Background
Methods
Definitions and control policies
The low-protein diet
Indications for the diet and selection of controls
Statistical analysis
Ethical issues
Results
Baseline data
Case | Age (yrs) | Pre-conceptional; Referral-week | Kidney disease | sCr mg/dL (EPI-GFR mL/min) | CKD stage | PtU (g/24 h) | Pt/Alb (g/dL) | HT | Therapy at referral | BMI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 35 | pre; ICSI | Diab neph | 1.2 (59) | 3 | 2.5 | 5.9/2.8 | Yes | Insulin, doxazosine | 23.5 |
2 | 35 | pre; 8w | Diab neph | 1.6 (45) | 4 | 1.8 | 6.5/3.8 | No | Insulin | 22 |
3 | 28 | 7w | Sponge kidney | 3.2 (19) | 4 | 0.8 | 6.5/3.5 | No | EPO, Vit. D | 22 |
4 | 37 | pre; 6w | Diab neph | 1.2 (58) | 3 | 5.9 | 5.8/3.2 | No | Insulin | 22 |
5 | 32 | 6w | SLE | 0.7 (115) | 1 | 2.7 | 6.0/3.1 | Yes | Pred., ASA, omeprazole, a-MD | 24 |
6 | 35 | pre; 7w | Reflux | 3.2 (18) | 4 | 1.0 | 8.4/4.5 | Yes | Vit. D, b-blocker ASA | 19 |
7 | 29 | 9w | Diab neph | 1.5 (47) | 3 | 6.3 | 6.6/3.6 | Yes | Insulin, nifedipine | 20 |
8 | 38 | 17w | fibrillary GN | 0.6 (116) | 1 | 3.6 | 5.8/2.6 | No | None | 22 |
9 | 32 | 6w | Kidney graft | 1.2 (60) | 2 | 0.5 | 6.9/4.0 | No | Pred., CyA, ranitidine, ASA, | 24 |
10 | 20 | 5w | SLE | 0.6 (132) | 1 | 2.5 | 6.8/3.3 | No | Pred. | 21 |
11 | 37 | 7w | Kidney graft | 1.5 (44) | 3 | 0.8 | 7.0/3.9 | Yes | Pred., CyA, VitD, nifedipine, ASA EPO, ranitidine | 27 |
12 | 30 | 6w | IgA GN | 1.3 (55) | 3 | 0.7 | 6.9/4.1 | No | Levothyroxine | 18.9 |
13 | 28 | 10w | IgA GN | 1 (77) | 2 | 2 | 6.6/3.7 | No | None | 19.9 |
14 | 36 | pre; 5w | Diab neph | 1 (68) | 2 | 0.6 | 6.4/4.1 | Yes | Lansoprazole, levothyroxine, ASA, Niphedipine, insulin, | 21.5 |
15 | 35 | 7w | Diab neph | 1.2 (56) | 3 | 0.7 | 7.4/4.3 | No | Insulin | 18.2 |
16 | 40 | 24w | Diab neph | 0.9 (76) | 2 | 3.1 | 6.7/3.3 | Yes | Insulin, levothyroxine, Nifedipine | 24 |
17 | 36 | 20w | IgA GN | 1.1 (64) | 2 | 2.4 | 5.6/4.1 | No | None | 22.3 |
18 | 36 | pre; 7w | SLE | 2.9 (20) | 4 | 3.4 | 6.5/3.9 | Yes | Pred., levothyroxine, a-MD | 24.5 |
19 | 38 | 6w | FSGS | 0.6 (116) | 1 | 2.1 | 6.3/3.3 | No | CyA | 25 |
20 | 33 | pre; 8w | Kidney graft | 1.3 (52) | 3 | 0.2 | 7.2/3.9 | Yes | Pred, TAC | 30 |
21 | 31 | pre; 9w | Sponge kidney | 1.6 (43.3) | 3 | 0.3 | 6.5/4.0 | Yes | ASA, a-MD | 23.4 |
22 | 33 | pre; 7w | Reflux | 0.7 (110.4) | 1 | 0.8 | 6.0/3.7 | Yes | ASA, b-bloc | 21.8 |
23 | 38 | pre; 6w | Pyelonephritis | 1.2 (59) | 3 | 0.2 | 6.5/3.9 | Yes | a-MD | 19.7 |
24 | 26 | 5w | Single kidney, previous HUS | 1 (78) | 2 | 0.3 | 6.8/3.8 | Yes | ASA | 23.4 |
25 | 41 | pre; 7w | GN | 0.8 (86.6) | 2 | 0.8 | 7.2/3.8 | Yes | ASA | 33.6 |
26 | 32 | 6w | IgA GN | 1 (74.7) | 2 | 0.6 | 6.8 /3.9 | No | ASA | 24.9 |
27 | 36 | 18w | Diab neph | 0.7 (106.3) | 1 | 0.9 | 7.4/4.4 | Yes | ASA, a-MD, Insulin | 34 |
28 | 33 | 27w | LLAC | 0.4 (136.2) | 1 | 1.3 | 6.0/3.6 | Yes | a-MD | 29.7 |
