Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 6/2017

01.03.2016 | Sepsis | Übersichten

Venöse Sättigung

Zwischen Sauerstoffangebot und -verbrauch

verfasst von: Dr. V. Mezger, M.Sc. Dr. F. Balzer, Dr. M. Habicher, Prof. Dr. M. Sander

Erschienen in: Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin | Ausgabe 6/2017

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Die venöse Sättigung ist ein physiologischer Parameter und ein wichtiges Maß zur Beurteilung des Verhältnisses zwischen Sauerstoffangebot und Sauerstoffverbrauch sowohl in der Intensivmedizin als auch im perioperativen Setting. Als physiologische Größe hat die gemischt-venöse Sättigung (SvO2) einen hohen Stellenwert in der Intensivmedizin erlangt. Aufgrund der hohen Invasivität der Bestimmung der SvO2 hat sich zur Abschätzung des Gleichgewichts zwischen Sauerstoffangebot und -verbrauch die zentralvenöse Sättigung (ScvO2) etabliert. Einen äquivalenten Ersatz bietet die ScvO2 im Vergleich zur SvO2 jedoch nicht, da Bereiche der unteren Körperhälfte, wie das Splanchnikusgebiet, nur unzureichend miterfasst werden. Allerdings wurde nachgewiesen, dass eine zielorientierte Therapie in der Intensivmedizin, allen voran im septischen sowie hämorrhagischen Schock, mit Hilfe der ScvO2 durchgeführt werden kann. Auch hat die ScvO2 prognostische Aussagekraft über Morbidität und Mortalität. Zu beachten ist hierbei, dass nicht nur niedrige, sondern auch erhöhte venöse Sättigungen mit einem schlechteren Outcome assoziiert sind. Neben der ScvO2 und der SvO2 gewinnt die venös-arterielle pCO2-Differenz (dCO2) zunehmend an Bedeutung. Bei kardiochirurgischen Patienten und bei Patienten mit Sepsis konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine erhöhte dCO2 mit einem schlechteren Outcome einhergeht. Jedoch sind weitere Studien notwendig, um eine Einbindung der dCO2 in den klinischen Alltag zu ermöglichen.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Balzer F, Sander M, Simon M, Spies C, Habicher M, Treskatsch S, Mezger V, Schirmer U, Heringlake M, Wernecke KD, Grubitzsch H, von Heymann C (2015) High central venous saturation after cardiac surgery is associated with increased organ failure and long-term mortality: an observational cross-sectional study. Crit Care 19:168 doi:10.1186/s13054-015-0889-6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Balzer F, Sander M, Simon M, Spies C, Habicher M, Treskatsch S, Mezger V, Schirmer U, Heringlake M, Wernecke KD, Grubitzsch H, von Heymann C (2015) High central venous saturation after cardiac surgery is associated with increased organ failure and long-term mortality: an observational cross-sectional study. Crit Care 19:168 doi:10.1186/s13054-015-0889-6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Baraka A, Baroody M, Haroun S, Nawfal M, Dabbous A, Sibai A, Jamal S, Shamli S (1990) Continuous venous oximetry during cardiopulmonary bypass: influence of temperature changes, perfusion flow, and hematocrit levels. J Cardiothorac Anesth 4:35–38CrossRefPubMed Baraka A, Baroody M, Haroun S, Nawfal M, Dabbous A, Sibai A, Jamal S, Shamli S (1990) Continuous venous oximetry during cardiopulmonary bypass: influence of temperature changes, perfusion flow, and hematocrit levels. J Cardiothorac Anesth 4:35–38CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Castellanos-Ortega A, Suberviola B, Garcia-Astudillo LA, Holanda MS, Ortiz F, Llorca J, Delgado-Rodriguez M (2010) Impact of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign protocols on hospital length of stay and mortality in septic shock patients: results of a three-year follow-up quasi-experimental study. Crit Care Med 38:1036–1043. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181d455b6CrossRefPubMed Castellanos-Ortega A, Suberviola B, Garcia-Astudillo LA, Holanda MS, Ortiz F, Llorca J, Delgado-Rodriguez M (2010) Impact of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign protocols on hospital length of stay and mortality in septic shock patients: results of a three-year follow-up quasi-experimental study. Crit Care Med 38:1036–1043. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181d455b6CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Chawla LS, Zia H, Gutierrez G, Katz NM, Seneff MG, Shah M (2004) Lack of equivalence between central and mixed venous oxygen saturation. Chest 126:1891–1896. doi:126/6/1891 [pii];10.1378/chest.126.6.1891CrossRefPubMed Chawla LS, Zia H, Gutierrez G, Katz NM, Seneff MG, Shah M (2004) Lack of equivalence between central and mixed venous oxygen saturation. Chest 126:1891–1896. doi:126/6/1891 [pii];10.1378/chest.126.6.1891CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Della RG, Pompei L (2011) Goal-directed therapy in anesthesia: any clinical impact or just a fashion? Minerva Anestesiol 77:545–553. doi:R02116155 [pii] Della RG, Pompei L (2011) Goal-directed therapy in anesthesia: any clinical impact or just a fashion? Minerva Anestesiol 77:545–553. doi:R02116155 [pii]
