nach oben

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases

Erschienen in:

Open Access 27.05.2020 | Original Article

Viruses and atypical bacteria in the respiratory tract of immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients with airway infection

verfasst von: Maria Reckziegel, Claudia Weber-Osel, Renate Egerer, Bernd Gruhn, Florian Kubek, Mario Walther, Stefanie Wilhelm, Roland Zell, Andi Krumbholz

Erschienen in: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases | Ausgabe 8/2020

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Respiratory tract infections (RTI) can take a serious course under immunosuppression. Data on the impact of the underlying pathogens are still controversial. Samples from the upper (n = 322) and lower RT (n = 169) were collected from 136 children and 355 adults; 225 among them have been immunocompromised patients. Exclusion criteria were presence of relevant cultivable microorganisms, C-reactive protein > 20 mg/dl, or procalcitonin > 2.0 ng/ml. Samples were tested by PCR for the presence of herpesviruses (HSV-1/-2; VZV; CMV; HHV6; EBV), adenoviruses, bocaviruses, entero-/rhinoviruses (HRV), parechoviruses, coronaviruses, influenza viruses (IV), parainfluenza viruses as well as for pneumoviruses (HMPV and RSV), and atypical bacteria (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, M.p.; Chlamydia pneumoniae, C.p.). Viral/bacterial genome equivalents were detected in more than two-thirds of specimens. Under immunosuppression, herpesviruses (EBV 30.9%/14.6%, p < 0.001; CMV 19.6%/7.9%, p < 0.001; HSV-1: 14.2%/7.1%, p = 0.012) were frequently observed, mainly through their reactivation in adults. Immunocompromised adults tended to present a higher RSV prevalence (6.4%/2.4%, p = 0.078). Immunocompetent patients were more frequently tested positive for IV (15.0%/5.8%, p = 0.001) and M.p. (6.4%/0.4%, p < 0.001), probably biased due to the influenza pandemic of 2009 and an M.p. epidemic in 2011. About 41.8% of samples were positive for a single pathogen, and among them EBV (19.9%) was most prevalent followed by HRV (18.2%) and IV (16.6%). HSV-2 and C.p. were not found. Marked seasonal effects were observed for HRV, IV, and RSV. Differences in pathogen prevalence were demonstrated between immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. The exact contribution of some herpesviruses to the development of RTI remains unclear.

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

Tang JW, Lam TT, Zaraket H, Lipkin WI, Drews SJ, Hatchette TF, Heraud JM, Koopmans MP (2017) Global epidemiology of non-influenza RNA respiratory viruses: data gaps and a growing need for surveillance. Lancet Infect Dis 17(10):e320–e326. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30238-4CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Grim SA, Reid GE, Clark NM (2017) Update in the treatment of non-influenza respiratory virus infection in solid organ transplant recipients. Expert Opin Pharmacother 18(8):767–779. https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2017.1322063CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Fishman JA (2015) Pulmonary infection in immunocompromised hosts. In: Grippi MA, Elias JA, Fishman JA et al (eds) Fishman’s pulmonary diseases and disorders. McGraw-Hill Medical, New York

Maeda T, Babazono A, Nishi T, Yasui M, Matsuda S, Fushimi K, Fujimori K (2015) The impact of opportunistic infections on clinical outcome and healthcare resource uses for adult T cell leukaemia. PLoS One 10(8):e0135042. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135042CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sandherr M, Hentrich M, von Lilienfeld-Toal M, Massenkeil G, Neumann S, Penack O, Biehl L, Cornely OA (2015) Antiviral prophylaxis in patients with solid tumours and haematological malignancies—update of the guidelines of the infectious diseases working party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Hematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO). Ann Hematol 94(9):1441–1450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-015-2447-3CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Feldman AG, Sundaram SS, Beaty BL, Kempe A (2017) Hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus and vaccine-preventable infections in the first 2 years after pediatric liver transplant. J Pediatr 182(232–238):e231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.12.021CrossRef