29 | 33 | 14w | Unknown | 0.8 (105.6) | 1 | 2.2 | 5.7/3.0 | No | ASA | 24.8 |
30 | 32 | 30w | Unknown | 1.7 (39.6) | 3 | 0.1 | 6.2/3.6 | No | / | 26.7 |
31 | 31 | 8 w | Diab neph | 1.48 (47) | 3 | 0.1 | 6.78/4.68 |
No
| ASA, Insulin | 19.5 |
32 (twin) | 31 | 21w | Diab neph | 0.5 (128) | 1 | 5.4 | 5.5/2.8 | No | Insulin, levothyroxine | 17.9 |
33 (twin) | 37 | 12w | Unknown | 0.7 (112) | 1 | 0.8 | 7.1/3.5 | No | None | 31.4 |
34 (twin) | 39 | 11 w | Previous PNA | 0.57 (184.1) | 1 | 0.29 | 6.11/3.37 | No | ASA | 32.32 |
35 (termination) | 26 | 18w | MGN | 0.6 (126) | 1 | 5.5 | 5.1/2.3 | No | None | 19 |
36 (miscarriage) | 37 | 7w | Kidney graft | 1.7 (38) | 3 | 0.1 | 6.9/3.9 | Yes | Pred., TAC, EPO, ASA, omeprazole, Doxazosin, b-bloc | 25.1 |
Summary data all cases Median (min-max) | 34 (20–41) | 7 (5–30) | _ | sCr 1.05 (0.4–3.2) GFR-EPI 66.0 (18.0–184.1) | 2 (1–4) | 0.8 (0.1–6.3) | Pt 6.5 (5.1–8.4) Alb 3.75 (2.3–4.68) | 17/36 47.2 % | _ | 23.4 (17.9–34.0) |
Summary data Singletons Median (min-max) | 33 (20–41) | 7 (5–30) | _ | sCr 1.20 (0.4–3.2) GFR-EPI 60.0 (18.0–136.2) | 3 (1–4) | 0.9 (0.1–6.3) | Pt 6.5 (5.6–8.4) Alb 3.8 (2.6–4.68) | 16/31 51.6 % | _ | 23.4 (18.2–34.0) |
Case | Age (yrs) | Pre-conceptional; Referral-week | Kidney disease | sCr mg/dL (EPI-GFR mL/min) | CKD stage | PtU (g/24 h) | Pt/Alb (g/dL) | HT | Therapy at referral | BMI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 33 | 11w | IgA GN | 0.9 (84.3) | 2 | 1.1 | 6.0/2.9 | No | Pred | 20.2 |
2 | 34 | pre; 7w | SLE | 0.7 (113.4) | 1 | 1.3 | 5.8/3.5 | No | Steroids, AZA | 19.6 |
3 | 34 | pre; 6w | SLE | 0.7 (113.4) | 1 | 1.3 | 6.3/2.9 | Yes | a-MD, Pred., CyA | 20.8 |
4 | 38 | pre; 22w | Unknown | 0.8 (93.8) | 1 | 1.7 | Na | Yes | ASA, Nifedipine, a-MD | 26 |
5 | 29 | pre; 5w | IgA GN | 0.9 (86.7) | 2 | 2.1 | 6.3/3.5 | Yes | a-MD | 22.1 |
6 | 26 | pre; 8w | Diab neph | 0.4 (144.2) | 1 | 2.6 | 5.6/3.3 | No | ASA, Insulin | 23.4 |
7 | 35 | pre; 7w | SLE, LLAC | 0.5 (129.3) | 1 | 3.9 | 5.2 /2.9 | No | Pred | 20.2 |
8 | 19 | pre; 13w | SLE | 0.6 (135.6) | 1 | 4 | 5.9/3 | No | none | 18.8 |
9 | 36 | pre; 13w | FSGS | 0.9 (82.5) | 2 | 4.2 | 5.7/3.1 | Yes | ASA, a-MD | 20.3 |
10 | 41 | pre; 6w | SLE | 1 (71.9) | 2 | 5.4 | 5.5/3.6 | Yes | a-MD | 18.3 |
11 | 35 | pre; 20w | Diab neph | 1.2 (58.7) | 3 | 0.1 | Na | Yes | a-MD, Insulin | 25.6 |
12 | 39 | pre; 7w | SLE | 1.4 (47.4) | 3 | 0.3 | 6.5/3.7 | Yes | Pred., AZA | 23 |
13 | 32 | pre; 9w | SLE | 1.4 (49.8) | 3 | 0.8 | 6.7/4.5 | Yes | Pred | 21.6 |
14 | 35 | pre; 8w | IgA GN | 1.4 (50) | 3 | 1.7 | 6.8/3.3 | No | none | 24.8 |
15 | 38 | pre; 7w | Unknown | 1.6 (40.6) | 3 | 1.4 | 6.2/4.3 | No | none | 23.9 |
16 | 31 | 6w | IgA GN | 1.6 (42.6) | 3 | ++ | 7/3.3 | No | none | 32.5 |
17 | 36 | pre; 6w | GN | 1.8 (35.7) | 3 | 0.4 | 7.3/ 4 | No | none | 22.5 |
18 | 23 | pre; 13w | Unknown | 1.9 (36.6) | 3 | 2.8 | 6.1/ 3 | No | none | 30.1 |
