Background
Methods
TYPE OF VIOLENCE | COMPONENTS |
---|---|
Verbal aggression | Insults, angry shouting |
Defraud or deceive | Taking advantage of others, fraud, deceit |
Yelling and heavy pranks | Yelling and practical jokes |
Unarmed aggression | Strike with the hand or fist with an object, such as a stick or belt |
Less severe threat | Threats of beating, threats of injuring, threats of hitting with an object, |
Armed threat | Threats with a sharp instrument, knife or firearm |
Severe threat | Threats of extortion (being coerced to provide money, property, or services), threats of forced displacement |
Unarmed robbery | Robbery with no use of a sharp instrument, knife or firearm |
Armed physical aggression | To attack with a sharp instrument, knife or firearm |
Sexual aggression | Rape, attempted rape, or not consented caresses |
Results
AGRESSION TYPES | VICTIM | PERPETRATOR | WITNESS |
---|---|---|---|
DURING PAST YEAR
| |||
Yelling and heavy pranks | 25.0 | 18.2 | 49.6 |
(23.2 - 26.9) | (16.6 - 20.0) | (47.4 - 51.7) | |
Insults or angry shouting | 31.4 | 27.4 | 60.9 |
(29.4 - 33.5) | (25.5 - 29.3) | (58.8 - 63.0) | |
Total verbal aggression
|
31.4
|
27.4
|
60.9
|
(29.4 - 33.5) | (25.5 - 29.3) | (58.8 - 63.0) | |
Slapping, hitting with arm or fist | 4.1 | 4.0 | 19.0 |
(3.3 - 5.1) | (3.2 - 4.9) | (17.4 - 20.8) | |
Hit with an object | 3.8 | 5.8 | 21.2 |
(3.0 - 4.7) | (4.8 - 6.9) | (19.4 - 23.0) | |
Total unarmed physical aggression
|
6.8
|
8.7
|
30.4
|
(5.8 - 8.0) | (7.5 - 10.0) | (28.4 - 32.4) | |
DURING LIFETIME
| |||
Beating or injuring threats | 9.3 | 6.6 | 32.6 |
(8.1 - 10.6) | (5.6 - 7.8) | (30.6 - 34.7) | |
Hitting with an object threats | 4.5 | 6.0 | 22.8 |
(3.6 - 5.4) | (5.0 - 7.1) | (21.0 - 24.7) | |
Total threats of unarmed physical aggression
|
11.3
|
10.3
|
39.6
|
(10.0 - 12.8) | (9.0 - 11.6) | (37.5 - 41.7) | |
To injure with sharp instrument or knife | 5.5 | 1.1 | 23.1 |
(4.6 - 6.6) | (0.7 - 1.7) | (21.3 - 25.0) | |
To shoot at a person | 3.8 | 1.4 | 25.6 |
(3.0 - 4.7) | (0.9 - 2.0) | (23.7 - 27.5) | |
Total armed aggression
|
8.0
|
2.1
|
34.5
|
(6.9 - 9.3) | (1.5 - 2.8) | (32.5 - 36.6) | |
Rape intent | 2.4 | 0.1 | 3.5 |
(1.8 - 3.2) | (0.0 - 0.4) | (2.8 - 4.4) | |
Rape | 1.3 | 0.1 | 1.6 |
(0.9 - 1.9) | (0.0 - 0.3) | (1.1 - 2.3) | |
Non consented caresses | 4.8 | 0.9 | 10.2 |
(4.0 - 5.9) | (0.6 - 1.5) | (9.0 - 11.6) | |
Total sexual aggression
|
6.3
|
0.1
|
3.5
|
(5.3 - 7.5) | (0.0 - 0.4) | (2.8 - 4.4) | |
Extortion threat | 5.5 | 0.6 | 14.8 |
(4.5 - 6.5) | (0.3 - 1.1) | (13.3 - 16.4) | |
Forced displacement threat | 5.2 | 0.4 | 15.1 |
(4.3 - 6.2) | (0.1 - 0.7) | (13.5 - 16.7) | |
Total severe threat
|
9.6
|
0.8
|
24.3
|
(8.4 - 11.0) | (0.5 - 1.3) | (22.5 - 26.2) | |
Threat with knife or sharp instrument | 13.3 | 1.7 | 34.9 |
(11.9 - 14.9) | (1.2 - 2.3) | (32.9 - 37.0) | |
Threat with firearm | 12.2 | 1.4 | 27.0 |
(10.8 - 13.6) | (1.0 - 2.0) | (25.1 - 28.9) | |
Total armed threat
|
20.0
|
2.6
|
41.4
|
(18.3 - 21.8) | (1.9 - 3.3) | (39.2 - 43.5) | |
Robbery with no weapon
|
21.4
|
2.5
|
25.0
|
(19.7 - 23.2) | (1.9 - 3.2) | (23.1 - 26.9) | |
Armed assault
|
18.7
|
0.5
|
25.4
|
(17.0 - 20.4) | (0.3 - 1.0) | (23.6 - 27.4) | |
To take advantage of others, defraud or deception
|
14.6
|
2.9
|
26.7
|
(13.1 - 16.2) | (2.2 - 3.7) | (24.8 - 28.7) | |
n = 2095 | n = 2095 | n = 2095 |
