Background
Methods
Population and questionnaire
Spirometry
Statistical analysis
Results
FEV1/FVC <0.7 (GOLD) n = 366* | FEV1/FVC <1.645 SD below predicted (ATS/ERS) n = 163* | All N = 3,892 | |
---|---|---|---|
Physician-diagnosed COPD,% | 5.7 | 9.8 | 0.8 |
Chronic bronchitis symptoms,% | 4.6 | 7.4 | 2.3 |
Women,% | 49.2 | 66.9 | 52.5 |
Age (mean ± SD), yrs | 58.3 ± 9.5 | 54.9 ± 10.3 | 51.7 ± 10.6 |
BMI (mean ± SD), kg/m2
| 25.6 ± 3.9 | 25 ± 3.8 | 26.1 ± 4 |
Spirometry | |||
FEV1 (L) (mean ± SD) | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 3.3 ± 0.8 |
FEV1% (mean ± SD) | 65.1 ± 5.3 | 61.9 ± 6.3 | 78.0 ± 6.3 |
FEV1/FVC (mean ± SD) | 64.9 ± 5.3 | 61.7 ± 6.3 | 77.9 ± 6.4 |
Dyspnea,% | 6.3 | 9.2 | 6.3 |
Wheezing,% | 24.6 | 31.3 | 14.6 |
Treatment with respiratory drugs,% | 4.6 | 8 | 1.1 |
Smoking habits | |||
Never-smokers,% | 29.8 | 27.6 | 47.7 |
Former smokers,% | 38.8 | 35.6 | 36.2 |
Current smokers,% | 31.4 | 36.8 | 16.1 |
Pack/years in current and former smokers (mean ± SD) | 22.6 ± 15.5 | 22.2 ± 13.8 | 15 ± 12.2 |
FEV1/FVC <0.7 (GOLD) | FEV1/FVC <1.645 SD below predicted (ATS/ERS) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | 95% CI | Value | 95% CI | ||
Physician-diagnosed COPD | Sensitivity | 0.057 | 0.027–0.088 | 0.098 | 0.04–0.156 |
Specificity | 0.997 | 0.994–0.999 | 0.995 | 0.993–0.998 | |
LR+ | 16.859 | 6.894–41.228 | 21.532 | 9.226–50.25 | |
PPV | 0.636 | 0.427–0.846 | 0.485 | 0.267–0.702 | |
NPV | 0.911 | 0.899–0.922 | 0.962 | 0.954–0.97 | |
Chronic bronchitis symptoms | Sensitivity | 0.046 | 0.019–0.074 | 0.074 | 0.022–0.125 |
Specificity | 0.979 | 0.973–0.985 | 0.979 | 0.973–0.985 | |
LR+ | 2.244 | 1.161–4.337 | 3.520 | 1.664–7.443 | |
PPV | 0.189 | 0.086–0.292 | 0.133 | 0.044–0.223 | |
NPV | 0.908 | 0.896–0.920 | 0.960 | 0.952–0.968 |
FEV1/FVC <0.7 (GOLD) | FEV1/FVC <1.645 SD below predicted (ATS/ERS) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | 95% CI | Value | 95% CI | |||
Physician-diagnosed COPD | Sensitivity | Women | 0.083 | 0.032–0.135 | 0.11 | 0.035–0.185 |
Men | 0.032 | 0–0.065 | 0.074 | −0.015–0.163 | ||
Specificity | Women | 0.996 | 0.993–1 | 0.995 | 0.991–0.999 | |
Men | 0.997 | 0.994–1 | 0.996 | 0.992–1 | ||
PPV | Women | 0.682 | 0.434–0.93 | 0.545 | 0.28–0.811 | |
Men | 0.545 | 0.17–0.921 | 0.364 | 0.001–0.726 | ||
NPV | Women | 0.918 | 0.903–0.934 | 0.952 | 0.94–0.964 | |
Men | 0.902 | 0.885–0.919 | 0.973 | 0.963–0.982 | ||
Chronic bronchitis symptoms | Sensitivity | Women | 0.044 | 0.006–0.083 | 0.073 | 0.011–0.136 |
Men | 0.048 | 0.009–0.088 | 0.074 | −0.015–0.163 | ||
Specificity | Women | 0.976 | 0.968–0.985 | 0.977 | 0.969–0.986 | |
Men | 0.983 | 0.975–0.991 | 0.981 | 0.973–0.989 | ||
PPV | Women | 0.154 | 0.029–0.279 | 0.154 | 0.029–0.279 | |
Men | 0.237 | 0.064–0.409 | 0.105 | −0.019–0.23 | ||
NPV | Women | 0.914 | 0.898–0.929 | 0.949 | 0.937–0.962 | |
Men | 0.902 | 0.885–0.92 | 0.972 | 0.963–0.982 |
FEV1/FVC <0.7 (GOLD) | FEV1/FVC <1.645 SD below predicted (ATS/ERS) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | 95% CI | Value | 95% CI | ||
Sensitivity | Non-smokers | 0.009 | −0.014–0.032 | 0.022 | −0.033–0.077 |
Ex-smokers | 0.070 | 0.017–0.124 | 0.138 | 0.025–0.251 | |
Current smokers | 0.087 | 0.021–0.153 | 0.117 | 0.013–0.220 | |
Specificity | Non-smokers | 1 | 1 | ||
Former smokers | 0.992 | 0.986–0.998 | 0.991 | 0.985–0.997 | |
Current smokers | 0.996 | 0.989–1.003 | 0.991 | 0.981–1.000 | |
PPV | Non-smokers | 1 | 1 | ||
Former smokers | 0.5 | 0.22–0.78 | 0.4 | 0.126–0.674 | |
Current smokers | 0.833 | 0.564–1.102 | 0.583 | 0.228–0.939 | |
NPV | Non-smokers | 0.941 | 0.928–0.955 | 0.976 | 0.967–0.985 |
Former smokers | 0.906 | 0.886–0.925 | 0.964 | 0.951–0.976 | |
Current smokers | 0.830 | 0.792–0.867 | 0.914 | 0.886–0.942 |
FEV1/FVC <0.7 (GOLD) | FEV1/FVC <1.645 SD below predicted (ATS/ERS) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | 95% CI | Value | 95% CI | ||
Sensitivity | Non-smokers | 0.044 | −0.004–0.092 | 0.044 | −0.032–0.121 |
Ex-smokers | 0.042 | 0–0.084 | 0.094 | 0.003–0.185 | |
Current smokers | 0.052 | 0–0.104 | 0.067 | −0.014–0.147 | |
Specificity | Non-smokers | 0.981 | 0.973–0.989 | 0.980 | 0.971–0.988 |
Former smokers | 0.979 | 0.968–0.989 | 0.980 | 0.970–0.990 | |
Current smokers | 0.977 | 0.960–0.993 | 0.975 | 0.959–0.992 | |
PPV | Non-smokers | 0.128 | −0.006–0.262 | 0.051 | −0.037–0.14 |
Former smokers | 0.182 | 0.014–0.35 | 0.182 | 0.014–0.35 | |
Current smokers | 0.333 | 0.056–0.611 | 0.222 | −0.023–0.467 | |
NPV | Non-smokers | 0.943 | 0.929–0.956 | 0.976 | 0.967–0.985 |
Former smokers | 0.901 | 0.881–0.921 | 0.962 | 0.949–0.975 | |
Current smokers | 0.821 | 0.783–0.86 | 0.908 | 0.879–0.937 |