Background
Methods
Characteristics
|
Healthy
|
iSCI
|
Stroke
|
---|---|---|---|
Age (Yrs) | 27.1 (5.1) | 48.5 (10.4) | 55.6 (9.4) |
Height (cm) | 173.7 (8.3) | 179.1 (8.4) | 172.1 (8.5) |
Weight (lbs) | 155.5 (33.6) | 186.9 (37.8) | 190.1 (33.9) |
Gender (M/F) | M (n = 6); F (n = 4) | M (n = 7); F (n = 1) | M (n = 6); F (n = 4) |
Impairment demographics | – | C3-C4 (n = 1); C5-C6 (n = 1); C1-C4 (n = 1); C4 (n = 1); C6-C7 (n = 1); C7 (n = 1); T8-T9 (n = 1); L3-L4 (n = 1). | Right side impaired (n = 4); Left side impaired (n = 6). Hemorrhagic (n = 4); Ischemic (n = 6). |
Time since condition (Years) | – | 11.9 (7.7) | 7.0 (5.0) |
Assistive devices used during testing | – | Walker and knee brace (n = 1) | Straight cane (n = 2) |
BORG RPE for activities
| |||
Lying | 7(1) | 8 (5) | 6 (0) |
Sitting | 6 (0) | 8 (3) | 7 (1) |
Standing | 6 (0) | 9 (5) | 9 (4) |
50 step walking | 7 (1) | 10 (4) | 8 (3) |
6MWT | 10 (2) | 15 (3) | 14 (3) |
Multi sit-to-stand | 12 (2) | 14 (4) | 15 (3) |
Devices used
ActiGraph
Metria-IH1
Outcome measures
Gold standard devices
Experimental data collection
Data analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
EE estimates from standard algorithm.
Mean [95% CI [LB, UB] in kCals / min
| Kruskal Wallis test statistics | Effect size | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Activity/Group | A arm (right) | A waist (right) | A ankle (right) | Metria (M arm (left)) | Cosmed K4B2 | χ2, p, mean rank [device, cosmed] | E2 =
\( \left\{\frac{x2}{\frac{\left({N}^2-1\right)}{\left(N+1\right)}}\right\} \)
|
Lying | |||||||
Healthy | 0.07 [−.04, .17]* | 0.03 [−.01, .06]* | 0.06 [−.01, .13]* | 2.04 [1.82, 2.26] † | 3.2 [2.67, 3.72] | A arm: 14.3, p < .001, [5.5, 15.5] A waist: 14.3, p < .001, [5.5, 15.5] A ankle: 14.3, p < .001, [5.5, 15.5] M arm: 13.7, p < .001, [5.6, 15.4] | A arm: .75 A waist: .75 A ankle: .75 M arm: .72 |
iSCI | .001 [.001, .001]* | .001 [.001, .001]* | .001 [.001, .001]* | 1.86 [1.42, 2.31] | 1.59 [1.26, 1.91] | A arm: 11.3, p = .001, [4.5, 12.5] A waist: 11.3, p = .001, [4.5, 12.5] A ankle: 11.3, p = .001, [4.5, 12.5] M arm: 1.1, p = .3, [9.7,7.2] | A arm: .75 A waist: .75 A ankle: .75 M arm: .07 |
Stroke (L) | .002 [.00, .006]* | .118 [−.183, .421]* | .02 [−.03, .015]* | 1.65 [1.30,1.99] | 1.59 [1.18, 1.99] | A arm: 8.3, p = .004, [3.5, 9.5] A waist: 8.3, p = .004, [3.5, 9.5] A ankle: 8.3, p = .004, [3.5, 9.5]M arm: 0.4, p = .5, [7.1, 5.8] | A arm: .76 A waist: .76 ankle: .76 M arm: .04 |