Types of aggression | Total | Age groups | P value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12 to 17 | 18 to 35 | 36 to 55 | 56 or more | |||
During past year | ||||||
Verbal aggression | ||||||
Victim |
28.3
|
42.3
|
31.9
|
21.5
|
9.8
| *** |
(26.3 - 30.2) | (37.3 - 47.4) | (28.6 - 35.2) | (18.6 - 24.4) | (5.7 - 15.4) | ||
Perpetrator |
24.3
|
39.2
|
29.3
|
15.8
|
6.1
| *** |
(22.5 - 26.2) | (34.3 - 44.3) | (26.1 - 32.5) | (13.2 - 18.4) | (3.0 - 10.9) | ||
Witness |
59.7
|
71.9
|
65.6
|
52.5
|
37.2
| *** |
(57.6 - 61.8) | (67.2 - 76.4) | (62.2 - 69.0) | (48.9 - 56.0) | (29.8 - 45.1) | ||
Defraud or deceive
| ||||||
Victim |
13.5
|
12.2
|
15.2
|
14.1
|
4.9
| ** |
(12.0 - 14.9) | (9.1 - 15.9) | (12.7 - 17.8) | (11.7 - 16.6) | (2.1 - 9.4) | ||
Perpetrator |
3.0
|
6.0
|
4.1
|
0.8
|
0.6
| *** |
(2.2 - 3.7) | (3.8 - 8.8) | (2.7 - 5.5) | (0.2 - 1.4) | (0.0 - 3.4) | ||
Witness |
26.9
|
37.4
|
29.5
|
21.5
|
15.9
| *** |
(25.0 - 28.8) | (32.6 - 42.4) | (26.2 - 32.7) | (18.6 - 24.4) | (10.6 - 22.4) | ||
Yelling and heavy pranks
| ||||||
Victim |
23.8
|
36.1
|
25.8
|
17.5
|
14.6
| *** |
(21.9 - 25.6) | (31.3 - 41.1) | (22.8 - 28.9) | (14.8 - 20.2) | (9.6 - 21.0) | ||
Perpetrator |
17.1
|
37.4
|
20.2
|
6.9
|
3.7
| *** |
(15.5 - 18.7) | (32.6 - 42.4) | (17.3 - 23.0) | (5.1 - 8.6) | (1.4 - 7.8) | ||
Witness |
47.7
|
68.8
|
53.7
|
36.8
|
21.3
| *** |
(45.6 - 49.9) | (63.9 - 73.4) | (50.2 - 57.3) | (33.4 - 40.3) | (15.3 - 28.4) | ||
Unarmed aggression
| ||||||
Victim |
22.2
|
32.7
|
23.1
|
17.9
|
13.4
| *** |
(20.4 - 24.0) | (28.1 - 37.7) | (20.2 - 26.1) | (15.2 - 20.6) | (8.6 - 19.6) | ||
Perpetrator |
22.2
|
33.2
|
23.5
|
17.5
|
12.8
| *** |
(20.5 - 24.0) | (28.6 - 38.2) | (20.5 - 26.5) | (14.8 - 20.2) | (8.1 - 18.9) | ||
Witness |
29.5
|
43.4
|
29.8
|
24.5
|
19.5
| *** |
(27.6 - 31.5) | (38.4 - 48.5) | (26.6 - 33.1) | (21.4 - 27.5) | (13.7 - 26.4) | ||
During life time
| ||||||
Armed threat
| ||||||
Victim |
20.2
|
8.8
|
23.8
|
23.2
|
15.9
| *** |
(18.5 - 21.9) | (6.2 - 12.1) | (20.8 - 26.8) | (20.2 - 26.2) | (10.6 - 22.4) | ||
Perpetrator |
2.1
|
1.3
|
3.2
|
1.7
|
1.2
| |
(1.5 - 2.8) | (0.4 - 3.0) | (2.0 - 4.5) | (0.8 - 2.6) | (0.1 - 4.3) | ||
Witness |
39.3
|
35.6
|
45.9
|
36.8
|
29.3
| * |
(37.2 - 41.4) | (30.8 - 40.6) | (42.3 - 49.5) | (33.4 - 40.3) | (22.4 - 36.9) | ||
Severe threat
| ||||||
Victim |
8.8
|
5.7
|
9.3
|
10.1
|
7.3
| |
(7.6 - 10.0) | (3.6 - 8.5) | (7.3 - 11.3) | (8.0 - 12.2) | (3.8 - 12.4) | ||
Perpetrator |
0.7
|
0.8
|
0.8
|
0.6
| ||
(0.3 - 1.0) | (0.2 - 2.3) | (0.2 - 1.4) | (0.1 - 1.2) | ND | ||
Witness |
24.9
|
24.2
|
26.6
|
23.9
|
22.6
| |
(23.0 - 26.7) | (20.0 - 28.8) | (23.5 - 29.8) | (20.9 - 26.9) | (16.4 - 29.7) | ||
Unarmed robbery
| ||||||
Victim |
21.5
|
19.0
|
21.3
|
24.1
|
15.9
| |
(19.7 - 23.2) | (15.2 - 23.2) | (18.4 - 24.2) | (21.1 - 27.1) | (10.6 - 22.4) | ||
Perpetrator |
2.1
|
4.7
|
2.5
|
1.0
| *** | |
(1.5 - 2.8) | (2.8 - 7.3) | (1.4 - 3.5) | (0.3 - 1.8) |
ND
| ||
Witness |
25.5
|
33.3
|
26.6
|
22.3
|
16.5
| *** |
(23.6 - 27.3) | (28.6 - 38.3) | (23.5 - 29.7) | (19.3 - 25.2) | (11.1 - 23.0) | ||
Armed physical aggression
| ||||||
Victim |
7.6
|
3.1
|
8.4
|
9.2
|
6.7
| * |
(6.5 - 8.7) | (1.6 - 5.4) | (6.4 - 10.4) | (7.2 - 11.2) | (3.4 - 11.7) | ||
Perpetrator |
1.9
|
0.8
|
2.5
|
1.9
|
1.2
| |
(1.3 - 2.4) | (0.2 - 2.3) | (1.4 - 3.5) | (1.0 - 2.9) | (0.1 - 4.3) | ||
Witness |
33.3
|