Ison MG, Michaels MG (2009) RNA respiratory viral infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant Off J Am Soc Transplant Am Soc Transplant Surg 9(Suppl 4):S166–S172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02908.xCrossRef

Kunisaki KM, Janoff EN (2009) Influenza in immunosuppressed populations: a review of infection frequency, morbidity, mortality, and vaccine responses. Lancet Infect Dis 9(8):493–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70175-6CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Weigt SS, Gregson AL, Deng JC, Lynch JP 3rd, Belperio JA (2011) Respiratory viral infections in hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplant recipients. Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine 32(4):471–493. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1283286CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

10.

Griffiths C, Drews SJ, Marchant DJ (2017) Respiratory syncytial virus: infection, detection, and new options for prevention and treatment. Clin Microbiol Rev 30(1):277–319. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00010-16CrossRefPubMed

11.

Egli A, Bucher C, Dumoulin A, Stern M, Buser A, Bubendorf L, Gregor M, Servida P, Sommer G, Bremerich J, Gratwohl A, Khanna N, Widmer AF, Battegay M, Tamm M, Hirsch HH, Halter JP (2012) Human metapneumovirus infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Infection 40(6):677–684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-012-0279-9CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Babady NE (2016) Laboratory diagnosis of infections in cancer patients: challenges and opportunities. J Clin Microbiol 54(11):2635–2646. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00604-16CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

13.

Mayer LM, Kahlert C, Rassouli F, Vernazza P, Albrich WC (2017) Impact of viral multiplex real-time PCR on management of respiratory tract infection: a retrospective cohort study. Pneumonia (Nathan) 9:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-017-0028-zCrossRef

14.

El Chaer F, Shah DP, Kmeid J, Ariza-Heredia EJ, Hosing CM, Mulanovich VE, Chemaly RF (2017) Burden of human metapneumovirus infections in patients with cancer: risk factors and outcomes. Cancer 123(12):2329–2337. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30599CrossRefPubMed

15.

Fishman JA (2017) Infection in organ transplantation. Am J Transplant Off J Am Soc Transplant Am Soc Transplant Surg 17(4):856–879. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.14208CrossRef

16.

Shahani L, Ariza-Heredia EJ, Chemaly RF (2017) Antiviral therapy for respiratory viral infections in immunocompromised patients. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther 15(4):401–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2017.1279970CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Paulsen GC, Danziger-Isakov L (2017) Respiratory viral infections in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Chest Med 38(4):707–726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2017.07.012CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

18.

Abad CL, Razonable RR (2017) Treatment of alpha and beta herpesvirus infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther 15(2):93–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2017.1266253CrossRefPubMed

19.

Hirsch HH (2010) Transplantationsvirologie. In: Doerr HW, Gerlich WH (eds) Medizinische Virologie, vol 2. Georg-Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, pp 288–299

20.

Reid GE, Lynch JP 3rd, Weigt S, Sayah D, Belperio JA, Grim SA, Clark NM (2016) Herpesvirus respiratory infections in immunocompromised patients: epidemiology, management, and outcomes. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 37(4):603–630. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1584793CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

21.

Ernst J, Sauerbrei A, Krumbholz A, Egerer R, Mentzel HJ, Kurzai M, Hafer R, Beck JF, Gruhn B (2012) Multiple viral infections after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Transpl Infect Dis 14(5):E82–E88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2012.00778.xCrossRefPubMed

22.

Almand EA, Moore MD, Jaykus LA (2017) Virus-bacteria interactions: an emerging topic in human infection. Viruses 9(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/v9030058

23.

Bakaletz LO (2017) Viral-bacterial co-infections in the respiratory tract. Curr Opin Microbiol 35:30–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2016.11.003CrossRefPubMed

24.

