Background
Methods
Study population
Data collection
Data analysis
Results
Overall Agreement Between Data Sources
Mothera
| Fatherb
| |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | |||||||||
N | % Missing included | % Missing excluded | N | % Missing included | % Missing excluded | N | % Missing included | % Missing excluded | N | % Missing included | % Missing excluded | |
Occupation | ||||||||||||
Agreement | 226 | 74.6 | 76.9 | 263 | 78.7 | 79.7 | 184 | 64.1 | 76.0 | 198 | 62.7 | 74.4 |
Disagreement | 68 | 22.4 | 23.1 | 67 | 20.1 | 20.3 | 58 | 20.2 | 24.0 | 68 | 21.5 | 25.6 |
Unknownc
| 9 | 3.0 | - | 4 | 1.2 | - | 45 | 15.7 | - | 50 | 15.8 | - |
Total | 303 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 334 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 287 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 316 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Industry | ||||||||||||
Agreement | 216 | 71.3 | 74.5 | 256 | 76.6 | 77.8 | 179 | 63.0 | 76.2 | 187 | 59.2 | 73.3 |
Disagreement | 74 | 24.4 | 25.5 | 73 | 21.9 | 22.2 | 56 | 19.7 | 23.8 | 68 | 21.5 | 26.7 |
Unknownc
| 13 | 4.3 | - | 5 | 1.5 | - | 49 | 17.3 | - | 61 | 19.3 | - |
Total | 303 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 334 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 284 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 316 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Maternal Occupation | Paternal Occupation | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agreementa
| Agreementa
| |||||||
Maternal characteristic | N (%) missing | N | % Missing included | % Missing excluded | N (%) missing | N | % Missing included | % Missing excluded |
Age at delivery (in years) | ||||||||
< 18 | 4 (6.1) | 51 | 77.3 | 82.3b
| 33 (50.0) | 22 | 33.3 | 66.7c
|
18 – 19 | 4 (5.6) | 46 | 64.8 | 68.7 | 27 (38.0) | 26 | 36.6 | 59.1 |
20 – 24 | 10 (5.8) | 118 | 68.6 | 72.8 | 40 (23.3) | 94 | 54.7 | 71.2 |
25 – 29 | 3 (1.8) | 128 | 78.5 | 80.0 | 23 (14.1) | 110 | 67.5 | 78.6 |
30 – 34 | 2 (1.7) | 104 | 87.4 | 88.9 | 14 (11.8) | 88 | 73.9 | 83.8 |
35 – 39 | 1 (2.3) | 30 | 69.8 | 71.4 | 2 (4.7) | 31 | 72.1 | 75.6 |
40 or older | 1 (6.7) | 12 | 80.0 | 85.7 | 2 (13.3) | 11 | 73.3 | 84.6 |
Education (in years) | ||||||||
0 – 8 | 2 (3.8) | 42 | 80.8 | 84.0 | 17 (32.7) | 22 | 42.3 | 62.9d
|
9 – 11 | 4 (3.0) | 98 | 74.2 | 76.6 | 47 (35.6) | 54 | 40.9 | 63.5 |
12 | 9 (4.1) | 153 | 70.2 | 73.2 | 45 (20.6) | 134 | 61.5 | 77.5 |
13 – 15 | 3 (1.9) | 126 | 79.2 | 80.8 | 22 (13.8) | 107 | 67.3 | 78.1 |
16 or more | 1 (1.2) | 70 | 86.4 | 87.5 | 4 (4.9) | 64 | 79.0 | 83.1 |
Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
Non-Hispanic White | 3 (1.4) | 166 | 76.1 | 77.2c
| 30 (13.8) | 151 | 69.3 | 80.3 |
Non-Hispanic Black | 2 (9.1) | 11 | 50.0 | 55.0 | 8 (36.4) | 9 | 40.9 | 64.3 |
Hispanic | 13 (3.5) | 282 | 76.4 | 79.2 | 90 (24.4) | 202 | 54.7 | 72.4 |
Other | 1 (3.2) | 29 | 93.5 | 96.7 | 5 (16.1) | 19 | 61.3 | 79.2 |
Periconceptional folic acid usee
| ||||||||
Yes | 5 (2.2) | 175 | 77.1 | 78.8 | 25 (11.0) | 163 | 71.8 | 80.7 |