27.8
|
37.1
|
34.1
|
24.4
| *** |
(31.3 - 35.3) | (23.4 - 32.6) | (33.7 - 40.6) | (30.7 - 37.4) | (18.0 - 31.7) | ||
Sexual aggression
| ||||||
Victim |
5.9
|
3.9
|
7.0
|
6.2
|
4.3
| |
(4.9 - 6.9) | (2.2 - 6.3) | (5.2 - 8.8) | (4.5 - 7.9) | (1.7 - 8.6) | ||
Perpetrator |
1.1
|
1.6
|
1.8
|
0.5
|
ND
| * |
(0.7 - 1.6) | (0.6 - 3.4) | (0.9 - 2.7) | (0.0 - 1.0) | |||
Witness |
11.6
|
14.5
|
13.4
|
10.1
|
3.7
| *** |
(10.3 - 13.0) | (11.2 - 18.5) | (11.0 - 15.8) | (8.0 - 12.2) | (1.4 - 7.8) | ||
n = 2095 | n = 385 | n = 774 | n = 772 | n = 164 |
Types of violence | Marital status | P value | Educational level | P value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without partner | With partner | Elementary | High school | Technical school | University or graduate studies | |||
During past year
| ||||||||
Verbal aggression
| ||||||||
Victim |
33.0
|
21.0
| *** |
22.1
|
31.9
|
26.0
|
25.6
| *** |
(30.4 - 35.6) | (18.3 - 23.8) | (18.1 - 26.6) | (29.2 - 34.7) | (20.1 - 32.6) | (21.3 - 30.3) | |||
Perpetrator |
29.2
|
16.9
| *** |
18.8
|
28.4
|
21.6
|
20.3
| *** |
(26.7 - 31.7) | (14.4 - 19.5) | (15.0 - 23.0) | (25.8 - 31.1) | (16.1 - 27.9) | (16.4 - 24.7) | |||
Witness |
64.8
|
51.9
| *** |
47.4
|
62.1
|
59.3
|
66.0
| *** |
(62.1 - 67.5) | (48.5 - 55.4) | (42.3 - 52.5) | (59.2 - 65.0) | (52.2 - 66.1) | (61.0 - 70.7) | |||
Defraud or deceive
| ||||||||
Victim |
15.5
|
10.5
| *** |
11.5
|
12.4
|
15.7
|
17.7
| ** |
(13.5 - 17.4) | (8.4 - 12.5) | (8.5 - 15.1) | (10.4 - 14.3) | (11.0 - 21.4) | (14.0 - 21.9) | |||
Perpetrator |
4.3
|
1.0
| *** |
1.0
|
4.0
|
1.5
|
2.9
| * |
(3.2 - 5.4) | (0.3 - 1.6) | (0.3 - 2.6) | (2.8 - 5.1) | (0.3 - 4.2) | (1.5 - 5.1) | |||
Witness |
30.7
|
21.0
| *** |
17.2
|
29.2
|
22.5
|
33.0
| *** |
(28.2 - 33.3) | (18.3 - 23.8) | (13.5 - 21.3) | (26.5 - 31.8) | (17.0 - 28.9) | (28.3 - 38.0) | |||
Yelling and heavy pranks
| ||||||||
Victim |
27.9
|
17.4
| *** |
18.5
|
26.9
|
18.1
|
23.0
| ** |
(25.4 - 30.4) | (14.9 - 20.0) | (14.7 - 22.7) | (24.3 - 29.5) | (13.1 - 24.1) | (18.8 - 27.5) | |||
Perpetrator |
22.6
|
8.8
| *** |
9.9
|
22.4
|
12.3
|
12.4
| *** |
(20.3 - 24.9) | (6.9 - 10.7) | (7.1 - 13.3) | (19.9 - 24.8) | (8.1 - 17.6) | (9.3 - 16.1) | |||
Witness |
55.2
|
36.5
| *** |
33.6
|
52.2
|
45.1
|
52.0
| *** |
(52.4 - 57.9) | (33.3 - 39.8) | (28.9 - 38.6) | (49.2 - 55.1) | (38.1 - 52.2) | (46.8 - 57.1) | |||
Unarmed aggression
| ||||||||
Victim |
24.8
|
18.3
| *** |
21.1
|
23.6
|
21.6
|
20.3
| |
(22.4 - 27.2) | (15.6 - 20.9) | (17.1 - 25.5) | (21.1 - 26.1) | (16.1 - 27.9) | (16.4 - 24.7) | |||
Perpetrator |
24.5
|
18.9
| *** |
21.1
|
23.5
|
23.0
|
20.3
| |
(22.1 - 26.9) | (16.2 - 21.5) | (17.1 - 25.5) | (21.0 - 26.0) | (17.4 - 29.4) | (16.4 - 24.7) | |||
Witness |
32.8
|
24.6
| *** |
29.2
|
31.2
|
26.0
|
27.7
| |
(30.2 - 35.4) | (21.7 - 27.6) | (24.7 - 34.0) | (28.5 - 34.0) | (20.1 - 32.6) | (23.3 - 32.5) | |||
During life time
| ||||||||
Armed threat
| ||||||||
Victim |
20.1
|
20.3
| *** |
16.7
|
17.1
|
26.0
|
30.1
| *** |
(17.9 - 22.3) | (17.6 - 23.0) | (13.1 - 20.8) | (14.8 - 19.3) | (20.1 - 32.6) | (25.5 - 35.0) | |||
Perpetrator |
2.0
|
2.4
| ** |
2.3
|
2.9
|
0.5
|
0.8
| * |
(1.2 - 2.7) | (1.4 - 3.4) | (1.1 - 4.4) | (1.9 - 3.9) | (0.0 - 2.7) | (0.2 - 2.3) | |||
Witness |
40.5
|
37.6
| *** |
31.8
|
38.7
|
45.6
|
45.9
| *** |
(37.8 - 43.2) | (34.3 - 40.9) | (27.1 - 36.7) | (35.9 - 41.6) | (38.6 - 52.7) | (40.8 - 51.1) | |||