19 | 30 | na | IgA GN | 1.4 (50) | 3 | 6.2 | na | Yes | a-MD | 21.6 |
20 | 34 | pre; 12w | SLE, LLAC | 2.2 (28.4) | 4 | 1.2 | 5.7/3.2 | Yes | a-MD, ASA, EPO | 21.4 |
21 | 28 | 7w | Unknown | 1.6 (43.9) | 3 | 1.6 | 7.4/ 4.3 | No | none | 23.7 |
22 | 33 | pre; 12w | GN | 0.5 (127.6) | 1 | 1.1 | 7/4 | No | none | 21.8 |
Summary data Cagliari | 34 (19–41) | 8 (5–22) | sCr 1.1 (0.4–2.2) GFR-EPI 65.3 (28.4–144.2) | 1.6 (0.1–6.2) | Pt 6.2 (5.2–7.4) Alb 3.3 (2.9–4.5) | 10 45.5 % | 21.95 (18.3–32.5) | |||
1 | 39 | Pre; 8 w | Interstitial | 1.6 (40) | 3 | 1.3 | 7.3 /3.7 | Yes | Felodipine, Doxazosin, Levotiroxina, ASA | 26.7 |
2 | 27 | 14 w | Reflux | 1.5 (47) | 3 | 0.3 | 6.5/3.4 | No | None | 18.0 |
3 | 34 | 20 w | Chronic PN | 1.5 (45) | 3 | 2.0 | Na | No | None | 23.3 |
4 | 23 | 13 w | IgA GN | 1.3 (56) | 3 | 0.5 | 6.4/3.1 | Yes | a-MD, ASA | 22.7 |
5 | 32 | Pre; 5 w | IgA GN | 1.2 (58) | 3 | 0.3 | 6.1/3.4 | No | Steroids, Allopurinole | 19.1 |
6 | 35 | Pre; 8 w | IgA GN | 1.3 (54) | 3 | 0.5 | 6.6/2.7 | Yes | a-MP, Niphedipine | 24.4 |
7 | 22 | 27 w | Reflux | 2.9 (22) | 4 | 0.5 | 7.3/3.4 | No | Niphedipine | 22.2 |
8 | 39 | Pre; 14 w | Chronic PN | 1.4 (47) | 3 | 0.2 | 8.1/4.0 | Yes | B-bloc, ASA | 18.4 |
9 | 31 | 20 w | Reflux | 1.3 (54) | 3 | 0.6 | 7.2/3.7 | Yes | B-bloc, Doxazosine, Niphedipine, Isosorbide | 19.5 |
10 | 25 | 33 w | Reflux | 1.3 (57) | 3 | 0.8 | 6.0/3.1 | Yes | a-MP | 19.3 |
11 | 35 | 7; w | Interstitial | 1.3 (52) | 3 | 0.6 | 6.0/3.2 | Yes | None | 25.6 |
12 | 33 | Pre; 12w | Chronic PN | 1.2 (60) | 3 | 0.1 | 6.4/3.2 | No | Clonidine, a-MP, ASA | 19.7 |
13 | 30 | 6 w | Kidney graft | 1.2 (59) | 3 | 0.2 | 7.6/3.2 | No | TAC, Pred, Pantoprazole, Allopurinolo | 20.3 |
14 | 32 | 29 w | HIV neph. | 1.43 (56) | 3 | 0.4 | 7.0/3.1 | No | Antiretroviral therapy Omeprazole | 20.0 |
15 | 36 | 6 w | Kidney graft | 1.1 (56) | 3 | 0.1 | 6.9/4.7 | No | Pred, CyA, Omeprazole, ASA | 24.7 |
16 | 38 | Pre; 8 w | single kidney | 0.8 (56) | 3 | 0.1 | 6.8/4.4 | No | Calcium carbonate | 15.6 |
17 | 27 | 5 w | SLE | 0.6 (193.6) | 1 | 1.45 | 7.09/4.37 | No | ASA, Steroids | 30.4 |
18 | 37 | 20 w | FSGS | 0.7 (81.6) | 2 | 2.33 | 6.56/3.62 | No | none | 23.6 |
19 | 26 | 12 w | IR e proteinuria | 1.1 (101.2) | 1 | 2 | 6.45/3.49 | No | ASA | 32.4 |
20 | 36 | 16 w | PNC | 0.6 (122) | 1 | 1.03 | 7.55/4.10 | No | Thyroxine | 20.2 |
21 (miscarriage) | 38 | 7 w | Chronic PN, single kidney | 1.9 (31) | 3 | 0.1 | 7.3/5.0 | No | None | 24.9) |
22 (miscarriage) | 37 | Pre; 8 w | Single kidney | 0.8 (58) | 3 | 0.1 | 7.6/4.7 | No | None | 15.6 |
23 (miscarriage) | 36 | 5 w | Kidney graft | 1.3 (53) | 3 | 0.4 | Na | No | CyA, AZA | 25.5 |
24 (miscarriage) | 37 | Pre; 5 w | single kidney | 0.9 (55) | 3 | 0.1 | na | No | Calcium carbonate, | 16.2 |
25 (miscarriage) | 30 | 9 w | Diab. Neph | 1.4 (50) | 3 | 0.2 | 6.9/4.1 | No | Insuline | 22.7 |
