Introduction
Materials and methods
Study population
Clinical assessment
Neuropsychological and behavioral assessment
Assessment of VRFs
White matter lesions assessment
Statistical analysis
Results
NC (N = 84) | MCI (N = 55) | Total (N = 139) | p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Men | 52 (61.9) | 35 (63.6) | 87 (62.6) | 0.8 |
Age, years | 64.4 ± 10.4 | 67.5 ± 7.4 | 65.7 ± 9.4 | 0.07 |
Age at onset, years | 61.6 ± 11.0 | 64.5 ± 7.8 | 62.8 ± 10.0 | 0.09 |
Education, years | 9.3 ± 4.4 | 8.3 ± 4.6 | 8.9 ± 4.6 | 0.2 |
UPDRS-ME score | 25.4 ± 14.5 | 27.4 ± 11.9 | 26.2 ± 13.5 | 0.4 |
HY stage | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 0.02 |
Disease duration, y | 3.0 ± 2.9 | 3.0 ± 2.7 | 3.0 ± 2.8 | 0.9 |
Depression | 29 (34.5) | 22 (40.0) | 51 (36.7) | 0.4 |
LED mg/day | 437.2 ± 463.8 | 397.9 ± 408.8 | 421.8 ± 442.0 | 0.6 |
Phenotype | ||||
TD | 32 (38.1) | 11 (20.0) | 43 (30.9) | / |
PIGD | 47 (55.9) | 39 (70.9) | 86 (61.9) | / |
Mixed | 5 (5.9) | 5 (9.1) | 10 (7.2) | 0.07 |
Vascular risk factors | NC (N = 84) | MCI (N = 55) | p value |
---|---|---|---|
Diabetes (H) | 10 (12.2) | 16 (29.1) | 0.01 |
Hypercholesterolemia (H) | 26 (31.7) | 20 (36.3) | 0.50 |
Hypertension (H) | 46 (56.1%) | 40 (72.73) | 0.03 |
Hypertrigliceridemia (H) | 9 (11.0) | 11 (20.0) | 0.12 |
SBP mmHg | 127.5 ± 8.3 | 133.8 ± 16.9 | 0.01 |
DBP mmHg | 76.0 ± 7.2 | 80.4 ± 10.0 | 0.01 |
SBP > 130 (median value) | 30 (35.7) | 27 (49.1) | 0.1 |
SBP > 140 | 12 (14.3) | 13 (23.6) | 0.2 |
Antihypertensive drugs | 44 (52.4) | 39 (70.9) | 0.03 |
HDL mg/dl | 48.0 ± 11.8 | 49.5 ± 9.7 | 0.41 |
Total cholesterol mg/dl | 180.2 ± 36.1 | 177.4 ± 32.7 | 0.6 |
Smoking | 15 (19.7) | 11 (20.3) | 0.3 |
Cigarette/diea | 17.8 ± 11.7 | 16.6 ± 13.4 | 0.99 |
Atrial fibrillation | 1 (1.2) | 3(5.4) | 0.1 |
FR Score (HVR) | 58(69.0) | 42 (75.4) | 0.3 |
Myocardial infarction | 9 (11.0) | 6 (10.9) | 0.9 |
Stroke | 0 | 1(1.8) | / |
TIA | 0 | 0 | / |
Average Wahlund | 2.2 ± 2.8 | 3.3 ± 4.5 | 0.07 |
Wahlund score | |||
0 (score = 0) | 39 (46.4) | 26 (47.3) | |
1 (score 1–4) | 34(40.2) | 9 (16.4) | |
2 (score > 4) | 11 (13.1) | 20 (36.4) |
Vascular risk factors and risk of PD-MCI
MCI N = 28 | No-MCI N = 52 | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | 95% CI | p value | HR | 95% CI | p value | ||||
Men | 18 (64.3) | 33 (63.4) | 1.30 | 0.58–2.90 | 0.6 | 0.66 | 0.25–1.70 | 0.4 | |
Age, years | 68.5 ± 9.8 | 62.2 ± 10.3 | 1.04 | 1.00–1.09 | 0.04 | 1.63 | 0.99–1.10 | 0.1 | |
Age at onset, years | 65.2 ± 10.8 | 59.6 ± 11.0 | 1.04 | 1.00–1.08 | 0.06 | ||||