No | 15 (3.6) | 314 | 75.3 | 78.1 | 111 (26.6) | 219 | 52.5 | 71.6d
|
Agreement by Occupational Groups
Women employed outside home according to both sourcesa
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) group | Number (%) misclassified as homemaker or student on vital record | Number by interview | Number by birth certificateb
| Number by both sources | Sensitivity (%) (95% CI) | Specificity (%) (95% CI) | Kappa |
Management | 2 (10.5) | 17 | 19 | 14 | 82.4 (59.1 – 95.3) | 97.7 (94.9 – 99.1) | 0.76 |
Education, training, & library | 4 (15.4) | 22 | 22 | 19 | 86.4 (67.2 – 96.4) | 98.6 (96.2 – 99.6) | 0.85 |
Health diagnosing & treating practitioners | 0 (0.0) | 14 | 17 | 14 | 100 (80.7 – 100) | 98.6 (96.3 – 99.7) | 0.90 |
Health technologists & technicians | 2 (16.7) | 10 | 7 | 7 | 70.0 (38.0 – 91.7) | 100 (98.7 – 100) | 0.82 |
Health care support | 4 (23.5) | 12 | 12 | 10 | 83.3 (54.9 – 97.1) | 99.1 (97.0 – 99.9) | 0.82 |
Food preparation & serving | 26 (65.0) | 14 | 11 | 10 | 71.4 (44.6 – 90.2) | 99.5 (97.8 – 99.9) | 0.79 |
Sales & related occupations | 30 (44.1) | 37 | 37 | 32 | 86.5 (72.6 – 94.9) | 97.4 (94.4 – 99.1) | 0.84 |
Office & administrative support | 21 (24.7) | 63 | 56 | 49 | 77.8 (66.3 – 86.8) | 95.9 (92.0 – 98.2) | 0.76 |
Production occupations | 6 (30.0) | 14 | 13 | 12 | 85.7 (60.3 – 97.5) | 99.5 (97.8 – 99.9) | 0.88 |
Fathers employed according to both sources | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) groupb
| Number (%) missing occupation on vital record | Number by interview | Number by birth certificatec
| Number by both sources | Sensitivity (%) (95% CI) | Specificity (%) (95% CI) | Kappa |
Management | 4 (5.8) | 65 | 58 | 41 | 63.1 (50.9 – 74.1) | 95.8 (93.5 – 97.5) | 0.62 |
Business/financial operations | 0 (0.0) | 12 | 11 | 9 | 75.0 (45.9 – 93.2) | 99.6 (98.6 – 99.9) | 0.78 |
Health diagnosing & treating practitioners | 1 (8.3) | 11 | 13 | 11 | 100 (76.2 – 100) | 99.6 (98.6 – 99.9) | 0.92 |
Food preparation & serving | 12 (30.0) | 27 | 11 | 10 | 37.0 (20.6 – 56.2) | 99.8 (98.9 – 99.9) | 0.51 |
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance | 6 (25.0) | 18 | 10 | 8 | 44.4 (23.2 – 67.3) | 99.6 (98.6 – 99.9) | 0.56 |
Sales & related occupations | 6 (12.8) | 39 | 32 | 20 | 51.3 (35.8 – 66.6) | 97.2 (95.4 – 98.5) | 0.53 |
Office & administrative support | 6 (13.6) | 37 | 15 | 13 | 35.1 (21.1 – 51.4) | 99.5 (98.5 – 99.9) | 0.48 |
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations | 2 (14.3) | 11 | 8 | 6 | 54.5 (25.9 – 81.0) | 99.6 (98.6 – 99.9) | 0.62 |
Construction | 18 (22.5) | 61 | 65 | 47 | 77.0 (65.3 – 86.3) | 95.6 (93.3 – 97.3) | 0.71 |
Extraction workers | 1 (7.7) | 12 | 8 | 6 | 50.0 (23.4 – 76.6) | 99.6 (98.6 – 99.9) | 0.59 |
Installation, maintenance, & repair | 6 (16.2) | 26 | 32 | 18 | 69.2 (49.8 – 84.6) | 96.9 (94.9 – 98.2) | 0.60 |
Production occupations | 13 (18.6) | 57 | 57 | 42 | 73.7 (61.2 – 83.9) | 96.4 (94.3 – 97.9) | 0.70 |
Transportation & material moving | 12 (16.0) | 59 | 58 | 41 | 69.5 (56.9 – 80.2) | 95.9 (93.6 – 97.5) | 0.70 |