Stroke (R) | .001 [.001, .001]* | .001 [.001, .001]* | .001 [.001, .001]* | 1.59 [1.13, 2.05] | 1.65 [.99, 2.30] | A arm: 5.3, p = .02, [2.5, 6.5] A waist: 5.3, p = .02, [2.5, 6.5] A ankle: 5.3, p = .02, [2.5, 6.5] M arm: 0.0, p = .99, [4.5, 4.5] | A arm: .76 A waist: .76 A ankle: .76 M arm: .00 |
Sitting | |||||||
Healthy | .031 [−.003, .070]* | .003 [.001, .005]* | .009 [−.006, .024]* | 2.33 [1.94, 2.73] | 2.08 [1.82, 2.35] | A arm: 14.3, p < .001, [5.5, 15.5] A waist: 14.3, p < .001, [5.5, 15.5] A ankle: 14.3, p < .001, [5.5, 15.5] M arm: 1.3, p = .3, [12.0,9.0] | A arm: .75 A waist: .75 A ankle: .75 M arm: .07 |
iSCI | .04 [−.025, .120]* | .003 [−.001, .008]* | .001 [.001, .001]* | 1.92 [1.47, 2.37] | 1.48 [1.25, 1.71] | A arm: 11.3, p = .001, [4.5, 12.5] A waist: 11.3, p = .001, [4.5, 12.5] A ankle: 11.3, p = .001, [4.5, 12.5] M arm: 2.8, p = .1, [10.5,6.5] | A arm: .75 A waist: .75 A ankle: .75 M arm: .20 |
Stroke (L) | .05 [−.054, .152]* | .050 [−.065, .166]* | .017 [−.015, .05]* | 1.64 [1.32,1.95] | 1.31 [1.04, 1.57] | A arm: 8.3, p = .004, [3.5, 9.5] A waist: 8.3, p = .004, [3.5, 9.5] A ankle: 8.3, p = .004, [3.5, 9.5] M arm: 2.8, p = .1, [8.25,4.75] | A arm: .76 A waist: .76 A ankle: .76 M arm: .26 |
Stroke (R) | .001 [.001, .001]* | .001 [.001, .001]* | .001 [.001, .001]* | 1.58 [1.16, 1.99] † | 1.19 [.96, 1.43] | A arm: 5.3, p = .02, [2.5, 6.5] A waist: 5.3, p = .02, [2.5, 6.5] A ankle: 5.3, p = .02, [2.5, 6.5] M arm: 4.1, p = .04, [6.2, 2.7] | A arm: .76 A waist: .76 A ankle: .76 M arm: .58 |
Standing | |||||||
Healthy | .015 [−.007, .038]* | .002 [.002, .003]* | .004 [.00, .008]* | 2.11 [1.68, 2.52] | 1.94 [1.65, 2.23] | A arm: 14.3, p < .001, [5.5, 15.5] A waist: 14.3, p < .001, [5.5, 15.5] A ankle: 14.3, p < .001, [5.5, 15.5] M arm: .28, p = .6, [11.2, 9.8] | A arm: .75 A waist: .75 A ankle: .75 M arm: .01 |
iSCI | .022 [−.026, .072]* | .001 [.001, .001]* | .001 [.001, .001]* | 2.17 [1.32, 3.02] | 1.74 [1.34, 2.13] | A arm: 11.3, p = .001, [4.5, 12.5] A waist: 11.3, p = .001, [4.5, 12.5] A ankle: 11.3, p = .001, [4.5, 12.5] M arm: .54, p = .5, [9.3,7.6] | A arm: .75 A waist: .75 A ankle: .75 M arm: .04 |