Martin-Loeches I, van Someren GF, Schultz MJ (2017) Bacterial pneumonia as an influenza complication. Curr Opin Infect Dis 30(2):201–207. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000347CrossRefPubMed

25.

Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Griese M, Madtes DK, Belperio JA, Haddad IY, Folz RJ, Cooke KR (2011) An official American Thoracic Society research statement: noninfectious lung injury after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: idiopathic pneumonia syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183(9):1262–1279. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.2007-413STCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

26.

Langelier C, Zinter MS, Kalantar K, Yanik GA, Christenson S, O'Donovan B, White C, Wilson M, Sapru A, Dvorak CC, Miller S, Chiu CY, DeRisi JL (2017) Metagenomic sequencing detects respiratory pathogens in hematopoietic cellular transplant patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201706-1097LE

27.

Gorcea CM, Tholouli E, Turner A, Saif M, Davies E, Battersby E, Dignan FL (2017) Effective use of oral ribavirin for respiratory syncytial viral infections in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. J Hosp Infect 95(2):214–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2016.11.012CrossRefPubMed

28.

Inkster T, Ferguson K, Edwardson A, Gunson R, Soutar R (2017) Consecutive yearly outbreaks of respiratory syncytial virus in a haemato-oncology ward and efficacy of infection control measures. The Journal of hospital infection 96(4):353–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2017.05.002CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

29.

Helantera I, Anttila VJ, Loginov R, Lempinen M (2017) Parainfluenza 3 infections early after kidney or simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant Off J Am Soc Transplant Am Soc Transplant Surg 17(3):809–812. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.14146CrossRef

30.

Engelmann I, Dewilde A, Lazrek M, Batteux M, Hamissi A, Yakoub-Agha I, Hober D (2017) In vivo persistence of human rhinoviruses in immunosuppressed patients. PLoS One 12(2):e0170774. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170774CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

31.

Wylie KM (2017) The Virome of the human respiratory tract. Clin Chest Med 38(1):11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2016.11.001CrossRefPubMed

32.

Izadyar F, Pau F, Marh J, Slepko N, Wang T, Gonzalez R, Ramos T, Howerton K, Sayre C, Silva F (2008) Generation of multipotent cell lines from a distinct population of male germ line stem cells. Reproduction 135(6):771–784. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-07-0479CrossRefPubMed

33.

Schittek B, Sauer B, Garbe C (1999) Lack of p73 mutations and late occurrence of p73 allelic deletions in melanoma tissues and cell lines. Int J Cancer 82(4):583–586CrossRefPubMed

34.

Puchhammer-Stockl E, Popow-Kraupp T, Heinz FX, Mandl CW, Kunz C (1990) Establishment of PCR for the early diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis. J Med Virol 32(2):77–82CrossRefPubMed

35.

Gressens P, Martin JR (1994) HSV-2 DNA persistence in astrocytes of the trigeminal root entry zone: double labeling by in situ PCR and immunohistochemistry. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 53(2):127–135CrossRefPubMed

36.

Puchhammer-Stockl E, Popow-Kraupp T, Heinz FX, Mandl CW, Kunz C (1991) Detection of varicella-zoster virus DNA by polymerase chain reaction in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients suffering from neurological complications associated with chicken pox or herpes zoster. J Clin Microbiol 29(7):1513–1516CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

37.

Puchhammer-Stockl E, Heinz FX, Kundi M, Popow-Kraupp T, Grimm G, Millner MM, Kunz C (1993) Evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of herpes simplex virus encephalitis. J Clin Microbiol 31(1):146–148CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Prosch S, Kimel V, Dawydowa I, Kruger DH (1992) Monitoring of patients for cytomegalovirus after organ transplantation by centrifugation culture and PCR. J Med Virol 38(4):246–251CrossRefPubMed

39.

Sauerbrei A, Eichhorn U, Schacke M, Wutzler P (1999) Laboratory diagnosis of herpes zoster. J Clin Virol 14(1):31–36CrossRefPubMed

40.