Severe threat
| ||||||||
Victim |
8.1
|
9.7
| *** |
0.8
|
0.8
|
0.5
|
0.3
| |
(6.6 - 9.6) | (7.7 - 11.7) | (0.2 - 2.3) | (0.3 - 1.3) | (0.0 - 2.7) | (0.0 - 1.5) | |||
Perpetrator |
0.8
|
0.5
|
23.0
|
24.2
|
26.0
|
28.0
| ||
(0.3 - 1.3) | (0.0 - 1.0) | (18.9 - 27.5) | (21.6 - 26.7) | (20.1 - 32.6) | (23.5 - 32.8) | |||
Witness |
25.4
|
24.1
| *** |
10.2
|
7.7
|
9.8
|
9.0
| |
(23.0 - 27.8) | (21.2 - 27.0) | (7.3 - 13.6) | (6.1 - 9.2) | (6.1 - 14.7) | (6.3 - 12.3) | |||
Unarmed robbery
| ||||||||
Victim |
21.6
|
21.4
| *** |
16.9
|
20.2
|
27.5
|
26.9
| *** |
(19.3 - 23.8) | (18.6 - 24.2) | (13.3 - 21.1) | (17.9 - 22.6) | (21.5 - 34.1) | (22.5 - 31.7) | |||
Perpetrator |
2.8
|
1.2
| *** |
2.3
|
3.0
|
1.0
|
0.3
| ** |
(1.9 - 3.7) | (0.5 - 1.9) | (1.1 - 4.4) | (2.0 - 4.0) | (0.1 - 3.5) | (0.0 - 1.5) | |||
Witness |
27.9
|
21.8
| *** |
18.2
|
27.1
|
25.0
|
29.0
| ** |
(25.4 - 30.4) | (19.0 - 24.6) | (14.5 - 22.5) | (24.5 - 29.7) | (19.2 - 31.5) | (24.5 - 33.9) | |||
Armed physical aggression
| ||||||||
Victim |
7.2
|
8.2
| *** |
9.9
|
6.5
|
8.3
|
7.7
| |
(5.8 - 8.6) | (6.3 - 10.0) | (7.1 - 13.3) | (5.0 - 7.9) | (4.9 - 13.0) | (5.2 - 10.8) | |||
Perpetrator |
1.9
|
1.8
| * |
2.6
|
2.0
|
1.5
|
1.1
| |
(1.1 - 2.7) | (0.9 - 2.7) | (1.3 - 4.7) | (1.2 - 2.8) | (0.3 - 4.2) | (0.3 - 2.7) | |||
Witness |
33.0
|
33.5
| *** |
28.4
|
32.8
|
36.3
|
38.3
| ** |
(30.4 - 35.6) | (30.3 - 36.7) | (23.9 - 33.2) | (30.0 - 35.5) | (29.7 - 43.3) | (33.3 - 43.4) | |||
Sexual aggression
| ||||||||
Victim |
7.0
|
4.3
| *** |
4.9
|
4.5
|
8.3
|
9.5
| *** |
(5.6 - 8.4) | (2.9 - 5.7) | (3.0 - 7.6) | (3.3 - 5.7) | (4.9 - 13.0) | (6.7 - 12.9) | |||
Perpetrator |
1.7
|
0.4
| *** |
0.5
|
1.4
|
0.5
|
1.6
| |
(1.0 - 2.4) | (0.0 - 0.8) | (0.1 - 1.9) | (0.7 - 2.0) | (0.0 - 2.7) | (0.6 - 3.4) | |||
Witness |
13.4
|
9.0
| *** |
8.6
|
11.4
|
12.7
|
15.3
| ** |
(11.5 - 15.3) | (7.1 - 11.0) | (6.0 - 11.9) | (9.5 - 13.2) | (8.5 - 18.1) | (11.8 - 19.3) | |||
n = 1262 | n = 832 | n = 384 | n = 1108 | n = 204 | n = 379 |
Types of violence | Unemployment, past year | P value | Socioeconomic status | P value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 months | 1 - 3 months | 4 - 8 months | 9 - 12 months | Low | Middle | High | |||
During past year | |||||||||
Verbal aggression | |||||||||
Victim |
14.1
|
36.2
|
45.7
|
32.7
| *** |
29.4
|
27.9
|
25.5
| |
(10.4 - 18.5) | (25.0 - 48.7) | (34.6 - 57.1) | (26.6 - 39.4) | (26.4 - 32.4) | (25.0 - 30.7) | (20.2 - 31.4) | |||
Perpetrator |
11.1
|
30.4
|
44.4
|
24.5
| *** |
26.6
|
23.6
|
19.1
| * |
(7.8 - 15.2) | (19.9 - 42.7) | (33.4 - 55.9) | (19.0 - 30.8) | (23.7 - 29.5) | (20.9 - 26.3) | (14.4 - 24.5) | |||
Witness |
44.1
|
68.1
|
74.1
|
66.8
| *** |
59.4
|
58.6
|
64.9
| |
(38.5 - 49.9) | (55.8 - 78.8) | (63.1 - 83.2) | (60.2 - 73.0) | (56.1 - 62.7) | (55.4 - 61.7) | (58.7 - 70.8) | |||
Defraud or deceive
| |||||||||
Victim |
9.5
|
17.4
|
22.2
|
14.5
| * |
12.9
|
13.8
|
13.9
| |
(6.4 - 13.3) | (9.3 - 28.4) | (13.7 - 32.8) | (10.2 - 19.9) | (10.7 - 15.1) | (11.6 - 16.0) | (9.9 - 18.9) | |||
Perpetrator |
1.6
|
4.3
|
3.7
|
5.0
|
3.4
|
3.1
|
0.8
| ||
(0.5 - 3.8) | (0.9 - 12.2) | (0.8 - 10.4) | (2.5 - 8.8) | (2.2 - 4.6) | (2.0 - 4.3) | (0.1 - 2.8) | |||
Witness |
18.6
|
39.1
|
25.9
|
27.3
| ** |
28.5
|
24.5
|
30.3
| |