Stroke (L) | 1.53 [−.24, .55]* | .002 [.00, .003]* | .011 [−.015, .037]* | 1.70 [1.33,2.08] | 1.55 [1.11,1.97] | A arm: 8.3, p = .004, [3.5, 9.5] A waist: 8.3, p = .004, [3.5, 9.5] A ankle: 8.3, p = .004, [3.5, 9.5] M arm: .9, p = .3, [7.5, 5.5] | A arm: .76 A waist: .76 A ankle: .76 M arm: .08 |
Stroke (R) | .001 [.001, .001]* | .001 [.001, .001]* | .001 [.001, .001]* | 1.6 [1.17, 2.02] | 1.42 [.81, 2.04] | A arm: 5.3, p = .02, [2.5, 6.5] A waist: 5.3, p = .02, [2.5, 6.5] A ankle: 5.3, p = .02, [2.5, 6.5] M arm: .7, p = .4, [5.2, 3.7] | A arm: .76 A waist: .76 A ankle: .76 M arm: .11 |
50 steps walk | |||||||
Healthy | 2.02 [1.54, 2.50]* | 1.78 [1.29, 2.26]* | 4.21 [3.38, 5.03] | 2.16 [1.89, 2.44] † | 2.98 [2.44, 3.52] | A arm: 7.0, p = .008, [7.0, 14.0] A waist: 10.1, p = .001, [6.3, 14.7] A ankle: 5.5, p = .02, [13.6, 7.4] M arm: 7.0, p = .008, [7.0,14.0] | A arm: .37 A waist: .53 A ankle: .29 M arm: .37 |
iSCI | 1.26 [.65, 1.88]* | .64 [.18, 1.09]* | 2.71 [.35, 5.07] | 2.71 [.79, 4.63] † | 3.52 [2.47, 4.57] | A arm: 9.3, p = .002, [4.8, 12.3] A waist: 11.3, p = .001, [4.5, 12.5] A ankle: 2.2, p = .14, [6.7, 10.2] M arm: 5.8, p = .02, [5.6,11.4] | A arm: .62 A waist: .75 A ankle: .14 M arm: .39 |
Stroke (L) | 2.65 [.63, 4.67] | 1.67 [−.58, 3.93] | 5.75 [3.38, 8.12]* | 1.77 [1.26,2.29] † | 2.78 [1.92, 3.65] | A arm: .6, p = .4, [5.7, 7.3] A waist: 1.3, p = .3, [5.3, 7.6] A ankle: 6.6, p = .01, [9.1, 3.8] M arm: 6.5, p = .01, [3.8, 9.1] | A arm: .06 A waist: .11 A ankle: .60 M arm: .41 |
Stroke (R) | 2.83 [.67, 4.98] | 2.0 [.93, 3.06] | 2.97 [.04, 5.90] | 1.91 [.95, 2.86] | 2.74 [1.72, 3.76] | A arm: .1, p = .8, [4.2, 4.7] A waist: .7, p = .4, [3.7, 5.2] A ankle: .1, p = .8, [4.2, 4.7] M arm: 2.1, p = .15, [3.2, 5.7] | A arm: .01 A waist: .11 A ankle: .01 M arm: .30 |
6 min walk test | |||||||
Healthy | 5.9 [3.85, 7.95] | 6.22 [4.23, 8.20] | 9.73 [8.36, 11.1]* | 5.98 [5.21, 6.75] | 6.63 [5.78, 7.48] | A arm: .3, p = .6, [9.8, 11.2] A waist: .02, p = .9, [10.3, 10.7] A ankle: 11.1, p = .001, [14.9, 6.1] M arm: 1.0, p = .3, [9.2, 11.8] | A arm: .01 A waist: .00 A ankle: .58 M arm: .05 |
iSCI | 2.07 [.46, 3.68]* | .78 [.13,1.43]* | 2.05 [.46, 3.65]* | 5.32 [3.11, 7.54] | 4.94 [3.3, 6.57] | A arm: 6.4, p = .012, [5.5, 11.5] A waist: 11.3, p = 0.001, [4.5, 12.5] A ankle: 6.3, p = .012, [5.5, 11.5] M arm: .04, p = .8, [8.7,8.2] | A arm: .42 A waist: .75 A ankle: .42 M arm: .00 |