Gordon L, McQuaid S, Cosby SL (1996) Detection of herpes simplex virus (types 1 and 2) and human herpesvirus 6 DNA in human brain tissue by polymerase chain reaction. Clin Diagn Virol 6(1):33–40CrossRefPubMed

41.

Gopal MR, Thomson BJ, Fox J, Tedder RS, Honess RW (1990) Detection by PCR of HHV-6 and EBV DNA in blood and oropharynx of healthy adults and HIV-seropositives. Lancet 335(8705):1598–1599CrossRefPubMed

42.

Krumbholz A, Meerbach A, Zell R, Gruhn B, Henke A, Birch-Hirschfeld E, Wutzler P (2006) Comparison of a LightCycler-based real-time PCR for quantitation of Epstein-Barr viral load in different clinical specimens with semiquantitative PCR. J Med Virol 78(5):598–607. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.20581CrossRefPubMed

43.

Benschop KS, Schinkel J, Minnaar RP, Pajkrt D, Spanjerberg L, Kraakman HC, Berkhout B, Zaaijer HL, Beld MG, Wolthers KC (2006) Human parechovirus infections in Dutch children and the association between serotype and disease severity. Clin Infect Dis 42(2):204–210. https://doi.org/10.1086/498905CrossRefPubMed

44.

Baumgarte S, de Souza Luna LK, Grywna K, Panning M, Drexler JF, Karsten C, Huppertz HI, Drosten C (2008) Prevalence, types, and RNA concentrations of human parechoviruses, including a sixth parechovirus type, in stool samples from patients with acute enteritis. J Clin Microbiol 46(1):242–248. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01468-07CrossRefPubMed

45.

Wisdom A, Leitch EC, Gaunt E, Harvala H, Simmonds P (2009) Screening respiratory samples for detection of human rhinoviruses (HRVs) and enteroviruses: comprehensive VP4-VP2 typing reveals high incidence and genetic diversity of HRV species C. J Clin Microbiol 47(12):3958–3967. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00993-09CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

46.

Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S (2013) MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Mol Biol Evol 30(12):2725–2729. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

47.

Moesker FM, van Kampen JJ, van Rossum AM, de Hoog M, Koopmans MP, Osterhaus AD, Fraaij PL (2016) Viruses as sole causative agents of severe acute respiratory tract infections in children. PLoS One 11(3):e0150776. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150776CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

48.

Sauerbrei A, Schmitt S, Scheper T, Brandstadt A, Saschenbrecker S, Motz M, Soutschek E, Wutzler P (2011) Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in Thuringia, Germany, 1999 to 2006. Euro Surveill 16(44)

49.

Wutzler P, Farber I, Wagenpfeil S, Bisanz H, Tischer A (2001) Seroprevalence of varicella-zoster virus in the German population. Vaccine 20(1–2):121–124CrossRefPubMed

50.

Fourcade G, Germi R, Guerber F, Lupo J, Baccard M, Seigneurin A, Semenova T, Morand P, Epaulard O (2017) Evolution of EBV seroprevalence and primary infection age in a French hospital and a city laboratory network, 2000-2016. PLoS One 12(4):e0175574. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175574CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

51.

Voigt S, Schaffrath Rosario A, Mankertz A (2016) Cytomegalovirus seroprevalence among children and adolescents in Germany: data from the German health interview and examination survey for children and adolescents (KiGGS), 2003-2006. Open Forum Infect Dis 3(1):ofv193. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofv193CrossRefPubMed

52.

Braun DK, Dominguez G, Pellett PE (1997) Human herpesvirus 6. Clin Microbiol Rev 10(3):521–567CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

53.

Jenkins FJ, Rowe DT, Rinaldo CR Jr (2003) Herpesvirus infections in organ transplant recipients. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 10(1):1–7PubMedPubMedCentral

54.