(14.4 - 23.4) | (27.6 - 51.6) | (16.8 - 36.9) | (21.5 - 33.7) | (25.6 - 31.5) | (21.8 - 27.3) | (24.7 - 36.4) | |||
Yelling and heavy pranks
| |||||||||
Victim |
15.7
|
27.5
|
24.7
|
25.9
| * |
25.1
|
23.4
|
20.7
| |
(11.8 - 20.3) | (17.5 - 39.6) | (15.8 - 35.5) | (20.3 - 32.2) | (22.2 - 27.9) | (20.7 - 26.1) | (15.9 - 26.3) | |||
Perpetrator |
9.5
|
13.0
|
19.8
|
18.2
| * |
19.6
|
16.2
|
12.0
| |
(6.4 - 13.3) | (6.1 - 23.3) | (11.7 - 30.1) | (13.3 - 23.9) | (16.9 - 22.2) | (13.9 - 18.6) | (8.2 - 16.6) | |||
Witness |
39.9
|
50.7
|
53.1
|
44.5
|
47.9
|
47.9
|
46.6
| ||
(34.3 - 45.6) | (38.4 - 63.0) | (41.7 - 64.3) | (37.9 - 51.4) | (44.5 - 51.2) | (44.7 - 51.1) | (40.3 - 53.0) | |||
Unarmed aggression
| |||||||||
Victim |
16.0
|
29.0
|
35.8
|
23.6
| *** |
25.6
|
20.2
|
17.5
| *** |
(12.1 - 20.6) | (18.7 - 41.2) | (25.4 - 47.2) | (18.2 - 29.8) | (22.8 - 28.5) | (17.7 - 22.8) | (13.0 - 22.8) | |||
Perpetrator |
15.4
|
30.4
|
33.3
|
23.2
| *** |
25.1
|
21.3
|
15.9
| ** |
(11.5 - 19.9) | (19.9 - 42.7) | (23.2 - 44.7) | (17.8 - 29.3) | (22.2 - 27.9) | (18.7 - 23.9) | (11.6 - 21.1) | |||
Witness |
20.9
|
42.0
|
43.2
|
28.6
| *** |
33.4
|
26.3
|
28.3
| ** |
(16.5 - 25.9) | (30.2 - 54.5) | (32.2 - 54.7) | (22.8 - 35.1) | (30.3 - 36.5) | (23.5 - 29.1) | (22.8 - 34.3) | |||
During life time
| |||||||||
Armed threat
| |||||||||
Victim |
19.9
|
31.9
|
23.5
|
20.9
|
17.5
|
22.1
|
22.3
| * | |
(15.6 - 24.9) | (21.2 - 44.2) | (14.8 - 34.2) | (15.7 - 26.9) | (15.0 - 20.0) | (19.5 - 24.8) | (17.3 - 28.0) | |||
Perpetrator |
1.3
|
7.2
|
4.9
|
0.9
| ** |
2.8
|
2.0
|
0.4
| * |
(0.4 - 3.3) | (2.4 - 16.1) | (1.4 - 12.2) | (0.1 - 3.2) | (1.7 - 3.9) | (1.1 - 2.9) | (0.0 - 2.2) | |||
Witness |
31.7
|
49.3
|
49.4
|
44.1
| ** |
38.3
|
40.0
|
40.2
| |
(26.5 - 37.2) | (37.0 - 61.6) | (38.1 - 60.7) | (37.4 - 50.9) | (35.1 - 41.5) | (36.9 - 43.2) | (34.1 - 46.6) | |||
Severe threat
| |||||||||
Victim |
9.5
|
8.7
|
6.2
|
12.3
|
0.8
|
0.6
|
0.4
| ||
(6.4 - 13.3) | (3.3 - 18.0) | (2.0 - 13.8) | (8.2 - 17.4) | (0.2 - 1.4) | (0.1 - 1.1) | (0.0 - 2.2) | |||
Perpetrator |
1.0
|
SD
|
SD
|
0.9
|
27.6
|
22.9
|
22.7
| * | |
(0.2 - 2.8) | (0.1 - 3.2) | (24.7 - 30.5) | (20.2 - 25.6) | (17.7 - 28.4) | |||||
Witness |
20.0
|
30.4
|
35.8
|
30.5
| ** |
9.8
|
7.9
|
8.8
| |
(15.7 - 24.9) | (19.9 - 42.7) | (25.4 - 47.2) | (24.4 - 37.0) | (7.8 - 11.7) | (6.2 - 9.6) | (5.6 - 13.0) | |||
Unarmed robbery
| |||||||||
Victim |
12.7
|
30.4
|
19.8
|
23.6
| *** |
19.7
|
21.6
|
27.5
| * |
(9.2 - 17.0) | (19.9 - 42.7) | (11.7 - 30.1) | (18.2 - 29.8) | (17.1 - 22.3) | (19.0 - 24.2) | (22.1 - 33.5) | |||
Perpetrator |
2.0
|
2.9
|
4.9
|
1.8
|
3.1
|
1.7
|
0.4
| ** | |
(0.7 - 4.2) | (0.4 - 10.1) | (1.4 - 12.2) | (0.5 - 4.6) | (2.0 - 4.3) | (0.9 - 2.5) | (0.0 - 2.2) | |||
Witness |
19.6
|
36.2
|
25.9
|
28.2
| ** |
24.1
|
26.8
|
25.1
| |
(15.3 - 24.5) | (25.0 - 48.7) | (16.8 - 36.9) | (22.3 - 34.6) | (21.3 - 26.9) | (24.0 - 29.6) | (19.9 - 30.9) | |||
Armed physical aggression
| |||||||||
Victim |
7.2
|
13
|
13.6
|
9.1
|
8.3
|
7.4
|
5.6
| ||
(4.6 - 10.7) | (6.1 - 23.3) | (7.0 - 23.0) | (5.6 - 13.7) | (6.5 - 10.1) | (5.8 - 9.1) | (3.1 - 9.2) | |||
Perpetrator |
1.3
|
4.3
|
2.5
|
3.6
|
2.5
|
1.7
|
0.4
| * | |
(0.4 - 3.3) | (0.9 - 12.2) | (0.3 - 8.6) | (1.6 - 7.0) | (1.5 - 3.5) | (0.9 - 2.5) | (0.0 - 2.2) | |||
Witness |
27.1
|
39.1
|
42.0
|
41.8
| ** |
34.7
|
33.0
|
29.1
| |