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb S, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R (2013) Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med 39:165–228. doi:10.1007/s00134-012-2769-8CrossRefPubMed Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb S, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R (2013) Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med 39:165–228. doi:10.1007/s00134-012-2769-8CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Donati A, Loggi S, Preiser JC, Orsetti G, Munch C, Gabbanelli V, Pelaia P, Pietropaoli P (2007) Goal-directed intraoperative therapy reduces morbidity and length of hospital stay in high-risk surgical patients. Chest 132:1817–1824. doi:chest.07-0621 [pii];10.1378/chest.07-0621CrossRefPubMed Donati A, Loggi S, Preiser JC, Orsetti G, Munch C, Gabbanelli V, Pelaia P, Pietropaoli P (2007) Goal-directed intraoperative therapy reduces morbidity and length of hospital stay in high-risk surgical patients. Chest 132:1817–1824. doi:chest.07-0621 [pii];10.1378/chest.07-0621CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Du W, Liu DW, Wang XT, Long Y, Chai WZ, Zhou X, Rui X (2013) Combining central venous-to-arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide difference and central venous oxygen saturation to guide resuscitation in septic shock. J Crit Care 28:1111–1115. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.07.049CrossRef Du W, Liu DW, Wang XT, Long Y, Chai WZ, Zhou X, Rui X (2013) Combining central venous-to-arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide difference and central venous oxygen saturation to guide resuscitation in septic shock. J Crit Care 28:1111–1115. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.07.049CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Forkmann M, Kolschmann S, Holzhauser L, Ibrahim K, Guenther M, Christoph M, Fuhrmann JT, Boscheri A, Schmeibetaer A, Strasser RH, Wunderlich C (2015) Target temperature management of 33 degrees C exerts beneficial haemodynamic effects after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acta Cardiol 70:451–459CrossRefPubMed Forkmann M, Kolschmann S, Holzhauser L, Ibrahim K, Guenther M, Christoph M, Fuhrmann JT, Boscheri A, Schmeibetaer A, Strasser RH, Wunderlich C (2015) Target temperature management of 33 degrees C exerts beneficial haemodynamic effects after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acta Cardiol 70:451–459CrossRefPubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Futier E, Robin E, Jabaudon M, Guerin R, Petit A, Bazin JE, Constantin JM, Vallet B (2010) Central venous O(2) saturation and venous-to-arterial CO(2) difference as complementary tools for goal-directed therapy during high-risk surgery. Crit Care 14:R193. doi:cc9310 [pii];10.1186/cc9310CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Futier E, Robin E, Jabaudon M, Guerin R, Petit A, Bazin JE, Constantin JM, Vallet B (2010) Central venous O(2) saturation and venous-to-arterial CO(2) difference as complementary tools for goal-directed therapy during high-risk surgery. Crit Care 14:R193. doi:cc9310 [pii];10.1186/cc9310CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Gotberg M, van der Pals J, Olivecrona GK, Koul S, Erlinge D (2010) Mild hypothermia reduces acute mortality and improves hemodynamic outcome in a cardiogenic shock pig model. Resuscitation 81:1190–1196. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.04.033CrossRefPubMed Gotberg M, van der Pals J, Olivecrona GK, Koul S, Erlinge D (2010) Mild hypothermia reduces acute mortality and improves hemodynamic outcome in a cardiogenic shock pig model. Resuscitation 81:1190–1196. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.04.033CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Groeneveld AB (1998) Interpreting the venous-arterial PCO2 difference. Crit Care Med 26:979–980CrossRefPubMed Groeneveld AB (1998) Interpreting the venous-arterial PCO2 difference. Crit Care Med 26:979–980CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Habicher M, Von HC, Spies CD, Wernecke KD, Sander M (2015) Central venous-arterial pCO2 difference identifies microcirculatory hypoperfusion in cardiac surgical patients with normal central venous oxygen saturation: a retrospective analysis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 29(3):646–655. doi:S1053-0770(14)00428-5 [pii];10.1053/j.jvca .2014.09.006CrossRefPubMed Habicher M, Von HC, Spies CD, Wernecke KD, Sander M (2015) Central venous-arterial pCO2 difference identifies microcirculatory hypoperfusion in cardiac surgical patients with normal central venous oxygen saturation: a retrospective analysis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 29(3):646–655. doi:S1053-0770(14)00428-5 [pii];10.1053/j.jvca .2014.09.006CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Kazarian KK, Del Guercio LR (1980) The use of mixed venous blood gas determinations in traumatic shock. Ann Emerg Med 9:179–182. doi:S0196-0644(80)80002-3 [pii]CrossRefPubMed Kazarian KK, Del Guercio LR (1980) The use of mixed venous blood gas determinations in traumatic shock. Ann Emerg Med 9:179–182. doi:S0196-0644(80)80002-3 [pii]CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Mallat J, Pepy F, Lemyze M, Gasan G, Vangrunderbeeck N, Tronchon L, Vallet B, Thevenin D (2014) Central venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure difference in early resuscitation from septic shock: a prospective observational study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 31:371–380. doi:10.1097/EJA.0000000000000064CrossRefPubMed Mallat J, Pepy F, Lemyze M, Gasan G, Vangrunderbeeck N, Tronchon L, Vallet B, Thevenin D (2014) Central venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure difference in early resuscitation from septic shock: a prospective observational study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 31:371–380. doi:10.1097/EJA.0000000000000064CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin C, Auffray JP, Badetti C, Perrin G, Papazian L, Gouin F (1992) Monitoring of central venous oxygen saturation versus mixed venous oxygen saturation in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 18:101–104CrossRefPubMed Martin C, Auffray JP, Badetti C, Perrin G, Papazian L, Gouin F (1992) Monitoring of central venous oxygen saturation versus mixed venous oxygen saturation in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 18:101–104CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Collaborative Study Group on Perioperative ScvO2 Monitoring (2006) Multicentre study on peri- and postoperative central venous oxygen saturation in high-risk surgical patients. Crit Care 10:R158. doi:cc5094 [pii];10.1186/cc5094CrossRefPubMedCentral Collaborative Study Group on Perioperative ScvO2 Monitoring (2006) Multicentre study on peri- and postoperative central venous oxygen saturation in high-risk surgical patients. Crit Care 10:R158. doi:cc5094 [pii];10.1186/cc5094CrossRefPubMedCentral
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Morris CG, Low J (2008) Metabolic acidosis in the critically ill: part 2. Causes and treatment. Anaesthesia 63:396–411. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05371.xCrossRefPubMed Morris CG, Low J (2008) Metabolic acidosis in the critically ill: part 2. Causes and treatment. Anaesthesia 63:396–411. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05371.xCrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Mouncey PR, Osborn TM, Power GS, Harrison DA, Sadique MZ, Grieve RD, Jahan R, Harvey SE, Bell D, Bion JF, Coats TJ, Singer M, Young JD, Rowan KM (2015) Trial of early, goal-directed resuscitation for septic shock. N Engl J Med 372:1301–1311. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1500896CrossRefPubMed Mouncey PR, Osborn TM, Power GS, Harrison DA, Sadique MZ, Grieve RD, Jahan R, Harvey SE, Bell D, Bion JF, Coats TJ, Singer M, Young JD, Rowan KM (2015) Trial of early, goal-directed resuscitation for septic shock. N Engl J Med 372:1301–1311. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1500896CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Ospina-Tascon GA, Bautista-Rincon DF, Umana M, Tafur JD, Gutierrez A, Garcia AF, Bermudez W, Granados M, Arango-Davila C, Hernandez G (2013) Persistently high venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide differences during early resuscitation are associated with poor outcomes in septic shock. Crit Care 17(6):R294 doi:cc13160 [pii];10.1186/cc13160CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ospina-Tascon GA, Bautista-Rincon DF, Umana M, Tafur JD, Gutierrez A, Garcia AF, Bermudez W, Granados M, Arango-Davila C, Hernandez G (2013) Persistently high venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide differences during early resuscitation are