Background
Materials and methods
Study population
VRQoL data acquisition and analysis
Ocular measurements
Sociodemographic characteristics
Statistical analysis
Worse-seeing eye: | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
No VI | Mild VI | Moderate/severe | ||
Better-seeing eye: | No VI | “b0/w0”, n = 11,021 | “b0/w1”, n = 430 | “b0/w2”, n = 395 |
Mild VI | / | “b1/w1”, n = 35 | “b1/w2”, n = 34 | |
Moderate/severe VI | / | / | “b2/w2”, n = 26 |
Results
All | |
---|---|
N | 11,941 |
Age [y] | 54.7 (11.1) |
Women | 49.9% (5958) |
Socioeconomic status | 13.1 (4.4) |
Eye characteristics: | |
Mean spherical equivalent [dpt] | −0.12 (−1.25/0.81) |
Visual acuity (better eye) [logMAR] | 0 (0/0.10) |
Visual acuity (worse eye) [logMAR] | 0 (0/0.22) |
Contact lenses or glasses | 89.2% (10646) |
Distance glasses | 68.0% (8116) |
History of eye surgery | 7.3% (876) |
Glaucoma | 2.3% (270) |
Age-related macular degeneration | 0.4% (51) |
Amblyopia | 9.9% (1186) |
Vision-related quality of life: | |
Visual functioning scale (NEI VFQ-25) | 89.6 (81.3/95.1) |
Socioemotional scale (NEI VFQ-25) | 100.0 (94.5/100.0) |
Visual impairment of the better-seeing eye | visual functioning scale score (VFS) | socioemotional scale score (SES) |
---|---|---|
No VI (n = 11,846) | 89.6 (81.3/95.1) | 100 (94.6/100) |
Mild VI (n = 69) | 70.2 (57.6/78.0) | 88.4 (67.9/97.1) |
Moderate/severe VI (n = 26) | 63.2 (46.6/78.7) | 76.3 (68.0/93.9) |
Worse-seeing eye | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
No VI (n = 11,021) | Mild VI (n = 465) | Moderate/severe VI (n = 455) | ||
Better-seeing eye | No VI | 89.6 (81.4/95.1), n = 11,021 | 84.0 (74.9/89.6), n = 430 | 80.5 (68.0/89.5), n = 395 |
Mild VI | / | 70.2 (62.5/80.2), n = 35 | 66.8 (45.7/76.0), n = 34 | |
Moderate/severe VI | / | / | 63.2 (46.6/78.7), n = 26 |
Worse-seeing eye | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
No VI (n = 11,021) | Mild VI (n = 465) | Moderate/severe VI (n = 455) | ||
Better-seeing eye | No VI | 100 (95.1/100), n = 11,021 | 97.1 (91.2/100), n = 430 | 94.1 (85.8/100), n = 395 |
Mild VI | / | 90.1 (72.4/97.1), n = 35 | 73.7 (67.5/95.2), n = 34 | |
Moderate/severe VI | / | / | 76.3 (68.0/93.9), n = 26 |
Category of visual impairment considering better-seeing and worse-seeing eye | Model 1a | Model 1b |
---|---|---|
(n = 11,941, R2 = 0.12) | (n = 11,889, R2 = 0.12) | |
Estimate (CI) | Estimate (CI) | |
BE no VI, WE mild VI | −5.2a | −5.0a |
(−6.1; −4.2) | (−6.0; −4.1) | |
BE no VI, WE moderate/ severe VI | −9.03a | −9.01a |
(−10.0; −8.0) | (−10.0; −8.0) | |
BE mild VI & WE mild VI | −14.3a | − 14.5a |
(−17.6; − 11.0) | (− 17.8; − 11.1) | |
BE mild VI & WE moderate/ severe VI | −24.3a | −24.1a |
(−27.7; − 21.0) | (− 27.4; -20.8) | |
BE moderate/ severe VI, WE moderate/ severe VI | − 25.3a | − 24.4a |
(−29.1; − 21.5) | (− 28.3; −20.5) |
Category of visual impairment considering better-seeing and worse-seeing eye | Model 1a | Model 1b |
---|---|---|
(n = 11,941, R2 = 0.09) | (n = 11,889, R2 = 0.09) | |
Estimate (CI) | Estimate (CI) | |
BE no VI, WE mild VI | −2.0a | − 1.9a |
(−2.6; −1.3) | (−2.6; − 1.2) | |
BE no VI, WE mild VI | −5.7a | − 5.7a |
(−6.4; − 5.0) | (− 6.4; − 5.0) | |
BE mild VI & WE mild VI | − 10.4a | −9.6a |
(−12.8; − 8.1) | (− 12.0; −7.2) | |
BE mild VI & WE moderate/ severe VI | − 16.0a | −15.9a |
(−18.4; −13.6) | (− 18.3; − 13.5) | |
BE moderate/ severe VI, WE moderate/ severe VI | −20.9a | −19.8a |
(−23.6; − 18.2) | (−22.6; − 17.1) |