(22.2 - 32.5) | (27.6 - 51.6) | (31.1 - 53.5) | (35.2 - 48.6) | (31.6 - 37.8) | (30.0 - 36.0) | (23.5 - 35.1) | |||
Sexual aggression
| |||||||||
Victim |
2.6
|
11.6
|
9.9
|
5.0
| ** |
4.7
|
6.6
|
7.6
| * |
(1.1 - 5.1) | (5.1 - 21.6) | (4.4 - 18.5) | (2.5 - 8.8) | (3.3 - 6.1) | (5.0 - 8.2) | (4.6 - 11.6) | |||
Perpetrator |
0.7
|
4.3
|
2.5
|
1.4
|
1.2
|
1.3
|
0.4
| ||
(0.1 - 2.3) | (0.9 - 12.2) | (0.3 - 8.6) | (0.3 - 3.9) | (0.5 - 2.0) | (0.6 - 2.0) | (0.0 - 2.2) | |||
Witness |
5.9
|
14.5
|
14.8
|
11.4
| * |
11.0
|
11.5
|
14.3
| |
(3.5 - 9.1) | (7.2 - 25.0) | (7.9 - 24.4) | (7.5 - 16.3) | (9.0 - 13.1) | (9.5 - 13.6) | (10.3 - 19.3) | |||
n = 306 | n = 69 | n = 81 | n = 220 | n = 890 | n = 954 | N = 251 |
Types of violence | Sex | P value | Men | P value | Women | P value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Man | Woman | Without partner | With partner | Without partner | With partner | ||||
During past year | |||||||||
Verbal aggression | |||||||||
Victim |
31.8
|
25.6
| ** |
37.4
|
23.0
| *** |
29.6
|
19.6
| *** |
(28.7 - 34.8) | (23.1 - 28.1) | (33.4 - 41.6) | (18.7 - 27.7) | (26.3 - 33.1) | (16.1 - 23.4) | ||||
Perpetrator |
28.1
|
21.4
| *** |
34.7
|
17.9
| *** |
25.0
|
16.2
| *** |
(25.2 - 31.1) | (19.1 - 23.8) | (30.8 - 38.9) | (14.1 - 22.3) | (21.8 - 28.2) | (13.0 - 19.8) | ||||
Witness |
63.8
|
56.5
| *** |
70.0
|
54.3
| *** |
60.8
|
50.1
| *** |
(60.6 - 67.0) | (53.7 - 59.4) | (66.0 - 73.8) | (49.0 - 59.6) | (57.1 - 64.4) | (45.5 - 54.7) | ||||
Defraud or deceive
| |||||||||
Victim |
17.5
|
10.4
| *** |
19.7
|
14.0
| * |
12.1
|
7.8
| * |
(15.0 - 19.9) | (8.6 - 12.1) | (16.5 - 23.3) | (10.6 - 18.0) | (9.7 - 14.5) | (5.5 - 10.6) | ||||
Perpetrator |
4.5
|
1.8
| *** |
6.1
|
2.0
| *** |
2.8
|
0.2
| *** |
(3.2 - 5.9) | (1.0 - 2.5) | (4.1 - 8.2) | (0.8 - 4.0) | (1.6 - 4.0) | (0.0 - 1.2) | ||||
Witness |
35.1
|
20.7
| *** |
40.0
|
27.5
| *** |
23.6
|
16.2
| ** |
(32.0 - 38.2) | (18.4 - 23.0) | (35.9 - 44.2) | (22.9 - 32.4) | (20.4 - 26.7) | (13.0 - 19.8) | ||||
Yelling and heavy pranks
| |||||||||
Victim |
29.9
|
19.1
| *** |
34.5
|
22.7
| *** |
22.7
|
13.5
| *** |
(26.9 - 32.9) | (16.8 - 21.3) | (30.6 - 38.7) | (18.4 - 27.4) | (19.6 - 25.8) | (10.5 - 16.9) | ||||
Perpetrator |
26.0
|
10.3
| *** |
33.5
|
14.6
| *** |
14.1
|
4.4
| *** |
(23.2 - 28.9) | (8.6 - 12.0) | (29.5 - 37.6) | (11.1 - 18.7) | (11.5 - 16.7) | (2.8 - 6.7) | ||||
Witness |
54.6
|
42.4
| *** |
64.0
|
40.1
| *** |
48.2
|
33.9
| *** |
(51.3 - 57.9) | (39.6 - 45.3) | (59.9 - 68.0) | (34.9 - 45.3) | (44.5 - 52.0) | (29.6 - 38.3) | ||||
Unarmed aggression
| |||||||||
Victim |
26.3
|
19.1
| *** |
30.2
|
20.2
| *** |
20.6
|
16.8
| |
(23.4 - 29.1) | (16.8 - 21.3) | (26.4 - 34.2) | (16.1 - 24.7) | (17.6 - 23.6) | (13.6 - 20.5) | ||||
Perpetrator |
25.2
|
20.0
| ** |
28.4
|
20.2
| *** |
21.4
|
17.9
| |
(22.3 - 28.0) | (17.7 - 22.3) | (24.7 - 32.3) | (16.1 - 24.7) | (18.4 - 24.5) | (14.6 - 21.6) | ||||
Witness |
34.6
|
25.7
| *** |
39.1
|
27.7
| *** |
27.9
|
22.3
| * |
(31.5 - 37.7) | (23.2 - 28.1) | (35.0 - 43.3) | (23.1 - 32.7) | (24.6 - 31.2) | (18.6 - 26.3) | ||||
During life time
| |||||||||
Armed threat
| |||||||||
Victim |
27.3
|
14.8
| *** |
26.9
|
27.7
|
14.8
|
14.7
| ||
(24.4 - 30.1) | (12.7 - 16.8) | (23.3 - 30.8) | (23.1 - 32.7) | (12.2 - 17.4) | (11.7 - 18.2) | ||||
Perpetrator |
4.1
|
0.7
| *** |
3.6
|
4.8
|
0.7
|
0.6
| ||
