Background
Material and methods
Patient recruitment
Study design, ethics, objectives and outcome measures
RTI identification, nasal swab sampling and viral analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
Patient characteristics at inclusion
Number of patients | 25 |
---|---|
Gender (male/female) | 15/10 |
Premature birtha n (%) | 5 (20%) |
Season at birthb | |
Spring | 6 (24%) |
Summer | 6 (24%) |
Fall | 5 (20%) |
Winter | 8 (32%) |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy | 4 (16%) |
Maternal atopy | 6 (24%) |
Parental smoking | 15 (60%) |
Siblings | |
0 | 12 (48%) |
1 | 8 (32%) |
≥2 | 5 (20%) |
Daycare attendancec | Family only: 13 (52%) |
Small group: 8 (32%) | |
Collective: 4 (16%) | |
Demographics at inclusion | |
CFTR genotype with | |
No CFTR function | 21 (84%) |
Residual CFTR function | 5 (16%) |
Unknown consequences | 0 (0%) |
Age at inclusion (months) | 9.4 ± 6.7 |
Range | 2–22.9 |
Anthropometrics (Z-scores) | |
Weight | −1.3 ± 1.4 |
Height | −1.1 ± 1.5 |
Vaccination coverage rates | |
DTPa-IPV/Hibd | 25 (100%) |
Influenza | 22 (88%) |
RSV prophylaxis (palivizumab) | 0 (0%) |
Bacteria recovered at inclusion | |
Oropharyngeal flora | 15 (60%) |
Staphylococcus aureus | 8 (32%) |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 1 (4%) |
Haemophilus influenzae | 1 (4%) |
Virus recovered at inclusion | |
None | 10 (40%) |
RV/EV | 7 (28%) |
Bocavirus | 4 (16%) |
Influenzae | 2 (8%) |
Metapneumovirus | 1 (4%) |
Cytomegaloviruse | 1 (4%) |
RSV | 0 (0%) |
Primary outcome: RTI frequency
Secondary outcomes
Viruses recovered during RTI
During RTI (n = 44) | Without RTI (n = 60) | |
---|---|---|
RV/EV | 27 (61%) | 31 (52%) |
Adenovirus | 6 (14%) | 9 (15%) |
RSV A/B | 6 (14%) | 2 (3%) |
Influenza A/B | 4 (9%) | 1 (2%) |
Bocavirus | 3 (7%) | 13 (22%) |
Parainfluenza 1–4 | 2 (5%) | – |
Metapneumovirus | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) |
Coronavirus | – | 9 (15%) |
Co-infectionsa | 8 (20%) | 8 (13%) |
Patient number | Age at inclusion (months) | Age at RSV infection (months) | Requirements for extra-care | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hospitali-zation/ Oxygen supply | Antibiotics | SABDc | Oral steroids | |||
1 | 16.3 | 22.9 | No/No | Yes | Yes | No |
2 | 8.1 | 19.6 | No/No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
3 | 4.0 | 12.8 | No/No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
4 | 2.0 | 14.1a | No/No | Yes | No | No |
5 | 2.7 | 4.5b | No/No | Yes | No | No |
6 | 3.2 | 12.3a | No/No | Yes | No | Yes |
Viruses recovered without RTI
Comparison of virus-positive and -negative RTI outcomes (Table 4)
Outcome measures | Virus (−) RTI | Virus (+) RTI | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Number of episodes | (n = 20) | (n = 44) | |
Age at inclusion (months) | 7.1 ± 1.4 | 8.3 ± 0.9 | 0.4668 |
Total number of RTI episodes | 4.6 ± 0.3 | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 0.6037 |
Respiratory symptom duration (days) | 7.8 ± 0.5 | 8.3 ± 0.5 | 0.9585 |
Weight Z-score at inclusion | − 1.4 ± 0.3 | −1.4 ± 0.2 | 0.1166 |
Difference of weight Z-scoresa | −0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.5703 |
Cumulative number of days of antibioticsb | 41.1 ± 5 | 37.8 ± 3.2 | 0.5646 |
Viral RTI-related healthcare consumption
Nutritional impact
New pathogen acquisition
PA + | PA- | SA+ | SA- | SM+ | SM- | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
|
5
|
20
|
10
|
15
|
4
|
21
|
Total RTI number | 4.2 ± 1.8 | 3.2 ± 1.7 | 3.3 ± 2.1 | 3.5 ± 1.6 | 4.8 ± 1.7 | 3.1 ± 1.7 |
Total virus positive RTI | 1.0 ± 1.22 | 2.0 ± 1.6 | 1.1 ± 2.3 | 2.3 ± 1.5 | 2.5 ± 2.4 | 1.7 ± 1.4 |