9 (1.1) | 3.7 (2.0) | 0.58* |
Social disability
| 1.4 (1.6) | 0.4 (1.0) | 1.9 (1.6) | 0.49* |
Handicap
| 1.9 (0.8) | 1.1 (1.0) | 1.9 (0.9) | 0.42* |
OHIP-14
| 18.8 (9.5) | 8.1 (6.9) | 23.6 (10.0) | 0.67* |
Social Insurance Dental Clinic
| ||||
Functional limitation
| 2.3 (1.8) | 2.3 (1.6) | 4.1 (1.9) | 0.42* |
Physical pain
| 1.9 (1.7) | 2.3 (1.6) | 3.4 (1.7) | 0.27* |
Psychological discomfort
| 2.4 (2.3) | 2.9 (2.1) | 4.9 (2.2) | 0.42* |
Physical disability
| 0.8 (1.2) | 0.8 (1.2) | 2.3 (1.7) | 0.43* |
Psychological disability
| 1.3 (1.9) | 1.2 (1.4) | 3.2 (2.0) | 0.50* |
Social disability
| 0.5 (1.0) | 0.6 (1.1) | 1.7 (1.8) | 0.36* |
Handicap
| 1.2 (1.1) | 1.5 (1.1) | 2.0 (0.9) | 0.17* |
OHIP-14
| 10.2 (8.5) | 11.6 (7.5) | 21.4 (9.1) | 0.49* |
Dependent Variable Add OHIP-14 | Unstandardized Coefficients | t-ratios | Confidence Intervals | P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent variables
|
B
|
Std. Error
|
Lower
|
Upper
| ||
Physical disability | 0.906 | 0.078 | 11.647 | 0.752 | 1.060 | < 0.001 |
Social disability | 0.955 | 0.071 | 13.502 | 0.815 | 1.095 | < 0.001 |
Physical discomfort | 0.999 | 0.073 | 13.640 | 0.854 | 1.144 | < 0.001 |
Physical pain | 1.141 | 0.064 | 17.771 | 1.014 | 1.268 | < 0.001 |
Functional limitaion | 1.119 | 0.059 | 19.093 | 1.003 | 1.235 | < 0.001 |
Psychological discomfort | 1.067 | 0.062 | 17.073 | 0.943 | 1.190 | < 0.001 |
Oral Health | 0.214 | 0.267 | 0.804 | -0.313 | 0.742 | 0.423 |
Gender | 0.111 | 0.157 | 0.704 | -0.200 | 0.422 | 0.483 |
Residence | -0.509 | 0.180 | -2.820 | -0.865 | -0.152 | 0.006 |
Educational level | -0.088 | 0.066 | -1.319 | -0.219 | 0.044 | 0.190 |
Occupational status | 0.031 | 0.058 | 0.544 | -0.083 | 0.146 | 0.587 |