(2.8 - 5.3) | (0.2 - 1.1) | (2.1 - 5.2) | (2.8 - 7.5) | (0.1 - 1.3) | (0.1 - 1.8) | ||||
Witness |
46.5
|
33.8
| *** |
49.7
|
41.5
| * |
33.3
|
34.7
| |
(43.2 - 49.8) | (31.1 - 36.5) | (45.5 - 54.0) | (36.3 - 46.8) | (29.8 - 36.9) | (30.5 - 39.2) | ||||
Severe threat
| |||||||||
Victim |
10.2
|
7.7
| * |
9.4
|
11.5
|
7.1
|
8.4
| ||
(8.3 - 12.2) | (6.2 - 9.2) | (7.0 - 11.8) | (8.4 - 15.3) | (5.2 - 8.9) | (6.1 - 11.3) | ||||
Perpetrator |
1.1
|
0.3
| * |
1.3
|
0.8
|
0.4
|
0.2
| ||
(0.4 - 1.8) | (0.0 - 0.7) | (0.3 - 2.2) | (0.2 - 2.4) | (-0.1 - 0.9) | (0.0 - 1.2) | ||||
Witness |
31.0
|
20.2
| *** |
32.2
|
29.1
|
20.1
|
20.3
| ||
(28.0 - 34.0) | (17.9 - 22.4) | (28.3 - 36.3) | (24.5 - 34.1) | (17.1 - 23.0) | (16.8 - 24.2) | ||||
Unarmed robbery
| |||||||||
Victim |
22.1
|
21.0
|
22.2
|
21.8
|
21.0
|
21.1
| |||
(19.4 - 24.8) | (18.7 - 23.3) | (18.8 - 25.9) | (17.7 - 26.5) | (18.0 - 24.0) | (17.5 - 25.0) | ||||
Perpetrator |
4.2
|
0.6
| *** |
5.4
|
2.2
| ** |
0.7
|
0.4
| |
(2.9 - 5.5) | (0.2 - 1.0) | (3.5 - 7.3) | (1.0 - 4.4) | (0.1 - 1.3) | (0.1 - 1.5) | ||||
Witness |
30.5
|
21.6
| *** |
35.0
|
23.5
| *** |
22.4
|
20.4
| |
(27.5 - 33.5) | (19.3 - 23.9) | (31.0 - 39.1) | (19.2 - 28.3) | (19.4 - 25.5) | (16.9 - 24.3) | ||||
Armed physical aggression
| |||||||||
Victim |
12.5
|
3.8
| *** |
11.0
|
14.8
|
4.2
|
3.2
| ||
(10.4 - 14.7) | (2.7 - 4.9) | (8.5 - 13.9) | (11.3 - 19.0) | (2.7 - 5.7) | (1.8 - 5.2) | ||||
Perpetrator |
3.7
|
0.4
| *** |
3.6
|
3.9
|
0.6
|
0.2
| ||
(2.5 - 5.0) | (0.1 - 0.8) | (2.1 - 5.2) | (2.2 - 6.5) | (0.0 - 1.1) | (0.0 - 1.2) | ||||
Witness |
42.1
|
26.5
| *** |
43.0
|
40.6
|
25.2
|
28.2
| ||
(38.9 - 45.3) | (24.0 - 29.0) | (38.9 - 47.3) | (35.5 - 45.9) | (22.0 - 28.4) | (24.2 - 32.5) | ||||
Sexual aggression
| |||||||||
Victim |
3.1
|
8.1
| *** |
4.0
|
1.7
| * |
9.3
|
6.3
| |
(2.0 - 4.2) | (6.5 - 9.7) | (2.3 - 5.6) | (0.6 - 3.6) | (7.2 - 11.4) | (4.3 - 8.9) | ||||
Perpetrator |
2.3
|
0.3
| *** |
3.3
|
0.8
| ** |
0.4
|
ND
| NA |
(1.3 - 3.3) | (0.0 - 0.5) | (1.8 - 4.7) | (0.2 - 2.4) | (-0.1 - 0.9) | |||||
Witness |
15.7
|
8.5
| *** |
19.2
|
10.4
| *** |
8.9
|
8.0
| |
(13.3 - 18.1) | (6.9 - 10.1) | (16.0 - 22.7) | (7.4 - 14.0) | (6.8 - 11.0) | (5.7 - 10.8) | ||||
n = 910 | n = 1185 | n = 553 | n = 357 | n = 709 | n = 475 |
Types of violence | Men | P value | Women | P value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Middle | High | Low | Middle | High | |||
During past year | ||||||||
Verbal aggression | ||||||||
Victim |
30.4
|
33.5
|
30.0
|
28.6
|
23.6
|
23.0
| ||
(26.0 - 35.1) | (28.9 - 38.3) | (20.8 - 40.6) | (24.6 - 32.9) | (20.1 - 27.4) | (16.7 - 30.3) | |||
Perpetrator |
28.2
|
27.2
|
32.2
|
25.3
|
20.8
|
11.8
| ** | |
(23.9 - 32.8) | (22.9 - 31.8) | (22.8 - 42.9) | (21.5 - 29.4) | (17.5 - 24.5) | (7.3 - 17.8) | |||
Witness |
61.0
|
64.1
|
75.6
| * |
58.1
|
54.4
|
59.0
| |
(56.1 - 65.8) | (59.2 - 68.7) | (65.4 - 84.0) | (53.5 - 62.5) | (50.1 - 58.7) | (51.0 - 66.7) | |||
Defraud or deceive
| ||||||||
Victim |
13.7
|
20.4
|
21.1
| * |
12.2
|
8.9
|
9.9
| |
(10.5 - 17.5) | (16.6 - 24.6) | (13.2 - 31.0) | (9.5 - 15.5) | (6.6 - 11.6) | (5.8 - 15.6) | |||
Perpetrator |
3.7
|
6.1
|
1.1
|
3.1
|
0.9
|
0.6
| * | |
(2.1 - 6.0) | (4.0 - 8.8) | (0.0 - 6.0) | (1.8 - 5.1) | (0.1 - 1.7) | (0.0 - 3.4) | |||
Witness |
33.8
|
34.2
|
44.4
|
24.1
|
17.2
|
22.4
| * | |
(29.2 - 38.6) | (29.6 - 39.0) | (34.0 - 55.3) | (20.3 - 28.1) | (14.1 - 20.6) | (16.2 - 29.6) | |||