Costa C, Sidoti F, Saldan A, Sinesi F, Balloco C, Simeone S, Lorusso M, Mantovani S, Merlino C, Solidoro P, Cavallo R (2012) Clinical impact of HSV-1 detection in the lower respiratory tract from hospitalized adult patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 18(8):E305–E307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03882.xCrossRefPubMed

55.

Costa C, Elia M, Astegiano S, Sidoti F, Terlizzi ME, Solidoro P, Botto S, Libertucci D, Bergallo M, Cavallo R (2008) Quantitative detection of Epstein-Barr virus in bronchoalveolar lavage from transplant and nontransplant patients. Transplantation 86(10):1389–1394. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e3181890415CrossRefPubMed

56.

Friedrichs I, Bingold T, Keppler OT, Pullmann B, Reinheimer C, Berger A (2013) Detection of herpesvirus EBV DNA in the lower respiratory tract of ICU patients: a marker of infection of the lower respiratory tract? Med Microbiol Immunol 202(6):431–436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-013-0306-1CrossRefPubMed

57.

Liu QF, Fan ZP, Luo XD, Sun J, Zhang Y, Ding YQ (2010) Epstein-Barr virus-associated pneumonia in patients with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 12(4):284–291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2010.00502.xCrossRefPubMed

58.

Azadeh N, Limper AH, Carmona EM, Ryu JH (2017) The role of infection in interstitial lung diseases: a review. Chest 152(4):842–852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2017.03.033CrossRefPubMed

59.

Krumbholz A, Sandhaus T, Gohlert A, Heim A, Zell R, Egerer R, Breuer M, Straube E, Wutzler P, Sauerbrei A (2010) Epstein-Barr virus-associated pneumonia and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in a lung transplant recipient. Med Microbiol Immunol 199(4):317–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00430-010-0165-yCrossRefPubMed

60.

Engelmann I, Welte T, Fuhner T, Simon AR, Mattner F, Hoy L, Schulz TF, Gottlieb J (2009) Detection of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in peripheral blood is associated with the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation. J Clin Virol 45(1):47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2009.02.005CrossRefPubMed

61.

Pellett PE, Ablashi DV, Ambros PF, Agut H, Caserta MT, Descamps V, Flamand L, Gautheret-Dejean A, Hall CB, Kamble RT, Kuehl U, Lassner D, Lautenschlager I, Loomis KS, Luppi M, Lusso P, Medveczky PG, Montoya JG, Mori Y, Ogata M, Pritchett JC, Rogez S, Seto E, Ward KN, Yoshikawa T, Razonable RR (2012) Chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6: questions and answers. Rev Med Virol 22(3):144–155. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.715CrossRefPubMed

62.

Lautenschlager I, Razonable RR (2012) Human herpesvirus-6 infections in kidney, liver, lung, and heart transplantation: review. Transpl Int 25(5):493–502. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-2277.2012.01443.xCrossRefPubMed

63.

Mohsen AH, McKendrick M (2003) Varicella pneumonia in adults. Eur Respir J 21(5):886–891CrossRefPubMed

64.

Bierbaum S, Forster J, Berner R, Rucker G, Rohde G, Neumann-Haefelin D, Panning M, group Cs (2014) Detection of respiratory viruses using a multiplex real-time PCR assay in Germany, 2009/10. Arch Virol 159(4):669–676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-013-1876-3CrossRefPubMed

65.

Volling C, Hassan K, Mazzulli T, Green K, Al-Den A, Hunter P, Mangat R, Ng J, McGeer A (2014) Respiratory syncytial virus infection-associated hospitalization in adults: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 14:665. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-014-0665-2CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

66.

Broccolo F, Falcone V, Esposito S, Toniolo A (2015) Human bocaviruses: possible etiologic role in respiratory infection. J Clin Virol 72:75–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2015.09.008CrossRefPubMed

67.