Summary data Torino | 34 (22–39) | 9 (5–33) | _ | sCr 1.3 (0.6–2.9) GFR-EPI 56.0 (22.0–193.6) | 3 (1–4) | 0.4 (0.1–2.33) | Pt 6.9 (6.0–8.1) Alb 3.55 (2.7–5.0) | 7 28.0 % | _ | 22.2 (15.6–32.4) |
Summary data all controls: 42 singleton | 33.5 (19–41) | 9 (5–33) | _ | sCr 1.25 (0.4–2.9) GFR-EPI 56.0 (22.0–193.6) | 3 (1–4) | 1.1 (0.1–6.2) | Pt 6.5 (5.2–8.1) Alb 3.4 (2.7–4.7) | 17 40.5 % | _ | 21.95 (15.6–32.5) |
P cases vs controls (singletons) | 0.443 | 0.154 | _ | sCr 0.716 GFR-EPI 0.680 | 0.139 Chi 2 | 0.585 | Pt 0.952 Alb 0.073 | 0.479 (Chi2) | _ | 0.237 |
Pregnancy outcomes: kidney function and proteinuria
Case | sCr mg/dL (EPI-GFR mL/min) | Stage CKD | PtU g/24 h | Pt/Alb (g/dL) | Weight gain | Hospitalization | sCr mg/dL (EPI-GFR mL/min) 3 months | PtU g/die Serum Alb g/dl 3 months |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.8 (36) | 3 | 6.2 | 4.8/1.9 | 9 (13.4 %) | 95 | 2.0 (45) | 3/2.5 |
2 | 1.8 (36) | 3 | 5.6 | 5.7/2.8 | 11 (20 %) | 73 | 1.9 (40) | 4/3 |
3 | 3.7 (16) | 4 | 2.6 | 6.3/3.6 | 9 (16 %) | 55 | 4.5 | 0.3/3.6 |
4 | 2 (31) | 3 | 1.9 | 5.6/2.9 | 9 (18 %) | 47 | 2.1 (21) | 1.5/3.1 |
5 | 0.7 (115) | 1 | 3.4 | 4.8/2.9 | 14 (21.5 %) | 123 | - | - |
6 | 2.9 (20) | 4 | 2.0 | 6.2/2.9 | 10 (21.7 %) | 80 | 2.8 (25) | 1.5/3.5 |
7 | 5 (11) | 5 | 17.3 | 4.2/1.8 | 16 (25 %) | 93 | 4.3 (19) | 5/3.1 |
8 | 0.6 (116) | 1 | 2.1 | 5.0/2.4 | 10 (20 %) | 30 | 0.8 (120) | 4/3.2 |
9 | 1.3 (54) | 3 | 3.6 | 5.3/2.8 | 8 (12 %) | 84 | 1.2 (64) | 1.3/- |
10 | 0.5 (140) | 1 | 2.9 | 5.4/2.7 | 11 (17 %) | 63 | 0.7 (125.1) | 6.2/2.8 |
11 | 1.8 (35) | 3 | 5.4 | 5.4/2.8 | 5 (7 %) | 99 | 1.7 (52.9) | 6.8/3.8 |
12 | 0.8 (99) | 1 | 5.7 | 5.5/2.7 | 10 (17.9 %) | 9 | 1.2 (60.6) | 5.7/3.2 |
13 | 1.5 (45) | 3 | 5.5 | 5.0/2.6 | 4 (7.8 %) | 28 | 2.9 (23.3) | 3.4/4 |
14 | 1 (73) | 2 | 4.7 | 4.5/2.2 | 12 (21 %) | 29 | 0.9 (82.5) | 4.4/2.2 |
15 | 1.5 (44) | 3 | 9.4 | 5.5/2.6 | 8 (14 %) | 24 | 1.9 (33.7) | 1.3/5.7 |
16 | 1 (72) | 2 | 4.4 | 6.4/2.8 | 14 (30.4 %%) | 24 | 0.9 (80.2) | 1.4/3.5 |
17 | 1.1 (65) | 2 | 2.2 | 6.0/2.9 | 11 (20.4 %) | 9 | na | na |
18 | 3.6 (15) | 4 | 3.4 | 5.8/3.2 | 12 (17.9 %) | 26 | 3.1 (18.5) | 1.3/3.2 |
19 | 0.6 (115) | 1 | 1.4 | 5.2/2.6 | 10 (14.1 %) | 16 | 0.7 (110.3) | 2.5/2.7 |
20 | 1.8 (37) | 3 | 0.8 | 6.7/3.3 | 7 (9.2 %) | 12 | 1.7 (39.1) | 1/3.9 |
21 | 1.2 (60) | 2 | 1.7 | 5.9/3.1 | 15 (23.8 %) | 8 | 1.8 (37.2) | 0.3/4.1 |
22 | 0.7 (105) | 1 | 0.9 | 5.7/2.9 | 10 (20.4 %) | 3 | 0.8 (98.7) | 0.8/4.5 |
23 | 1 (69) | 2 | 0.3 | 6.8/3.6 | 12 (22.6 %) | 4 | 1.3 (53.7) | 0.1/3.7 |
24 | 1.2 (63.2) | 2 | 0.6 | 6.7/3.6 | 6 (10 %) | 13 | 1.1 (69.5) | 0.1/4 |
25 | 0.8 (90.5) | 1 | 1.8 | 5.5/3.2 | 6 (7 %) | 7 | 0.9 (76.6) | 0.7/4.3 |
26 | 1 (75.6) | 2 | 0.8 | 6.6/3.1 | 22 (31 %) | 5 | 1.0 (74.7) | 0.8/3.3 |
27 | 0.9 (86) | 2 | 0.9 | 5.9/3.1 | 1 (1 %) | 16 | na | na |
