Introduction
Patients and methods
Study group
Ethical issue
Statistical analysis
EFA and CFA
Computation of subscale scores
Test-retest reliability
Comparison with JSSF Scale scores
Comparison with SF-36 scores
Comparison of scores for the Pain and Pain-Related subscale and the SF-36 Bodily Pain subscale
Background factors
Patient versus non-patient comparison
Sports items
Statistical probability
Results
Patient and non-patient classification and age
Patient-group by JSSF Scale classification | Gender | Number | Age |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | |||
Patient | |||
Ankle and hindfoot | Male | 232 | 47.0 ± 18.6 |
Female | 237 | 52.6 ± 18.1 | |
Total | 469 | 49.8 ± 18.5 | |
Hallux | Male | 43 | 54.9 ± 19.1 |
Female | 126 | 59.5 ± 15.6 | |
Total | 169 | 58.3 ± 16.6 | |
Lesser toe | Male | 15 | 43.7 ± 19.2 |
Female | 30 | 52.7 ± 17.4 | |
Total | 45 | 49.7 ± 18.3 | |
Midfoot | Male | 32 | 44.8 ± 17.3 |
Female | 36 | 50.7 ± 19.8 | |
Total | 68 | 47.9 ± 18.7 | |
Rheumatoid arthritis | Male | 30 | 61.0 ± 14.3 |
Female | 87 | 59.3 ± 12.1 | |
Total | 117 | 59.8 ± 12.6 | |
Not reported | Male | 4 | 31.5 ± 16.9 |
Female | 4 | 67.8 ± 7.5 | |
Total | 8 | 49.6 ± 22.8 | |
All groups | Male | 356 | 48.6 ± 18.8 |
Female | 520 | 55.4 ± 17.0 | |
Total | 876 | 52.6 ± 18.0 | |
Non-patient | |||
Male | 225 | 45.0 ± 17.0 | |
Female | 266 | 44.2 ± 16.4 | |
Total | 491 | 44.6 ± 16.6 |
Factor analysis
Pain and Pain-Related (Q1–Q7, Q10, Q11)a
| Physical Functioning and Daily Living (Q12–Q22) | Social Functioning (Q23–Q28) | Shoe-Related (Q8, Q9, Q34) | General Health and Well-Being (Q29–Q33) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pain and Pain-Related | 0.752 (0.016b) | 0.647 (0.021) | 0.721 (0.022) | 0.785 (0.015) | |
Physical Functioning and Daily Living | 0.841 (0.012) | 0.737 (0.021) | 0.808 (0.013) | ||
Social Functioning | 0.726 (0.023) | 0.804 (0.014) | |||
Shoe-Related | 0.718 (0.022) |
Test-retest reliability
Subscale | ICC | 95 % CI |
---|---|---|
Pain and Pain-Related | 0.78 | 0.74–0.83 |
Physical Functioning and Daily Living | 0.83 | 0.77–0.89 |
Social Functioning | 0.72 | 0.64–0.79 |
Shoe-Related | 0.81 | 0.76–0.86 |
General Health and Well-Being | 0.82 | 0.78–0.87 |
Sum of scores | 0.85 | 0.81–0.89 |
Distribution of subscale scores
Comparison with the JSSF Scale score
Patient group by JSSF Scale classification |
n
| Pain and Pain-Related | Physical Functioning and Daily Living | Social Functioning | Shoe-Related | General Health and Well-Being |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ankle and hindfoot | 467 | 0.63 (p < 0.001) | 0.65 (p < 0.001) | 0.57 (p < 0.001) | 0.49 (p < 0.001) | 0.61 (P < 0.001) |
Hallux | 167 | 0.64 (p < 0.001) | 0.50 (p < 0.001) | 0.50 (p < 0.001) | 0.46 (p < 0.001) | 0.52 (p < 0.001) |
Lesser toe | 45 | 0.47 (p = 0.002) | 0.52 (p < 0.001) | 0.51 (p = 0.001) | 0.48 (p = 0.002) | 0.45 (p = 0.004) |
Mid foot | 68 | 0.61 (p < 0.001) | 0.69 (p < 0.001) | 0.63 (p < 0.001) | 0.54 (p < 0.001) | 0.58 (p < 0.001) |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 117 | 0.57 (p < 0.001) | 0.64 (p < 0.001) | 0.59 (p < 0.001) | 0.55 (p < 0.001) | 0.56 (p < 0.001) |
All | 864 | 0.61 (p < 0.001) | 0.60 (p < 0.001) | 0.55 (p < 0.001) | 0.51 (p < 0.001) | 0.56 (p < 0.001) |
SF-36
