Background
Unplanned admission of a patient in an acute care hospital to an intensive care unit (ICU) is a frequent occurrence [1]. Analysis of the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC) database shows that in 2012 roughly 40,000 patients had an unplanned ICU admission with up to 80% of these patients experiencing a preceding period of unchecked clinical deterioration [2‐4]. Their mortality rate was 1.5 times that of patients admitted directly to ICU from the emergency department (30.3% versus 19.7%). Timely admission to an ICU may improve outcomes for these patients [5]. Many institutions worldwide use risk scores to trigger escalation in care. Escalation of care based on an Early Warning Score (EWS) is mandated in the UK [6].
Despite implementation of EWS systems, missed clinical deterioration remains a significant problem [7]. Cognitive errors and barriers to communication have been identified as causes of missed deterioration [8]. In an attempt to bypass these problems, some institutions have trialled directly linking electronic vital sign charts to alerting systems [9]. However, existing EWS algorithms, which are typically based on vital signs, have a poor positive predictive value for severe deterioration [10]. Therefore, they cannot be usefully deployed in systems which aim to automatically alert trained specialists to impending deterioration on the ward as the number of false alerts is excessive. Inclusion of additional variables can improve the accuracy of EWS models [11, 12].
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Objective
We will conduct a systematic review to identify studies of patient-derived variables that are associated with an increased risk of unplanned ICU admission. For the purposes of the review, a variable is defined as an indivisible entity, as opposed to a composite entity such as a risk score, which is made up of multiple variables. A patient-derived variable is a measure of the properties of a patient as opposed to a measure of institutional processes such as nurse-to-patient ratio or number of escalation calls.
Methods/design
This protocol will adhere to the requirements of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Protocol (PRISMA-P), which is included as Additional file 1.
Search strategy
Papers will be identified by searching Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). We will include additional papers from the references of reviews articles or studies identified during screening and papers from the authors’ personal libraries. A full description of the search strategy is outlined in Appendix 1.
Study selection
Two researchers will independently screen titles and abstracts of identified papers against the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They will not be blinded to the journal titles or to the study authors or institutions. If there is disagreement or uncertainty regarding eligibility, the article will be included in the next stage of screening for further analysis for inclusion/exclusion. The full text will be retrieved for all articles not excluded by the initial screening. These papers will be independently assessed against the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Disagreements about eligibility will be resolved by discussion between the screening researchers or a third party.
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Inclusion criteria
Types of studies
Quantitative studies published in peer reviewed journals assessing adults admitted to adult hospitals will be eligible for inclusion in this review. Studies will most likely be prospective or retrospective cohort and case-control studies.
Study characteristics
Eligible studies must include both a cohort of patients admitted to ICU and a cohort not admitted to ICU. Unplanned ICU admission may be either a primary or secondary outcome measure. Studies published from January 2000 until the day of search completion will be included to ensure modern day applicability. No language restrictions will be applied.
Phenomenon of interest
Studies must describe a statistical relationship between a patient-derived variable (e.g. heart rate or creatinine level) and an unplanned admission to intensive care from a general ward or emergency department. ‘Diagnosis’ or ‘groups of diagnoses’ are eligible to be included as variables. If a paper analyses both eligible variables (e.g. variables that are widely available in most UK hospitals) and non-eligible variables (e.g. variables that are not widely available in most UK hospitals), it will still be eligible for inclusion, with the authors using only the eligible variables for inclusion in the review.
Population
Studies that sample adult patients with an unplanned admission to ICU will be considered for inclusion. For the purpose of this review, adult is defined as >16 years of age. There will be no other restrictions.
Exclusion criteria
Types of studies
Qualitative studies, case studies, grey-literature, editorials, letters, practice guidelines and abstract-only reports will be excluded.
Study characteristics
Studies of cohorts defined by a single condition or narrow group of conditions (e.g. trauma or sepsis) will be excluded. We will also exclude studies that do not use a control versus intervention group.
Phenomenon of interest
Studies of ICU readmission or admission to ICUs dedicated to narrow cohorts of patients will be excluded (e.g. patients admitted to ICU with acute liver failure).
Population
Studies of participants under 16 years old will be excluded.
Data extraction
Two authors will independently extract data from the papers and supplementary material. All uncertainties regarding data extraction will be resolved by discussion amongst the study team. DistillerSR (Evidence Partners, Ottawa, Canada) will be used to manage the data and identify duplicate search results. All screening and data extraction forms will be implemented within DistillerSR. As part of the development of this protocol the study forms have been piloted and a calibration exercise has been undertaken to ensure good inter-rater agreement.
Quality assessment
Risk of bias will be assessed using a scoring system adapted from two previous systematic reviews, [13, 14] both of which are adapted from the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) [15]. The NOS is a scoring system designed to assess the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Using a ‘star’ system, it attributes a score to a paper after assessing the selection of study groups, the comparability of the groups and the ascertainment of either the exposure or outcome of interest for case-control or cohort studies. The scoring system used in this systematic review is outlined in Appendix 2.
Data synthesis and analysis
We will conduct a qualitative synthesis of results from included studies. This will be presented descriptively in table and text form. We will extract summary comparison data as odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) where possible. Where sufficient original data is presented we will calculate odds ratios. Where insufficient data is presented we will contact the authors.
Discussion
As hospitals move towards fully digital patient records, increasing amounts of data are being collected in hospital Clinical Information Systems. Researchers have begun using this resource to develop models to predict patient deterioration based upon electronically captured data [16, 17]. These models are reported to perform better than conventional EWS algorithms but their clinical adoption is not widespread.
Commonly, patient deterioration prediction models aim to accurately predict one of cardiac arrest, death or unplanned ICU admission. This systematic review will be the first to bring together the hospitalised patient factors that are known to be associated with subsequent urgent admission to ICU alone. This is a vital step in starting to use this information to identify patients at risk of ICU admission.
The findings from this review will contribute to the construction of an improved model for the prediction of clinical deterioration and unplanned ICU admission in adult patients on general wards. The findings may also be useful for researchers seeking to improve upon existing work in this field.
Acknowledgements
This work has been funded by a Wellcome Trust (HICF-R9-524), Department of Health and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Programme. All views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Wellcome Trust, Department of Health or NIHR.
Funding
This work has been funded by a Wellcome Trust grant. (HICF-R9-524) and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (Oxford). These funders played no role in developing the review.
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Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Authors’ contributions
JM, TB, PW and DW have substantially contributed to the design of the systematic review. TP has developed the search strategy. JM, TB, KS, DY and PW have written this manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The funders have not been involved in the study design or reporting. JM is guarantor of this review.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
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Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
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