28 | 0.5 (131.1) | 1 | 0.4 | 6.0/2.7 | −2 (−2.5 %) | 5 | 0.6 (118.9) | 0.5/4.7 |
29 | 1 (89.9) | 2 | 6.2 | 5.5/2.9 | 6 (7.9 %) | 5 | 1.0 | na |
30 | 2 (31.6) | 3 | 0.1 | 6.4/3.2 | 9 (15 %) | 22 | na | na |
31 | 2.33 (27) | 4 | 0.41 | 6.4/3.3 | 15 (22 %) | 24 | na | na |
32 (twin) | 0.7 (117) | 1 | 11.8 | 4.1/1.8 | 21 (42 %) | 76 | 0.6 (121.8) | 1.5/3.7 |
33 (twin) | 0.9 (81.4) | 2 | na | 6.1/3.3 | 3 (3.3 %) | 8 | na | na |
34 (twin) | 0.6 (120) | 1 | 0.9 | 5.6/3.0 | 24 (27.3 %) | 14 | na | na |
Summary data (singletons) | sCr 1.2 (0.5–5.0) GFR-EPI 63.2 (11.0–140.0) | 3 (1–4) | 2.2 (0.1–17.3) | Pt 5.7 (4.2–6.8) Alb 2.9 (1.8–3.6) | 10.0 (−2–22) | 24 (3–123) | sCr 1.25 (0.6–4.5) GFR-EPI 57.15 (18.5–125.1) | PtU 1.4 (0.1–6.8) Serum Alb 3.5 (2.2–5.7) |
Case | sCr mg/dL (EPI-GFR mL/min) | Stage CKD | PtU g/24 h | Pt/Alb (g/dL) | Weight gain (Kg) | sCr mg/dL (EPI-GFR mL/min) 3 months | PtU g/die Serum Alb g/dl 3 months |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.9 (85) | 2 | 1.5 | 5.3/2.9 | 10 | 0.9 (85) | 1.7/3.7 |
2 | 0.8 (96) | 1 | 7.2 | 6.9/3.3 | 10 | 0.8 (96) | 0.8/4 |
3 | 0.7 (113) | 1 | 8.8 | 6.3/3.1 | 10 | 0.8 (96) | 0.4/3.8 |
4 | 0.8 (94) | 1 | 1.5 | na | na | na | na |
5 | 0.9 (86) | 2 | 1.1 | 5.7/2.9 | 15 | 1 (76) | 1.3/ 3.7 |
6 | 0.5 (136) | 1 | 0.8 | 5.9/2.9 | 14 | 0.5 (129) | 0.4/4.3 |
7 | 0.5 (124) | 1 | 4.0 | 5.4/2.5 | 14 | 0.5 (125) | 1.4/3.2 |
8 | 0.5 (141) | 1 | 3.7 | 5.7/ 3.0 | 10 | 0.6 (130) | 3.1/4.3 |
9 | 1.0 (72) | 2 | 6.2 | 5.1/2.8 | 18 | 1.1 (64) | 3.5/ 3.7 |
10 | 1.3 (51) | 3 | 7.9 | 4.7/2 | 12 | 1.3 (51) | 1.3/ 3.1 |
11 | 2.3 (27) | 4 | 8.3 | na | na | na | na |
12 | 1.4 (47) | 3 | 2.5 | 6/3.3 | 14 | 1.5 (43) | 2.1/na |
13 | 1.4 (50) | 3 | 6.3 | 5.2/3.1 | 13 | 1.4 (49) | 1/4.1 |
14 | 1.4 (48) | 3 | 3.6 | 6.4/3.0 | 18 | 1.5 (44) | 3.2/na |
15 | 1.8 (35) | 3 | 4.4 | 5.6/2.8 | 11 | 1.9 (33) | 5.7/3.3 |
16 | 1.6 (42) | 3 | 1.8 | 6.1/3.0 | 8 | 1.3 (55) | 2.4/3.9 |
17 | 1.7 (38) | 3 | 5.6 | 5.9/2.9 | 9 | 1.8 (35) | 5.7/3.6 |
18 | 1.7 (42) | 3 | 5.6 | 6.2/3.3 | 7 | 1.9 (36) | 8/4 |
19 | 1.4 (50) | 3 | 6.2 | 5.3/3.3 | 8 | 0.9 (131) | 1.6/4.1 |
20 | 2.0 (32) | 3 | 5.1 | 5.7/3.2 | 4 | 1.8 (37) | 5.4/3 |
21 | 2.3 (27.8) | 4 | 7.1 | 6.8/3.1 | 10 | 2.4 (26) | 2.7/4.2 |
22 | 0.5 (127) | 1 | 0.5 | 7.5/3.8 | 17 | 0.7 (114) | 0.8/4.6 |
Summary data (Cagliari) | sCr 1.35 (0.5–2.3) GFR-EPI 50.5 (27.0–141.0) | 3 (1–4) | 4.75 (0.5–8.8) | Pt 5.8 (4.7–7.5) Alb 3.0 (2.0–3.8) | 10.5 (4–18) | sCr 1.20 (0.5–2.4) GFR-EPI 59.5 (26.0–131.0) | PtU 1.90 (0.4–8.0) Serum Alb 3.85 (3.0–4.6) |
1 | 0.83 (121) | 1 | 1.08 | 6.1/3.8 | 8 | 1.2 (57) | 1.0/3.5 |
2 | 0.69 (80.5) | 2 | 1.61 | 6.1/2.9 | 12 | 1.4 (66) | 0.9/3.7 |
3 | 1.06 (86) | 2 | 2.83 | 6.343.3 | 10 | 1.7 (39) | 1.2/ns |
4 | 0.59 (112) | 1 | 0.1 | 7.01/3.58 | 8 | 1.9 (42) | 2.5/3.2 |
5 | 0.83 (121) | 1 | 1.08 | 6.08/3.80 | 8 | 1.2 (52) | 0.8/3.7 |
6 | 0.69 (80.5) | 2 | 1.61 | 6.11/2.95 | 10 | Na | na |