Moesker FM, van Kampen JJ, van der Eijk AA, van Rossum AM, de Hoog M, Schutten M, Smits SL, Bodewes R, Osterhaus AD, Fraaij PL (2015) Human bocavirus infection as a cause of severe acute respiratory tract infection in children. Clin Microbiol Infect 21(10):964 e961–964 e968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.06.014CrossRef

68.

Weissbrich B, Neske F, Schubert J, Tollmann F, Blath K, Blessing K, Kreth HW (2006) Frequent detection of bocavirus DNA in German children with respiratory tract infections. BMC Infect Dis 6:109. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-6-109CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

69.

Sun J, Hu XY, Yu XF (2019) Current understanding of human enterovirus D68. Viruses 11(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/v11060490

70.

de Crom SC, Rossen JW, van Furth AM, Obihara CC (2016) Enterovirus and parechovirus infection in children: a brief overview. Eur J Pediatr 175(8):1023–1029. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-016-2725-7CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

71.

Kustin T, Ling G, Sharabi S, Ram D, Friedman N, Zuckerman N, Bucris ED, Glatman-Freedman A, Stern A, Mandelboim M (2019) A method to identify respiratory virus infections in clinical samples using next-generation sequencing. Sci Rep 9(1):2606. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37483-wCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

72.

Dumke R, Schnee C, Pletz MW, Rupp J, Jacobs E, Sachse K, Rohde G, Capnetz Study G (2015) Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia spp. infection in community-acquired pneumonia, Germany, 2011-2012. Emerg Infect Dis 21(3):426–434. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2103.140927CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

73.

Padalko E, Boel A, Lagrou K, Reynders M, China B, Vernelen K, Expert Committee on Infectious S (2013) Low yield by molecular detection of Chlamydophila pneumoniae in respiratory samples in Belgium questioning its etiological role in respiratory tract infections. Acta Clin Belg 68(3):166–168. https://doi.org/10.2143/ACB.3241CrossRefPubMed

74.

Hagel S, Schmitt S, Kesselmeier M, Baier M, Welte T, Ewig S, Pletz MW (2019) M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae are no relevant pathogens in critically ill patients with hospital-acquired respiratory tract infections. Infection 47(3):471–474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-019-01273-xCrossRefPubMed

Titel: Viruses and atypical bacteria in the respiratory tract of immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients with airway infection
verfasst von: Maria Reckziegel
Claudia Weber-Osel
Renate Egerer
Bernd Gruhn
Florian Kubek
Mario Walther
Stefanie Wilhelm
Roland Zell
Andi Krumbholz
Publikationsdatum: 27.05.2020
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases / Ausgabe 8/2020
Print ISSN: 0934-9723
Elektronische ISSN: 1435-4373
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-020-03878-9

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

25.04.2024 | Hypotonie | Nachrichten

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Viruses and atypical bacteria in the respiratory tract of immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients with airway infection

Abstract

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

Adjuvante Immuntherapie verlängert Leben bei RCC

Alectinib verbessert krankheitsfreies Überleben bei ALK-positivem NSCLC

Update Innere Medizin

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 8/2020

Bacterial etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent hospitalized patients and appropriateness of empirical treatment recommendations: an international point-prevalence study

Molecular epidemiology of invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in Portugal: an update of the post-vaccine period, 2011–2018

Misidentification of Cutibacterium namnetense as Cutibacterium acnes among clinical isolates by MALDI-TOF VitekMS: usefulness of gyrB sequencing and new player in bone infections

Point-of-care multiplexed diagnosis of meningitis using the FilmArray® ME panel technology

A family cluster of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections

The use of 3 selected lactobacillary strains in vaginal probiotic gel for the treatment of acute Candida vaginitis: a proof-of-concept study

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

Adjuvante Immuntherapie verlängert Leben bei RCC

Alectinib verbessert krankheitsfreies Überleben bei ALK-positivem NSCLC

Update Innere Medizin