SF-36 subscale (mean ± SD) | SAFE-Q subscale | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pain and Pain-Related | Physical Functioning and Daily Living | Social Functioning | Shoe-Related | General Health and Well-Being | |
Physical functioning (36.2 ± 18.4) | 0.505 (p < 0.001) | 0.771 (p < 0.001) | 0.657 (p < 0.001) | 0.520 (p < 0.001) | 0.638 (p < 0.001) |
Role physical (36.9 ± 17.1) | 0.422 (p < 0.001) | 0.625 (p < 0.001) | 0.704 (p < 0.001) | 0.436 (p < 0.001) | 0.607 (p < 0.001) |
Bodily pain (42.2 ± 11.8) | 0.652 (p < 0.001) | 0.634 (p < 0.001) | 0.684 (p < 0.001) | 0.532 (p < 0.001) | 0.669 (p < 0.001) |
Social Functioning (46.2 ± 14.9) | 0.406 (p < 0.001) | 0.579 (p < 0.001) | 0.667 (p < 0.001) | 0.446 (p < 0.001) | 0.592 (p < 0.001) |
General health (46.8 ± 11.5) | 0.403 (p < 0.001) | 0.461 (p < 0.001) | 0.409 (p < 0.001) | 0.399 (p < 0.001) | 0.504 (p < 0.001) |
Vitality (47.3 ± 10.5) | 0.415 (p < 0.001) | 0.400 (p < 0.001) | 0.450 (p < 0.001) | 0.375 (p < 0.001) | 0.507 (p < 0.001) |
Role emotional (42.3 ± 15.5) | 0.442 (p < 0.001) | 0.543 (p < 0.001) | 0.600 (p < 0.001) | 0.416 (p < 0.001) | 0.610 (p < 0.001) |
Mental health (47.7 ± 11.0) | 0.408 (p < 0.001) | 0.441 (p < 0.001) | 0.484 (p < 0.001) | 0.380 (p < 0.001) | 0.566 (p < 0.001) |
Comparison of scores from the SAFE-Q Pain and Pain-Related subscale and SF-36 Bodily Pain subscale scores
JSSF Scale classification | Rank correlation coefficients in comparisons of Pain scores by JSSF Scales | ||
---|---|---|---|
SAFE-Q Pain and Pain-Related | SF-36 Bodily Pain | Significance | |
Ankle and hindfoot | 0.63 (n = 409) | 0.51 (n = 399) |
p < 0.05 |
Hallux | 0.68 (n = 163) | 0.47 (n = 160) |
p < 0.01 |
Lessor toe | 0.58 (n = 44) | 0.32 (n = 44) | NS |
Midfoot | 0.66 (n = 68) | 0.50 (n = 67) | NS |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 0.62 (n = 116) | 0.47 (n = 113) | NS |
Patient characteristics
Comparison among patient groups
Age and gender
Comparison of the scores of patients and non-patients
Subscale | Patients | Non-patients | Comparison between patients and non-patients | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25th percentile | Median | 75th percentile | 25th percentile | Median | ||
Pain and Pain-Related | 47 | 70 | 84 | 94 | 100 |
p < 0.001 |
Physical Functioning and Daily Living | 55 | 75 | 92 | 98 | 100 |
p < 0.001 |
Social Functioning | 42 | 75 | 96 | 100 | 100 |
p < 0.001 |
Shoe-Related | 42 | 67 | 92 | 92 | 100 |
p < 0.001 |
General Health and Well-Being | 45 | 75 | 90 | 100 | 100 |
p < 0.001 |
Sports Activity | 11 | 34 | 75 | 97 | 100 |
p < 0.001 |
Group | Pain and Pain-Related | Physical Functioning and Daily Living | Social Functioning | Shoe-Related | General Health and Well-Being | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age groupa
| 1 | 96 ± 7 (n = 224) | 99 ± 3 (n = 224) | 99 ± 5 (n = 224) | 94 ± 12 (n = 224) | 99 ± 3 (n = 224) |
2 | 95 ± 10 (n = 178) | 98 ± 6 (n = 178) | 99 ± 7 (n = 177) | 92 ± 13 (n = 178) | 99 ± 5 (n = 178) | |
3 | 94 ± 12 (n = 89) | 93 ± 12 (n = 89) | 95 ± 12 (n = 88) | 91 ± 14 (n = 88) | 94 ± 14 (n = 89) | |
Gender | Male | 97 ± 7 (n = 225) | 98 ± 6 (n = 241) | 99 ± 6 (n = 224) | 97 ± 7 (n = 224) | 98 ± 7 (n = 225) |
Female | 94 ± 11 (n = 266) | 97 ± 7 (n = 266) | 98 ± 9 (n = 265) | 89 ± 15 (n = 266) | 98 ± 7 (n = 266) |