Stroke (L) | 6.11 [1.42, 10.81] | 4.69 [−1.91, 10.58] | 9.54 [4.97, 14.11] | 5.37 [2.65,8.10] | 5.81 [1.97,9.66] | A arm: .03, p = .9, [6.3, 6.7] A waist: 1.3, p = .3, [5.3, 7.7] A ankle: 4.3, p = .04, [8.7, 4.3] M arm: .03, p = .9, [6.3, 6.7] | A arm: .00 A waist: .11 A ankle: .39 M arm: .00 |
Stroke (R) | 6.96 [4.16, 9.76] | 6.10 [4.03, 8.17] | 6.76 [4.01, 9.52] | 4.56 [3.35, 5.77] | 6.27 [4.17, 8.36] | A arm: .1, p = .8, [4.7, 4.2] A waist: .1, p = .8, [4.7, 4.2] A ankle: .1, p = .8, [4.7, 4.2] M arm: 3, p = .08, [3.0, 6.0] | A arm: .01 A waist: .01 A ankle: .01 M arm: .43 |
Multi-sit-to-stand | |||||||
Healthy | 7.92 [5.91, 9.93] | 6.02 [3.91, 8.13] | .151 [−.160, .462]* | 3.55 [2.94, 4.16] † | 6.79 [5.00, 8.59] | A arm: .7, p = .4, [11.6, 9.4] A waist: .8, p = .4, [9.3, 11.7] A ankle: 14.3, p < .001, [5.5,15.5] M arm: 9.1, p = .002, [6.5, 14.5] | A arm: .04 A waist: .04 A ankle: .75 M arm: .48 |
iSCI | 4.64 [2.4, 6.9] | 1.53 [.66, 2.39]* | .05 [−.011, .104]* | 3.33 [1.35, 5.31] | 3.82 [3.19, 4.44] | A arm: .5, p = .5, [9.4, 7.6] A waist: 9.9, p = .002, [4.7, 12.2] A ankle: 11.3, p = .001, [4.5, 12.5] M arm: 2.8, p = .1, [6.5,10.5] | A arm: .04 A waist: .66 A ankle: .75 M arm: .19 |
Stroke (L) | 6.56 [3.2, 9.92] | 5.45 [1.53, 9.38] | .11 [.00, .22]* | 2.03 [1.58,2.48] † | 4.95 [2.64, 7.26] | A arm: .9, p = .3, [7.5, 5.5] A waist: .00, p = .99, [6.5, 6.5] A ankle: 8.3, p = .004, [3.5, 9.5] M arm: 7.4, p = .006, [3.7, 9.3] | A arm: .08 A waist: .00 A ankle: .76 M arm: .67 |
Stroke (R) | 2.89 [.46, 5.33] | 5.37 [2.52, 8.21] | .22 [−.36, .80] | 2.1 [1.27, 2.93] † | 4.75 [3.32, 6.19] | A arm: 3, p = .08, [3.0,6.0] A waist: .3, p = .6, [5.0, 4.0] A ankle: 5.3, p = .02, [2.5, 6.5] M arm: 5.3, p = .02, [2.5, 6.5] | A arm: .43 A waist: .05 A ankle: .76 M arm: .76 |
Activity/Group |
MET estimates from standard algorithm.
Mean [95% CI [LB, UB]
| Kruskal Wallis test statistics | Effect size | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A arm (right) | A waist (right) | A ankle (right) | Metria (M arm (left)) | Cosmed K4B2 | χ2, p, mean rank [device, cosmed] | E2 =
\( \left\{\frac{x^2}{\frac{\left({N}^2-1\right)}{\left(N+1\right)}}\right\} \)
| |
Lying | |||||||
Healthy | 1.03 [0.97, 1.08]* | 1.02 [0.99, 1.00]* | 1.03 [1.00, 1.05]* | 1.79 [1.52, 2.05] † | 2.33 [1.86, 2.79] | A arm: 9.7, p = .002, [6.5, 14.5] A waist: 9.7, p = .002, [6.5, 14.5] A ankle: 9.7, p = .002, [6.5, 14.5] M arm: 5.4, p = .02, [7.5, 13.5] | A arm: .51 A waist: .51 A ankle: .51 M arm: .28 |