UPDRS-ME | 24.4 ± 13.0 | 24.6 ± 14.2 | 0.98 | 0.95–1.00 | 0.2 | 0.97 | 0.94–1..00 | 0.05 | |
HY stage | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 0.5 | 1.21 | 0.76–1.94 | 0.4 | ||||
Disease duration, y | 3.3 ± 3.1 | 2.6 ± 2.7 | 1.01 | 0.90–1.14 | 0.8 | ||||
Education, years | 7.5 ± 4.8 | 10.5 ± 4.1 | 0.90 | 0.82–0.98 | 0.02 | 0.90 | 0.82–0.98 | 0.02 | |
Education ≤ 8 | 21 (75.0) | 22 (42.3) | 1 | / | / | ||||
Education > 8 | 7 (25.0) | 30 (57.7) | 0.35 | 0.15–0.82 | 0.02 | ||||
LED mg/day | 480.8 ± 569.5 | 425.0 ± 415.6 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.5 | ||||
Depression | 13 (46.4) | 45 (31.8) | 1.80 | 0.83–3.88 | 0.1 | ||||
Phenotype | |||||||||
TD | 11 (39.3) | 19 (42.2) | 1 | ||||||
PIGD | 15 (53.6) | 24 (53.3) | 0.75 | 0.34–1.65 | 0.5 | ||||
Mixed | 2 (7.1) | 2 (4.4) | 3.50 | 0.72–16.9 | 0.1 | ||||
Smoking | 4 (36.4) | 11 (18.9) | 0.78 | 0.27–2.32 | 0.7 | ||||
Diabetes (H) | 6 (21.4) | 4 (7.7) | 1.12 | 0.45–2.78 | 0.8 | ||||
Hypercholesterolemia (H) | 7 (25.0) | 17 (32.7) | 0.65 | 0.28–1.54 | 0.3 | ||||
Hypertension (H) | 6 (21.4) | 3 (5.7) | 2.16 | 0.94–4.94 | 0.07 | ||||
Hypertrigliceridemia (H) | 19 (67.8) | 24 (46.1) | 1.53 | 0.61- 3.81 | 0.4 | ||||
SBP, mmHg | 132.1 ± 12.2 | 125.5 ± 13 | 1.02 | 0.99 -1.05 | 0.2 | ||||
DBP, mmHg | 77.6 ± 8.2 | 75.2 ± 6.5 | 1.01 | 0.97- 1.06 | 0.6 | ||||
SBP > 130 (median value) | 14 (50.0) | 14 (26.9) | 1.93 | 0.92- 4.05 | 0.08 | ||||
SBP > 140 | 7 (25.0) | 4 (7.7) | 1.78 | 0.75–4.21 | 0.1 | 4.04 | 1.41–11.3 | 0.009 | |
Antihypertensive drugs | 20 | 21 | 2.85 | 1.25- 6.52 | 0.01 | ||||
HDL, mg/dl | 50.0 ± 13.4 | 46.2 ± 10.0 | 1.01 | 0.98- 1.04 | 0.4 | ||||
Total cholesterol, md/dl | 175.2 ± 31.8 | 180.6 ± 38.3 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.9 | ||||
Atrial Fibrillation | 1 (3.57) | 0 | / | / | / | ||||
FR Score (HVR) | 21 (75) | 34 (65.4) | |||||||
Myocardial Infarction | 3 (10.7) | 6 (11.5) | 0.57 | 0.17- 1.90 | 0.4 | ||||
Stroke | 0 | 0 | / | / | / | ||||
TIA | 0 | 0 | / | / | / | ||||
Average Wahlund | 1.7 ± 2.3 | 3.0 ± 3.5 | 1.07 | 0.96–1.20 | 0.2 | ||||
Wahlund score | |||||||||
0 (score = 0) | 13 (46.4) | 25 (48.1) | 1 | / | / | ||||
1 (score 1–4) | 7 (25) | 24 (46.1) | 0.79 | 0.31–1.98 | 0.6 | ||||
2 ( score > 4) | 8 (28.6) | 3 (5.8) | 2.17 | 0.89–5.29 | 0.09 |
Vascular risk factors and risk of PDD
PDD N = 18 | No-PDD N = 121 | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | 95% CI | p value | HR | 95% CI | p value | |||
Men | 12 (66.7) | 75 (62.0) | 1.21 | 0.44–3.37 | 0.7 | 4.94 | 1.23–18.8 | 0.02 |