associated with poor outcomes in septic shock. Crit Care 17(6):R294 doi:cc13160 [pii];10.1186/cc13160CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Ospina-Tascon GA, Umana M, Bermudez W, Bautista-Rincon DF, Hernandez G, Bruhn A, Granados M, Salazar B, Arango-Davila C, De BD (2015) Combination of arterial lactate levels and venous-arterial CO to arterial-venous O content difference ratio as markers of resuscitation in patients with septic shock. Intensive Care Med 41(5):796–805. doi:10.1007/s00134-015-3720-6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ospina-Tascon GA, Umana M, Bermudez W, Bautista-Rincon DF, Hernandez G, Bruhn A, Granados M, Salazar B, Arango-Davila C, De BD (2015) Combination of arterial lactate levels and venous-arterial CO to arterial-venous O content difference ratio as markers of resuscitation in patients with septic shock. Intensive Care Med 41(5):796–805. doi:10.1007/s00134-015-3720-6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Peake SL, Bailey M, Bellomo R, Cameron PA, Cross A, Delaney A, Finfer S, Higgins A, Jones DA, Myburgh JA, Syres GA, Webb SA, Williams P (2009) Australasian resuscitation of sepsis evaluation (ARISE): A multi-centre, prospective, inception cohort study. Resuscitation 80(7):811–818. doi:S0300-9572(09)00120-8 [pii];10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.03.008CrossRefPubMed Peake SL, Bailey M, Bellomo R, Cameron PA, Cross A, Delaney A, Finfer S, Higgins A, Jones DA, Myburgh JA, Syres GA, Webb SA, Williams P (2009) Australasian resuscitation of sepsis evaluation (ARISE): A multi-centre, prospective, inception cohort study. Resuscitation 80(7):811–818. doi:S0300-9572(09)00120-8 [pii];10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.03.008CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Peake SL, Delaney A, Bailey M, Bellomo R, Cameron PA, Cooper DJ, Higgins AM, Holdgate A, Howe BD, Webb SA, Williams P (2014) Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock. N Engl J Med 371:1496–1506. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1404380CrossRefPubMed Peake SL, Delaney A, Bailey M, Bellomo R, Cameron PA, Cooper DJ, Higgins AM, Holdgate A, Howe BD, Webb SA, Williams P (2014) Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock. N Engl J Med 371:1496–1506. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1404380CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Pearse R, Dawson D, Fawcett J, Rhodes A, Grounds RM, Bennett ED (2005) Changes in central venous saturation after major surgery, and association with outcome. Crit Care 9:R694–R699. doi:cc3888 [pii];10.1186/cc3888CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Pearse R, Dawson D, Fawcett J, Rhodes A, Grounds RM, Bennett ED (2005) Changes in central venous saturation after major surgery, and association with outcome. Crit Care 9:R694–R699. doi:cc3888 [pii];10.1186/cc3888CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Polonen P, Ruokonen E, Hippelainen M, Poyhonen M, Takala J (2000) A prospective, randomized study of goal-oriented hemodynamic therapy in cardiac surgical patients. Anesth Analg 90:1052–1059CrossRefPubMed Polonen P, Ruokonen E, Hippelainen M, Poyhonen M, Takala J (2000) A prospective, randomized study of goal-oriented hemodynamic therapy in cardiac surgical patients. Anesth Analg 90:1052–1059CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Pope JV, Jones AE, Gaieski DF, Arnold RC, Trzeciak S, Shapiro NI (2010) Multicenter study of central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO(2)) as a predictor of mortality in patients with sepsis. Ann Emerg Med 55(1):40–46. doi:S0196-0644(09)01440-1 [pii];10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.08.014CrossRefPubMed Pope JV, Jones AE, Gaieski DF, Arnold RC, Trzeciak S, Shapiro NI (2010) Multicenter study of central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO(2)) as a predictor of mortality in patients with sepsis. Ann Emerg Med 55(1):40–46. doi:S0196-0644(09)01440-1 [pii];10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.08.014CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Ranucci M, Castelvecchio S, Ditta A, Brozzi S, Boncilli A, Baryshnikova E (2011) Transfusions during cardiopulmonary bypass: better when triggered by venous oxygen saturation and oxygen extraction rate. Perfusion 26:327–333. doi:0267659111407539 [pii];10.1177/0267659111407539CrossRefPubMed Ranucci M, Castelvecchio S, Ditta A, Brozzi S, Boncilli A, Baryshnikova E (2011) Transfusions during cardiopulmonary bypass: better when triggered by venous oxygen saturation and oxygen extraction rate. Perfusion 26:327–333. doi:0267659111407539 [pii];10.1177/0267659111407539CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B, Peterson E, Tomlanovich M (2001) Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 345:1368–1377. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa010307CrossRefPubMed Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B, Peterson E, Tomlanovich M (2001) Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 345:1368–1377. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa010307CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Sander M, Spies CD, Foer A, Weymann L, Braun J, Volk T, Grubitzsch H, Von HC (2007) Agreement of central venous saturation and mixed venous saturation in cardiac surgery patients. Intensive Care Med 33:1719–1725. doi:10.1007/s00134-007-0684-1CrossRefPubMed Sander M, Spies CD, Foer A, Weymann L, Braun J, Volk T, Grubitzsch H, Von HC (2007) Agreement of central venous saturation and mixed venous saturation in cardiac surgery patients. Intensive Care Med 33:1719–1725. doi:10.1007/s00134-007-0684-1CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Scalea TM, Holman M, Fuortes M, Baron BJ, Phillips TF, Goldstein AS, Sclafani SJ, Shaftan GW (1988) Central venous blood oxygen saturation: an early, accurate measurement of volume during hemorrhage. J Trauma 28(6):725–732CrossRefPubMed Scalea TM, Holman M, Fuortes M, Baron BJ, Phillips TF, Goldstein AS, Sclafani SJ, Shaftan GW (1988) Central venous blood oxygen saturation: an early, accurate measurement of volume during hemorrhage. J Trauma 28(6):725–732CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Silva JM Jr, Oliveira AM, Segura JL, Ribeiro MH, Sposito CN, Toledo DO, Rezende E, Malbouisson LM (2011) A large venous-arterial PCO(2) is associated with poor outcomes in surgical patients. Anesthesiol Res Pract 2011. doi:10.1155/2011/759792PubMedPubMedCentral Silva JM Jr, Oliveira AM, Segura JL, Ribeiro MH, Sposito CN, Toledo DO, Rezende E, Malbouisson LM (2011) A large venous-arterial PCO(2) is associated with poor outcomes in surgical patients. Anesthesiol Res Pract 2011. doi:10.1155/2011/759792PubMedPubMedCentral
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Soussi MS, Jebali MA, Le MY, Nasri M, Zouari B, Chenik S, Ferjani M (2012) Central venous saturation is not an alternative to mixed venous saturation during cardiopulmonary bypass in coronary artery surgery patients. Perfusion 27:300–306. doi:0267659112442902 [pii];10.1177/0267659112442902CrossRefPubMed Soussi MS, Jebali MA, Le MY, Nasri M, Zouari B, Chenik S, Ferjani M (2012) Central venous saturation is not an alternative to mixed venous saturation during cardiopulmonary bypass in coronary artery surgery patients. Perfusion 27:300–306. doi:0267659112442902 [pii];10.1177/0267659112442902CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Takami Y, Masumoto H (2005) Mixed venous-arterial CO2 tension gradient after cardiopulmonary bypass. Asian Cardiovasc 13:255–260. doi:13/3/255CrossRef Takami Y, Masumoto H (2005) Mixed venous-arterial CO2 tension gradient after cardiopulmonary bypass. Asian Cardiovasc 13:255–260. doi:13/3/255CrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Tappy L, Chiolero R (2007) Substrate utilization in sepsis and multiple organ failure. Crit Care Med 35:S531–534. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000278062.28122.A4CrossRefPubMed Tappy L, Chiolero R (2007) Substrate utilization in sepsis and multiple organ failure. Crit Care Med 35:S531–534. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000278062.28122.A4CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Teixeira C, da Silva NB, Savi A, Vieira SR, Nasi LA, Friedman G, Oliveira RP, Cremonese RV, Tonietto TF, Bressel MA, Maccari JG, Wickert R, Borges LG (2010) Central venous saturation is a predictor of reintubation in difficult-to-wean patients. Crit Care Med 38:491–496. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181bc81ecCrossRefPubMed Teixeira C, da Silva NB, Savi A, Vieira SR, Nasi LA, Friedman G, Oliveira RP, Cremonese RV, Tonietto TF, Bressel MA, Maccari JG, Wickert R, Borges LG (2010) Central venous saturation is a predictor of reintubation in difficult-to-wean patients. Crit Care Med 38:491–496. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181bc81ecCrossRefPubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Textoris J, Fouche L, Wiramus S, Antonini F, Tho S, Martin C, Leone M (2011) High central venous oxygen saturation in the latter stages of septic shock is associated with increased mortality. Crit Care 15:R176 doi:cc10325 [pii];10.1186/cc10325CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Textoris J, Fouche L, Wiramus S, Antonini F, Tho S, Martin C, Leone M (2011) High central venous oxygen saturation in the latter stages of septic shock is associated with increased mortality. Crit Care 15:R176 doi:cc10325 [pii];10.1186/cc10325CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Vallee F, Vallet B, Mathe O, Parraguette J, Mari A, Silva S, Samii K, Fourcade O, Genestal M (2008) Central venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference: an additional target for goal-directed therapy in septic shock? Intensive Care Med 34:2218–2225. doi:10.1007/s00134-008-1199-0CrossRefPubMed Vallee F, Vallet B, Mathe O, Parraguette J, Mari A, Silva S, Samii K, Fourcade O, Genestal M (2008) Central venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference: an additional target for goal-directed therapy in septic shock? Intensive Care Med 34:2218–2225. doi:10.1007/s00134-008-1199-0CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat van Beest PA, van der Schors A, Liefers H, Coenen LG, Braam RL, Habib N, Braber A, Scheeren TW, Kuiper MA, Spronk PE (2012) Femoral venous oxygen saturation is no surrogate for central venous oxygen saturation. Crit Care Med 40:3196–3201. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182657591 [doi];00003246-201212000-00011CrossRefPubMed van Beest PA, van der Schors A, Liefers H, Coenen LG, Braam RL, Habib N, Braber A, Scheeren TW, Kuiper MA, Spronk PE (2012) Femoral venous oxygen saturation is no surrogate for central venous oxygen saturation. Crit Care Med 40:3196–3201. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182657591 [doi];00003246-201212000-00011CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat van Beest PA, van IJ, Boerma EC, Holman ND, Groen H, Koopmans M, Spronk PE, Kuiper MA (2010) No agreement of mixed venous and central venous saturation in sepsis, independent of sepsis origin. Crit Care 14:R219 doi:cc9348 [pii];10.1186/cc9348CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral van Beest PA, van IJ, Boerma EC, Holman ND, Groen H, Koopmans M, Spronk PE, Kuiper MA (2010) No agreement of mixed venous and central venous saturation in sepsis, independent of sepsis origin. Crit Care 14:R219 doi:cc9348 [pii];10.1186/cc9348CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
41.
Zurück zum Zitat van BP, Wietasch G, Scheeren T, Spronk P, Kuiper M (2011) Clinical review: use of venous oxygen saturations as a goal – a yet unfinished puzzle. Crit Care 15:232 doi:cc10351 [pii];10.1186/cc10351CrossRef van BP, Wietasch G, Scheeren T, Spronk P, Kuiper M (2011) Clinical review: use of venous oxygen saturations as a goal – a yet unfinished puzzle. Crit Care 15:232 doi:cc10351 [pii];10.1186/cc10351CrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Varpula M, Karlsson S, Ruokonen E, Pettila V (2006) Mixed venous oxygen saturation cannot be estimated by central venous oxygen saturation in septic shock. Intensive Care Med 32:1336–1343. doi:10.1007/s00134-006-0270-yCrossRefPubMed Varpula M, Karlsson S, Ruokonen E, Pettila V (2006) Mixed venous oxygen saturation cannot be estimated by central venous oxygen saturation in septic shock. Intensive Care Med 32:1336–1343. doi:10.1007/s00134-006-0270-yCrossRefPubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Yealy DM, Kellum JA, Huang DT, Barnato AE, Weissfeld LA, Pike F, Terndrup T, Wang HE, Hou PC, LoVecchio F, Filbin MR, Shapiro NI, Angus DC (2014) A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. N Engl J Med 370:1683–1693. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1401602CrossRefPubMed Yealy DM, Kellum JA, Huang DT, Barnato AE, Weissfeld LA, Pike F, Terndrup T, Wang HE, Hou PC, LoVecchio F, Filbin MR, Shapiro NI, Angus DC (2014) A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. N Engl J Med 370:1683–1693. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1401602CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Venöse Sättigung
Zwischen Sauerstoffangebot und -verbrauch
verfasst von
Dr. V. Mezger
M.Sc. Dr. F. Balzer
Dr. M. Habicher
Prof. Dr. M. Sander
Publikationsdatum
01.03.2016
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin / Ausgabe 6/2017
Print ISSN: 2193-6218
Elektronische ISSN: 2193-6226
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00063-016-0145-0

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2017

Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 6/2017 Zur Ausgabe

Mitteilungen der DGIIN

Mitteilungen der DGIIN

Update AINS

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.