iSCI | 1.00 [.001, .001]* | 1.00 [.001, .001]* | 1.00 [.001, .001]* | 1.19 [1.06, 1.31] | 1.12 [0.94, 1.30] | A arm: 3.2, p = .07, [6.5, 10.5] A waist: 3.2, p = .07, [6.5, 10.5] A ankle: 3.2, p = .07, [6.5, 10.5] M arm: .71, p = .4, [9.5,7.5] | A arm: .21 A waist: .21 A ankle: .21 M arm: .05 |
Stroke (L) | 1.00 [.001,.001] | 1.01 [0.97, 1.07] | 1.00 [.001,.001] | 1.13 [0.94, 1.33] | 1.07 [1.01, 1.13] | A arm: 4.2, p = .04, [4.5, 8.5] A waist: 1.8, p = .2, [5.1, 7.8] A ankle: 4.2, p = .04, [4.5, 8.5] M arm: 0.03, p = .9, [6.7, 6.3] | A arm: .38 A waist: .16 A ankle: .38 M arm: .00 |
Stroke (R) | 1.00 [.001, .001]* | 1.00 [.001, .001]* | 1.00 [.001, .001]* | 1.14 [1.02, 1.27] | 1.16 [.76, 1.57] | A arm: 1.5, p = .2, [3.5, 5.5] A waist: 1.5, p = .2, [3.5, 5.5] A ankle: 1.5, p = .2, [3.5, 5.5] M arm: 0.1, p = .8, [4.2, 4.7] | A arm: .21 A waist: .21 A ankle: .21 M arm: .01 |
Sitting | |||||||
Healthy | 1.00 [1.00, 1.01]* | 1.00 [1.00, 1.01]* | 1.00 [1.00, 1.01]* | 2.03 [1.66, 2.38] | 1.60 [1.28, 1.92] | A arm: 10.0, p = .002, [6.5, 14.5] A waist: 10.4, p = .001, [6.5, 14.5] A ankle: 10.4, p = .001, [6.5, 14.5] M arm: 3.6, p = .06, [13.0,8.0] | A arm: .53 A waist: .55 A ankle: .55 M arm: .19 |
iSCI | 1.00 [1.00, 1.01] | 1.00 [1.00, 1.01] | 1.00 [1.00, 1.01] | 1.22 [1.10, 1.34] | 1.05 [0.88, 1.21] | A arm: .8, p = .4, [7.5, 9.5] A waist: .8, p = .4, [7.5, 9.5] A ankle: .8, p = .4, [7.5, 9.5] M arm: 3.6, p = .06, [10.7,6.2] | A arm: .05 A waist: .05 A ankle: .05 M arm: .24 |
Stroke (L) | 1.00 [.99, 1.02] | 1.00 [.001, .001] | 1.00 [.001, .001] | 1.12 [.96, 1.29]† | .89 [0.76, 1.01] | A arm: 4.0, p = .05, [8.5, 4.5] A waist: 4.2, p = .04, [8.5, 4.5] A ankle: 4.2, p = .04, [8.5, 4.5] M arm: 5.8, p = .02, [9.0,4.0] | A arm: .36 A waist: .38 A ankle: .38 M arm: .53 |
Stroke (R) | 1.00 [.001, .001] | 1.00 [.001, .001] | 1.00 [.001, .001] | 1.13 [1.04, 1.22]† | .89 [0.65, 1.07] | A arm: 1.5, p = .2, [5.5, 3.5] A waist: 1.5, p = .2, [5.5, 3.5] A ankle: 1.5, p = .2, [5.5, 3.5] M arm: 5.4, p = .02, [6.5, 2.5] | A arm: .21 A waist: .21 A ankle: .21 M arm: .77 |
Standing | |||||||