Age, years | 68.3 ± 8.4 | 65.3 ± 9.5 | 1.07 | 1.00–1.15 | 0.04 | 1.05 | 1.00–1.14 | 0.2 |
Age at onset, years | 64.9 ± 8.4 | 62.4 ± 10.1 | 1.05 | 0.99–1.12 | 0.1 | |||
UPDRS-ME | 33.1 ± 16.5 | 25.1 ± 12.7 | 1.03 | 1.00–1.05 | 0.06 | 1.03 | 1.00–1.07 | 0.05 |
HY stage | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 0.7 | 0.77 | 0.40–1.47 | 0.4 | |||
Disease duration, years | 3.4 ± 2.8 | 2.9 ± 2.8 | 1.07 | 0.92–1.25 | 0.3 | |||
Education, years | 7.4 ± 4.8 | 9.2 ± 4.5 | 0.88 | 0.78–0.99 | 0.04 | 0.83 | 1.29–18.7 | 0.03 |
LED mg/day | 353.8 ± 298.4 | 432.1 ± 459.8 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.001 | 0.9 | |||
Cognition baseline | ||||||||
NC | 4 (22.2) | 80 (66.1) | 1 | / | / | |||
MCI | 14 (77.8) | 41 (33.9) | 4.37 | 1.42–13.5 | 0.01 | 7.55 | 1.76–32.3 | 0.006 |
Depression | 9 (50.0) | 42 (34.7) | 1.28 | 0.50–3.24 | 0.6 | |||
Phenotype | ||||||||
TD | 6 (33.3) | 37 (30.6) | 1 | / | / | |||
PIGD | 12 (66.7) | 74 (61.2) | 1.01 | 0.38–2.76 | 0.9 | |||
Mixed | 0 | 10 (8.3) | / | / | / | |||
Smoking | 2 (12.5) | 24 (21.0) | 0.52 | 0.11–2.36 | 0.4 | |||
Diabetes (H) | 3 (16.7) | 23 (19.0) | 0.75 | 0.21–2.68 | 0.7 | |||
Hypercholesterolemia (H) | 5 (27.8) | 41 (33.9) | 0.66 | 0.23–1.88 | 0.4 | |||
Hypertension (H) | 14 (77.8) | 72 (59.5) | 2.09 | 0.68–6.44 | 0.2 | |||
Hypertrigliceridemia (H) | 2 (11.1) | 18 (14.9) | 0.75 | 0.16–3.30 | 0.7 | |||
SBP, mmHg | 129.2 ± 19.0 | 130.1 ± 14.8 | 1.00 | 0.97–1.03 | 0.9 | |||
DBP, mmHg | 80 ± 11.5 | 77.4 ± 8.2 | 1.03 | 0.99–1.09 | 0.1 | |||
SBP > 130 (median value) | 10 (55.6) | 47 (38.8) | 1.89 | 0.70–5.02 | 0.2 | |||
SBP > 140 | 4 (22.2) | 21 (17.4) | 1.17 | 0.38–3.61 | 0.8 | |||
Antihypertensive drugs | 14 (77.8) | 69 (57.0) | 2,30 | 0.74–7.05 | 0.1 | |||
HDL, mg/dl | 48.4 ± 12.4 | 48.6 ± 10.8 | 0.99 | 0.94–1.03 | 0.7 | |||
Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 182 ± 38.0 | 178.7 ± 34.4 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.6 | |||
Atrial Fibrillation | 1 (5.6) | 3 (2.5) | 2.24 | 0.29–17.2 | 0.4 | |||
FR Score (HVR) | 14 (77.8) | 86 (71.1) | 1.24 | 0.40–3.81 | 0.7 | |||
Myocardial Infarction | 1 (5.6) | 14 (11.6) | 0.44 | 0.05–3.38 | 0.4 | |||
Stroke | / | 1 (0.8) | / | / | / | |||
TIA | / | / | / | / | / | |||
Average Wahlund | 4.3 ± 4.3 | 2.4 ± 3.3 | 1.16 | 1.04–1.30 | 0.007 | |||
Wahlund score | ||||||||
0 (score = 0) | 6 (33.3) | 59 (48.8) | 1 | / | / | 1 | / | / |
1 (score 1–4) | 4 (22.2) | 39 (32.2) | 0.71 | 0.16–3.02 | 0.6 | 2.31 | 0.47–11.2 | 0.3 |
2 (score > 4) | 8(44.4) | 23 (19.0) | 3.81 | 1.28–11.3 | 0.01 | 2.80 | 0.86–9.04 | 0.08 |