Yelling and heavy pranks
| ||||||||
Victim |
29.7
|
29.9
|
31.1
|
21.2
|
18.5
|
14.9
| ||
(25.3 - 34.3) | (25.5 - 34.5) | (21.8 - 41.7) | (17.6 - 25.1) | (15.3 - 22.0) | (9.8 - 21.4) | |||
Perpetrator |
28.7
|
24.3
|
22.2
|
11.8
|
10.1
|
6.2
| ||
(24.3 - 33.3) | (20.2 - 28.7) | (14.1 - 32.2) | (9.1 - 15.0) | (7.7 - 13.0) | (3.0 - 11.1) | |||
Witness |
52.7
|
55.1
|
61.1
|
43.8
|
42.4
|
38.5
| ||
(47.7 - 57.6) | (50.2 - 60.0) | (50.3 - 71.2) | (39.3 - 48.3) | (38.2 - 46.7) | (31.0 - 46.5) | |||
Unarmed aggression
| ||||||||
Victim |
30.1
|
24.0
|
18.9
|
21.8
|
17.3
|
16.8
| ||
(25.7 - 34.9) | (20.0 - 28.5) | (11.4 - 28.5) | (18.2 - 25.7) | (14.2 - 20.8) | (11.4 - 23.5) | |||
Perpetrator |
27.9
|
23.8
|
18.9
|
22.6
|
19.4
|
14.3
| ||
(23.6 - 32.6) | (19.8 - 28.2) | (11.4 - 28.5) | (19.0 - 26.6) | (16.1 - 23.0) | (9.3 - 20.7) | |||
Witness |
37.7
|
31.6
|
34.4
|
29.7
|
22.3
|
24.8
| * | |
(33.0 - 42.6) | (27.1 - 36.3) | (24.7 - 45.2) | (25.6 - 34.0) | (18.9 - 26.1) | (18.4 - 32.3) | |||
During life time
| ||||||||
Armed threat
| ||||||||
Victim |
23.5
|
30.3
|
30.0
|
12.4
|
15.9
|
18.0
| ||
(19.5 - 28.0) | (25.9 - 35.0) | (20.8 - 40.6) | (9.6 - 15.7) | (12.9 - 19.2) | (12.4 - 24.8) | |||
Perpetrator |
4.2
|
4.6
|
1.1
|
1.7
|
ND
|
ND
| NA | |
(2.4 - 6.6) | (2.8 - 7.1) | (0.0 - 6.0) | (0.7 - 3.2) | |||||
Witness |
43.1
|
48.3
|
53.3
|
34.2
|
33.8
|
32.9
| ||
(38.3 - 48.1) | (43.4 - 53.2) | (42.5 - 63.9) | (30.0 - 38.7) | (29.8 - 37.9) | (25.7 - 40.8) | |||
Severe threat
| ||||||||
Victim |
12.0
|
9.2
|
6.7
|
7.9
|
6.8
|
9.9
| ||
(9.0 - 15.6) | (6.6 - 12.4) | (2.5 - 13.9) | (5.6 - 10.7) | (4.7 - 8.9) | (5.8 - 15.6) | |||
Perpetrator |
1.5
|
1.0
|
0.2
|
0.4
|
0.6
| |||
(0.5 - 3.2) | (0.3 - 2.5) | ND | (0.0 - 1.2) | (-0.1 - 0.9) | (0.0 - 3.4) | |||
Witness |
31.9
|
30.6
|
28.9
|
24.0
|
17.0
|
19.3
| * | |
(27.4 - 36.6) | (26.2 - 35.3) | (19.8 - 39.4) | (20.2 - 28.0) | (14.0 - 20.5) | (13.5 - 26.2) | |||
Unarmed robbery
| ||||||||
Victim |
19.1
|
23.8
|
27.8
|
20.1
|
19.9
|
27.3
| ||
(15.4 - 23.3) | (19.8 - 28.2) | (18.9 - 38.2) | (16.6 - 24.0) | (16.6 - 23.5) | (20.6 - 34.9) | |||
Perpetrator |
5.1
|
3.9
|
1.1
|
1.5
| NA | |||
(3.2 - 7.8) | (2.2 - 6.2) | (0.0 - 6.0) | (0.6 - 3.0) | ND | ND | |||
Witness |
26.0
|
35.0
|
30.0
|
22.4
|
20.7
|
22.4
| ||
(21.8 - 30.6) | (30.3 - 39.8) | (20.8 - 40.6) | (18.8 - 26.4) | (17.3 - 24.3) | (16.2 - 29.6) | |||
Armed physical aggression
| ||||||||
Victim |
12.5
|
13.3
|
8.9
|
4.8
|
3.0
|
3.7
| ||
(9.5 - 16.1) | (10.2 - 17.0) | (3.9 - 16.8) | (3.0 - 7.1) | (1.5 - 4.4) | (1.4 - 7.9) | |||
Perpetrator |
4.2
|
3.9
|
1.1
|
1.0
| NA | |||
(2.4 - 6.6) | (2.2 - 6.2) | (0.0 - 6.0) | (0.3 - 2.4) | ND | ND | |||
Witness |
42.2
|
41.7
|
43.3
|
28.4
|
26.4
|
21.1
| ||
(37.3 - 47.1) | (36.9 - 46.7) | (32.9 - 54.2) | (24.4 - 32.7) | (22.7 - 30.3) | (15.1 - 28.2) | |||
Sexual aggression
| ||||||||
Victim |
2.5
|
3.6
|
3.3
|
6.6
|
8.9
|
9.9
| ||
(1.2 - 4.5) | (2.1 - 5.9) | (0.7 - 9.4) | (4.6 - 9.2) | (6.6 - 11.6) | (5.8 - 15.6) | |||
Perpetrator |
2.2
|
2.7
|
1.1
|
0.4
|
0.2
|
ND
| ||
(1.0 - 4.1) | (1.3 - 4.7) | (0.0 - 6.0) | (0.1 - 1.5) | (-0.2 - 0.5) | ||||
Witness |
7.7
|
8.3
|
11.8
| *** |
3.8
|
4.2
|
5.9
| *** |
(5.5 - 10.4) | (6.1 - 11.0) | (7.3 - 17.8) | (2.6 - 5.1) | (3.0 - 5.3) | (3.6 - 9.1) | |||
n = 408 | n = 412 | n = 90 | n = 482 | n = 542 | n = 161 |