7 | 1.06 (86) | 2 | 2.83 | 6.34/3.28 | 2 | 5.2 (11) | na |
8 | 0.59 (112) | 1 | 0.1 | 7.01/3.58 | 6 | 2.1 (29) | 0.5/4.0 |
9 | 0.83 (121) | 1 | 1.08 | 6.08/3.80 | 11 | 2.2 (29) | 1.2/3.7 |
10 | 0.69 (80.5) | 2 | 1.61 | 6.11/2.95 | 19 | 1.3 (57) | 0.7/4.1 |
11 | 1.06 (86) | 2 | 2.83 | 6.34/3.28 | 11 | 1.1 (62) | 0.1/4.1 |
12 | 0.59 (112) | 1 | 0.1 | 7.01/3.58 | 15 | 1.5 (45) | 0.2/3.7 |
13 | 0.83 (121) | 1 | 1.08 | 6.08/3.8 | 14 | 0.9 (85) | 0.3/3.8 |
14 | 0.69 (80.5) | 2 | 1.61 | 6.11/2.95 | 7 | 1.2 (72) | na |
15 | 1.06 (86) | 2 | 2.83 | 6.34/3.28 | 3 | na | na |
16 | 0.59 (112) | 1 | 0.1 | 7.01/3.58 | 13 | 0.9 (55a) | 0.1/4.2 |
17 | 0.83 (121) | 1 | 1.08 | 6.08/3.80 | 14 | na | na |
18 | 0.69 (80.5) | 2 | 1.61 | 6.11/2.95 | 3 | na | na |
19 | 1.06 (86) | 2 | 2.83 | 6.34/3.28 | 2 | na | na |
20 | 0.59 (112) | 1 | 0.1 | 7.01/3.58 | 19 | na | na |
Summary data Torino | sCr 0.76 (0.59–1,06) GFR-EPI 99.0 (80.5–121.0) | 1.34 (0.1–2.83) | Pt 6.2 (6.08–7.01) Alb 3.44 (2.9–3.8) | 10.0 (2–19) | sCr 1.35 (0.9–5.2) GFR-EPI 53.5 (11.0–85.0) | PtU 0.75 (0.1–2.5) Serum Alb 3.7 (3.2–4.2) | |
Summary data, all | sCr 0.83 (0.5–2.3) GFR-EPI 86.0 (27.0–141.0) | 2.15 (0.1–8.8) | Pt 6.1 (4.7–7.5) Alb 3.24 (2.0–3.8) | 10.0 (2–19) | sCr 1.3 (0.5–5.2) GFR-EPI 55.0 (11.0–131.0) | PtU 1.25 (0.1–8.0) Serum Alb 3.8 (3.0–4.6) | |
P controls vs on diet | sCr 0.018 GFR-EPI 0.018 | 0.390 (Chi2) | 0.876 | 0.010 | 0.364 | sCr 0.565 GFR-EPI 0.813 | PtU 0.499 Serum Alb 0.074 |
Pregnancy outcomes: prevalence of small for gestational age and preterm babies
Case | Gestational age Weeks (days) | Type of delivery | Sex of the baby | Weight (g) | Centile (Parazzini) | Centile (INeS) | Apgar (1–5 min) | NICU |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 31 + 0 (217) | Vaginal | M | 1595 | 50–90 | 55 | 7–8 | Yes |
2 | 33 + 3 (234) | CS | F | 1980 | 50–90 | 63 | 9–9 | Yes |
3 | 35 + 2 (247) | CS | F | 1685 | <5 | 5 | 8–9 | Yes |
4 | 31 + 0 (217) | CS | M | 1970 | 50–90 | 92 | 8–8 | Yes |
5 | 32 + 6 (230) | CS | M | 2080 | 50–90 | 75 | 9–9 | No |
6 | 34 + 1 (239) | CS | F | 1410 | <5 | 3 | 8–8 | Yes |
7 | 28 + 1 (197) | CS | F | 935 | 10–50 | 42 | 7–8 | Yes |
8 | 37 + 1 (260) | Vaginal | M | 2620 | 10–50 | 16 | 9–9 | No |
9 | 34 + 5 (243) | CS | M | 2180 | 10-50 | 37 | 8–9 | No |
10 | 34 + 3 (241) | CS | F | 1710 | 10–50 | 13 | 9–9 | Yes |
11 | 33 + 0 (231) | CS | F | 2115 | 50–90 | 76 | 7–8 | Yes |
12 | 36 + 3 (255) | CS | F | 2250 | 10–50 | 17 | 9–9 | No |
13 | 36 + 6 (258) | CS | F | 2340 | 10–50 | 10 | 9–9 | No |
14 | 32 + 2 (226) | CS | F | 1920 | 50–90 | 79 | 6–8 | Yes |
15 | 32 + 0 (224) | CS | F | 1550 | 10–50 | 31 | 8–8 | Yes |
16 | 34 + 1 (239) | Vaginal | F | 2350 | 50–90 | 93 | 7–8 | Yes |
17 | 37 + 4 (263) | Vaginal | F | 2820 | 10–50 | 29 | 9–9 | No |
18 | 31 + 6 (223) | CS | M | 1365 | 10–50 | 19 | 8–8 | Yes |
19 | 38 + 3 (269) | Vaginal | F | 3180 | 50–90 | 62 | 9–9 | No |