Healthy | 1.00 [.001,.001]* | 1.00 [.001,.001]* | 1.00 [.001,.001]* | 1.81 [1.53, 2.08] | 1.51 [1.23, 1.79] | A arm: 10.4, p = .001, [6.5, 14.5] A waist: 10.4, p = .001, [6.5, 14.5] A ankle: 10.4, p = .001, [6.5, 14.5] M arm: 1.5, p = .2, [12.1, 8.9] | A arm: .51 A waist: .51 A ankle: .51 M arm: .28 |
iSCI | 1.00 [.001,.001] | 1.00 [.001,.001] | 1.00 [.001,.001] | 1.37 [1.0, 1.75] | 1.22 [1.04, 1.39] | A arm: 3.2, p = .07, [6.5, 10.5] A waist: 3.2, p = .07, [6.5, 10.5] A ankle: 3.2, p = .07, [6.5, 10.5] M arm: .01, p = .9, [8.6, 8.4] | A arm: .21 A waist: .21 A ankle: .21 M arm: .00 |
Stroke (L) | 1.06 [0.90, 1.23] | 1.00 [.001,.001] | 1.00 [.001,.001] | 1.15 [1.11, 1.21] | 1.04 [0.81, 1.27] | A arm: .2, p = .6, [7.0, 6.0] A waist: 0.0, p = .99, [6.5, 6.5] A ankle: 0.0, p = .99, [6.5, 6.5] M arm: .6, p = .4, [7.3, 5.6] | A arm: .02 A waist: .00 A ankle: .00 M arm: .05 |
Stroke (R) | 1.00 [.001,.001] | 1.00 [.001,.001] | 1.00 [.001,.001] | 1.15 [1.04, 1.26] | 1.01 [0.70, 1.32] | A arm: 1.5, p = .2, [5.5, 3.5] A waist: 1.5, p = .2, [5.5, 3.5] A ankle: 1.5, p = .2, [5.5, 3.5] M arm: 1.3, p = .2, [5.5, 3.5] | A arm: .21 A waist: .21 A ankle: .21 M arm: .19 |
50 steps walk | |||||||
Healthy | 2.18 [1.73, 2.63] | 2.04 [1.57, 2.51] | 3.90 [3.66, 4.14]* | 1.86 [1.71, 2.02] | 2.41 [1.76, 3.05] | A arm: .3, p = .6, [9.8, 11.2] A waist: 1.0, p = .3, [9.2, 11.8] A ankle: 11.1, p = .001, [14.9, 6.1] M arm: 2.8, p = .1, [7.8,13.2] | A arm: .02 A waist: .05 A ankle: .58 M arm: .15 |
iSCI | 1.19 [0.92, 1.46]* | 1.01 [0.99, 1.03]* | 2.08 [0.89, 3.27] | 1.70 [0.75, 2.65] † | 2.42 [2.01, 2.83] | A arm: 10.6, p = .001, [4.6, 12.4] A waist: 11.6, p = .001, [4.5, 12.5] A ankle: .7, p = .4, [7.5, 9.5] M arm: 5.8, p = .02, [5.6,11.4] | A arm: .71 A waist: .77 A ankle: .05 M arm: .39 |
Stroke (L) | 1.89 [0.94, 2.84] | 1.58 [0.63, 2.52] | 4.04 [3.35, 4.74]* | 1.20 [1.01, 1.39] † | 1.85 [1.59, 2.12] | A arm: .1, p = .7, [6.1, 6.8] A waist: .9, p = .3, [5.5, 6.5] A ankle: 8.3, p = .004, [9.5, 3.5] M arm: 8.3, p = .004, [3.5, 9.5] | A arm: .01 A waist: .08 A ankle: .75 M arm: .75 |
Stroke (R) | 2.30 [1.15, 3.45] | 1.78 [1.23, 2.34] | 2.43 [0.75, 4.11] | 1.36 [0.88, 1.84] | 1.96 [1.21, 2.71] | A arm: .7, p = .4, [5.2, 3.7] A waist: .3, p = .6, [4.0, 5.0] A ankle: .3, p = .6, [4.0, 5.0] M arm: 3.0, p = .08, [3.0, 6.0] | A arm: .14 A waist: .04 A ankle: .04 M arm: .43 |
6 min walk test | |||||||