Military-specific occupations | 6 (23.1) | 19 | 23 | 19 | 100 (85.4 – 100) | 99.1 (97.9 – 99.7) | 0.90 |
Agreement by Industrial Sectors
Women employed outside home according to both sourcesa
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) industrial sector | Number (%) misclassified as homemaker or student on vital record | Number by interview | Number by birth certificateb
| Number by both sources | Sensitivity (%) (95% CI) | Specificity (%) (95% CI) | Kappa |
Manufacturing | 4 (22.2) | 14 | 15 | 12 | 85.7 (60.3 – 97.5) | 98.6 (96.2 – 99.6) | 0.82 |
Wholesale & retail trade | 25 (36.8) | 42 | 40 | 35 | 83.3 (69.8 – 92.4) | 97.3 (94.1 – 99.0) | 0.82 |
Finance & insurance | 4 (18.2) | 17 | 17 | 16 | 94.1 (74.3 – 99.7) | 99.5 (97.7 – 99.9) | 0.94 |
Professional, scientific, & technical services | 4 (28.6) | 10 | 9 | 7 | 70.0 (38.0 – 91.7) | 99.1 (97.0 – 99.9) | 0.73 |
Administration & support; waste management | 8 (38.1) | 12 | 11 | 7 | 58.3 (30.2 – 82.8) | 98.1 (95.6 – 99.4) | 0.59 |
Educational services | 8 (21.1) | 29 | 27 | 24 | 82.8 (65.8 – 93.4) | 98.5 (95.9 – 99.6) | 0.84 |
Health care & social assistance | 10 (15.4) | 52 | 53 | 48 | 92.3 (82.5 – 97.5) | 97.2 (93.8 – 98.9) | 0.89 |
Accommodation & food services | 31 (67.4) | 15 | 16 | 13 | 86.7 (62.5 – 97.7) | 98.6 (96.2 – 99.6) | 0.83 |
Public administration | 5 (20.8) | 19 | 14 | 13 | 68.4 (45.5 – 86.1) | 99.5 (97.7 – 99.9) | 0.77 |
Fathers employed according to both sources | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) industrial sectorb
| Number (%) missing industry on vital record | Number by interview | Number by birth certificatec
| Number by both sources | Sensitivity (%) (95% CI) | Specificity (%) (95% CI) | Kappa |
Agriculture, forestry, fishing & hunting | 3 (14.3) | 17 | 17 | 13 | 76.5 (52.5 – 92.0) | 99.1 (97.8 – 99.7) | 0.76 |
Mining | 1 (7.1) | 13 | 11 | 8 | 61.5 (34.1 – 84.3) | 99.3 (98.2 – 99.8) | 0.66 |
Construction | 22 (24.4) | 67 | 77 | 51 | 76.1 (64.9 – 85.2) | 93.4 (90.6 – 95.6) | 0.66 |
Manufacturing | 15 (16.1) | 77 | 71 | 55 | 71.4 (60.6 – 80.7) | 95.8 (93.5 – 97.5) | 0.69 |
Wholesale & retail trade | 17 (18.9) | 71 | 68 | 52 | 73.2 (62.1 – 82.6) | 95.9 (93.6 – 97.6) | 0.70 |
Transportation & warehousing | 6 (14.6) | 35 | 32 | 24 | 68.6 (51.9 – 82.2) | 98.1 (96.5 – 99.1) | 0.69 |
Professional, scientific, & technical services | 0 (0.0) | 12 | 14 | 9 | 75.0 (45.9 – 93.2) | 98.9 (97.7 – 99.6) | 0.68 |
Administration & support; waste management | 8 (38.1) | 11 | 14 | 6 | 54.5 (25.9 – 81.0) | 98.2 (96.7 – 99.2) | 0.47 |
Educational services | 2 (9.5) | 19 | 19 | 17 | 89.5 (69.4 – 98.2) | 99.5 (98.5 – 99.9) | 0.89 |
Health care & social assistance | 2 (7.4) | 22 | 22 | 19 | 86.4 (67.2 – 96.4) | 99.3 (98.2 – 99.8) | 0.86 |
Accommodation & food services | 10 (25.0) | 29 | 21 | 18 | 62.1 (43.7 – 78.2) | 99.3 (98.1 – 99.8) | 0.70 |
Other services (except public administration) | 2 (6.3) | 28 | 27 | 20 | 71.4 (52.9 – 85.8) | 98.4 (96.8 – 99.3) | 0.71 |
Public administration | 7 (13.0) | 46 | 47 | 42 | 91.3 (80.3 – 97.2) | 98.8 (97.4 – 99.6) | 0.89 |