20 | 35 + 5 (250) | CS | M | 1790 | <5 | 2 | 9–9 | Yes |
21 | 36 + 1 (253) | Vaginal | F | 2140 | 5–10 | 11 | 9–9 | No |
22 | 38 + 6 (272) | Vaginal | F | 2760 | 10–50 | 12 | 9–9 | No |
23 | 38 + 5 (271) | Vaginal | F | 3000 | 10–50 | 29 | 9–9 | No |
24 | 36 + 6 (258) | Vaginal | F | 2600 | 10–50 | 29 | 8–8 | No |
25 | 36 + 5 (257) | Vaginal | F | 2740 | 10–50 | 44 | 9–9 | No |
26 | 37 + 2 (261) | Vaginal | M | 2580 | 10–50 | 18 | 8–9 | No |
27 | 31 + 6 (223) | CS | F | 1670 | 10–50 | 56 | 8–8 | Yes |
28 | 37 + 1 (260) | Vaginal | M | 3070 | 10–50 | 55 | 9–9 | No |
29 | 36 + 6 (258) | Vaginal | F | 2830 | 10–50 | 50 | 9–9 | No |
30 | 36 + 1 (253) | Vaginal | F | 2250 | 10–50 | 22 | 9–9 | No |
31 | 35 + 6 (251) | CS | F | 2020 | 10–50 | 23 | 9/9 | No |
32 (twin) | 31 + 4 (221) | CS | aM | 1270 | 5–10 | 16 | 4–7 | Yes |
F | 1275 | 10–50 | 22 | 7–8 | Yes | |||
33 (twin) | 36 + 4 (256) | CS | F | 2350 | 10–50 | 16 | 9–9 | No |
M | 2400 | 10–50 | 12 | 8–9 | No | |||
34 (twin) | 35 + 6 (251) | CS | M | 2920 | 50–90 | 72 | 8/9 | No |
M | 3040 | 50–90 | 81 | 8/9 | No | |||
Summary data: singletons | Below 37w: 24 (77.4 %) Below 34w: 10 (32.3 %) Below 28: 0 Median 35 (28–38) | CS 17 (54.8 %) | M 9 (29.0 %) | Below 1500 g: 3 (9.7 %) Below 2500 g: 21 (67.7 %) Median 2140 (935–3180) | Below 5th: 3/31 (9.7 %) | Below 5th: 2/31 (6.5 %) | 5 min: 9 (6–9) 10 min 9 (8–9) | Yes 14 (45.2 %) |
Vaginal 14 (45.2 %) | F 22 (71.0 %) | Below 10th 4/31 (12.9 %) | Below 10th 3/31 (9.7 %) median 29 (2–93) | No 17 (54.8 %) |
Case | Gestational age | Type of delivery | Sex of the baby | Weight (g) | Centile (Parazzini) | Centile (INeS) | Apgar (1–5 min) | NICU |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 32 + 5 | CS | M | 1470 | 10–50 | 15 | 6–7 | Yes |
2 | 31 + 6 | CS | F | 1500 | 10–50 | 41 | 7–9 | Yes |
3 | 27 + 3 | CS | Fa | 700 | / | 16 | 7–7 | Yes |
4 | 29 + 3 | CS | M | 610 | <5 | 1 | 4–8 | Yes |
5 | 40 + 3 | CS | F | 2750 | 10–50 | 7 | 8–10 | No |
6 | 36 + 2 | CS | M | 3230 | 50–90 | 86 | 5–7 | Yes |
7 | 37 + 1 | CS | M | 2340 | <5 | 8 | 9–10 | No |
8 | 33 + 0 | CS | F | 1950 | 10–50 | 59 | 8–9 | Yes |
9 | 37 + 0 | CS | M | 2300 | <5 | 5 | 9–10 | No |
10 | 33 + 5 | CS | M | 1900 | 10–50 | 34 | 9–9 | Yes |
11 | 32 + 1 | CS | M | 2180 | 50–90 | 93 | na | Yes |
12 | 37 + 4 | CS | M | 2870 | 10–50 | 27 | 10–10 | No |
13 | 36 + 4 | CS | F | 2630 | 10–50 | 37 | 9–10 | No |
14 | 36 + 3 | CS | M | 2650 | 10–50 | 32 | 8–9 | Yes |
15 | 35 + 4 | CS | F | 2400 | 10–50 | 48 | 10–10 | No |
16 | 37 + 1 | CS | M | 2970 | 10–50 | 45 | 8–10 | No |
17 | 32 + 0 | CS | M | 1950 | 50–90 | 81 | 8–8 | Yes |
18 | 34 + 6 | CS | M | 2330 | 10–50 | 49 | 8–10 | No |
19 | 28 + 4 | CS | F | 820 | 10–50 | 17 | 7–9 | Yes |
20 | 25 + 2 | CS | Ma | 500 | / | 7 | 3–5 | Yes |
21 | 35 + 4 | vaginal | F | 2450 | 10–50 | 58 | 8–9 | No |