Healthy | 5.40 [4.13, 6.67] | 5.55 [4.76, 6.34] | 8.05 [7.25, 8.84]* | 5.23 [4.47, 5.99] | 5.39 [4.09, 6.70] | A arm: 0.00, p = .99, [10.5, 10.5] A waist: .1, p = .7, [11.0, 10.0] A ankle: 8.7, p = .003, [14.4, 6.6] M arm: .1, p = .7, [11.0, 10.0] | A arm: .00 A waist: .01 A ankle: .46 M arm: .01 |
iSCI | 1.86 [0.92, 2.79] | 1.15 [0.94, 1.37]* | 2.77 [1.36, 4.18] | 3.35 [2.01, 4.69] | 3.34 [2.53, 4.13] | A arm: 5.3, p = .02, [5.7, 11.2] A waist: 11.5, p = 0.001, [4.5, 12.5] A ankle: .5, p = .5, [7.6, 9.4] M arm: .1, p = .7, [8.1, 8.9] | A arm: .35 A waist: .77 A ankle: .03 M arm: .01 |
Stroke (L) | 3.93 [1.75, 6.11] | 2.87 [0.13, 5.74] | 6.27 [4.81, 7.74] | 3.54 [2.53, 4.56] | 3.54 [2.53, 4.56] | A arm: .03, p = .9, [6.7, 6.3] A waist: 1.3, p = .3, [5.3, 7.7] A ankle: 5.8, p = .02, [9.0, 4.0] M arm: .00, p = .99, [6.5, 6.5] | A arm: .00 A waist: .02 A ankle: .53 M arm: .00 |
Stroke (R) | 4.96 [3.88, 6.03] | 4.38 [3.50, 5.26] | 4.83 [3.67, 5.99] | 3.28 [2.83, 3.74] † | 4.23 [3.34, 5.13] | A arm: 2.1, p = .15, [5.7, 3.2] A waist: .08, p = .8, [4.7, 4.2] A ankle: 1.3, p = .25, [5.5, 3.5] M arm: 4.1, p = .04, [2.7, 6.2] | A arm: .3 A waist: .01 A ankle: .18 M arm: .59 |
Multi-sit-to-stand | |||||||
Healthy | 6.66 [5.47, 7.85] | 5.14 [3.66, 6.62] | 1.02 [0.97, 1.07]* | 3.14 [2.49, 3.79] † | 5.36 [3.73, 6.98] | A arm: 1.5, p = .2, [12.1, 8.9] A waist: .1, p = .8, [10.1, 10.9] A ankle: 15.7, p < .001, [5.5,15.5] M arm: 4.16, p = .04, [7.8, 13.2] | A arm: .08 A waist: .01 A ankle: .83 M arm: .22 |
iSCI | 3.88 [2.53, 5.23] | 1.23 [0.90, 1.56]* | 1.00 [.001, .001]* | 1.92 [1.34, 2.49] † | 2.68 [2.26, 3.10] | A arm: 2.8, p = .1, [10.5, 6.5] A waist: 10.7, p = .001, [4.6, 12.4] A ankle: 12.9, p < .001, [4.5, 12.5] M arm: 4.9, p = .03, [5.8,11.1] | A arm: .19 A waist: .71 A ankle: .86 M arm: .33 |
Stroke (L) | 4.30 [3.02, 5.58] | 3.50 [1.49, 5.51] | 1.00 [.001, .001]* | 1.38 [1.26, 1.51] † | 3.16 [2.23, 4.10] | A arm: 3.7, p = .06, [8.5, 4.5] A waist: .03, p = .9, [6.7, 6.3] A ankle: 9.5, p = .002, [3.5, 9.5] M arm: 8.3, p = .004, [3.5, 9.5] | A arm: .34 A waist: .00 A ankle: .86 M arm: .75 |
Stroke (R) | 2.06 [0.45, 3.68] | 3.85 [2.17, 5.53] | 1.00 [.001, .001]* | 1.50 [1.17, 1.83] † | 3.29 [2.80, 3.78] | A arm: 3, p = .08, [3.0,6.0] A waist: 1.3, p = .25, [5.5, 3.5] A ankle: 6.0, p = .01, [2.5, 6.5] M arm: 5.3, p = .02, [2.5, 6.5] | A arm: .43 A waist: .18 A ankle: .86 M arm: .76 |