22 | 36 + 0 | vaginal | F | 2600 | 5–10 | 13 | 9–10 | No |
Summary data: Cagliari | Below 37w: 17 (77.3 %) Below 34w: 10 (45.5 %) Below 28w: 2 (9.1 %) median 34.5 (25–40) | CS 20 (90.9 %) | M 13 (59.1 %) | Below 1500 g: 5 (22.7 %) Below 2500 g: 15 (68.2 %) | Below 5th or below 28 w: 5/22 (22.7 %) | Below 5th: 1/22 (4.5 %) | 5 min: 8 (3–10) 10 min 9 (5–10) | Yes 12 (54.4 %) |
Vaginal 2 (9.1 %) | F 9 (40.9 %) | Below 10th or below 28 w: 6/22 (27.3 %) | Below 10th: 5/22 (22.7 %) median 33 (1–93) | No 10 (45.5 %) | ||||
1 | 37 + 0 | CS | F | 3330 | 50–90 | 92 | 9–9 | No |
2 | 31 + 0 | CS | M | 1100 | 5–10 | 10 | 9–9 | Yes |
3 | 33 + 0 | CS | M | 1425 | 5–10 | 9 | 7–9 | Yes |
4 | 36 + 5 | Vaginal | F | 2410 | 10–50 | 24 | 9–9 | No |
5 | 36 + 2 | Vaginal | F | 2160 | 5–10 | 14 | 9–9 | No |
6 | 36 + 5 | Vaginal | F | 2600 | 10–50 | 40 | 9–9 | No |
7 | 28 + 2 | CS | M | 750 | 5–10 | 9 | 5–8 | Yes |
8 | 36 + 2 | CS | M | 2500 | 10–50 | 30 | 9–9 | No |
9 | 32 + 5 | CS | M | 1300 | 5–10 | 5 | 9–9 | Yes |
10 | 38 + 0 | Vaginal | M | 2280 | <5 | 2 | 8–8 | No |
11 | 34 + 2 | Vaginal | F | 2160 | 10–50 | 39 | 8–9 | No |
12 | 38 + 3 | Vaginal | F | 3170 | 50–90 | 61 | 9–9 | No |
13 | 37 + 6 | Vaginal | F | 3050 | 50–90 | 59 | 8–8 | No |
14 | 38 + 0 | CS | M | 2565 | 5–10 | 6 | 9–9 | No |
15 | 32 + 2 | CS | M | 1440 | 10–50 | 19 | 7–9 | Yes |
16 | 38 + 4 | Vaginal | M | 2850 | 10–50 | 18 | 7–8 | No |
17 | 35 + 6 | Vaginal | F | 2900 | 50–90 | 85 | 9–9 | No |
18 | 35 + 4 | CS | M | 1620 | <5 | 1 | 9–9 | Yes |
19 | 36 + 6 | CS | F | 2510 | 10–50 | 29 | 9–9 | No |
20 | 37 + 6 | CS | M | 3180 | 50–90 | 59 | 9–9 | No |
Summary data: Torino | Below 37 w: 13 (65.0 %) Below 34 w: 5 (25.0 %) Below 28 w: 0 median 36 (28–38) | CS 11 (55.0 %) | M 11 (55.0 %) | Below 1500 g: 5 (25.0 %) Below 2500 g: 10 (50.0 %) median 2455 (750–3330) | Below 5th: 2/20 (10.0 %) | Below 5th: 2/20 (10.0 %) | 5 min: 8 (5–9) 10 min: 9 (8–9) | Yes 6 (30.0 %) |
Vaginal 9 (45.0 %) | F 9 (45.0 %) | Below 10th 8/20 (40.0 %) | Below 10th: 6/20 (30.0 %) median 21.5 (1–92) | No 14 (70.0 %) | ||||
Summary data: all | Below 37 w: 30 (71.4 %) Below 34 w: 15 (35.7 %) Below 28 w: 2 (4.8 %) median 35.5 (25–40) | CS 31 (73.8 %) | M 24 (57.1 %) | Below 1500 g: 10 (23.8 %) Below 2500 g: 25 (59.5 %) median 2335 (500–3330) | Below 5th: 7/42 (16.7 %) Below 10th: 14/42 (33.3 %) | Below 5th: 3/42 (7.1 %) Below 10th: 11/42 (26.2 %) median 28.0 (1–93) | 5 min: 8 (5–9) 10 min: 9 (8–9) | Yes 18/42 (42.9 %) |
P diet vs controls | Median: 0.839 (Mann–Whitney) Below 37: 0.759 (Chi2 Yates) Below 34: 0.954 (Chi2 Yates) Below 28: 0.505 (Fisher) | 0.150 Chi2 (Yates) | 0.032 Chi2 (Yates) | 0.742 Mann–Whitney Below 1500 g: 0.104 (Fisher) Below 2500 g: 0.319 (Fisher) | Below 5th: 0.308 (Fisher) Below 10th: 0.040 (Fisher) | Below 5th: 0.643 (Fisher) Below 10th: 0.068 (Fisher) | 5 min: 0.501 10 min: 0.076 (Mann–Whitney) | 1.000 Chi2 (Yates) |