Introduction
Materials and methods
Data sets
N (gender) | Age | Diagnosis | ELH | ELH grade | Data Quality | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D1 | 105 (50 male) | 50.4 ± 17.1 range 19–84 | 32% VM (n = 33) 28% MD (n= 29) 18% NV (n = 19) 17% VP (n = 18) 3% BVP (n = 4) 2% BPPV (n = 2) | 97 out of 210 ears 46.2% | 0.7 ± 0.8 Range 0–3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 Range 0.3–2.3 |
D3 | 10 (5 male) | 46.8 ± 14.4 range 31–69 | 10% VM (n = 1) 70% MD (n = 7) 10% NV (n = 1) 10% BPPV (n = 1) | 7 out of 20 ears 35% | 0.7 ± 0.9 Range 0–2.5 | 1.1 ± 0.3 Range 0.3–1.6 |
D1 and D3–Clinical diagnosis and measurement of the auditory, semicircular canal, and otolith functions
D1 and D3–Sequence protocol and grading of the delayed gadolinium-enhanced ivMRI of the inner ear
D1–Development of the automatic segmentation tool for ELH detection based on Volumetric Local Thresholding (VOLT)
Data pre-processing included the following steps
Data processing included the following steps
Automatization and pipeline creation
D1, D2 and D3–Methods for validation
D1, D2 and D3 statistics and map display
Results
VOLT implementation on D1
VOLT performance on artificial data set D2
A | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Data set | Noise | Scale | Otsu’s | Cutoff 6 | Cutoff 8 | Cutoff 10 |
D2 | BI | 1 | 99.4% | 95.0% | 98.0% | 98.7% |
2 | 97.6% | 93.7% | 95.5% | 96.7% | ||
3 | 93.8% | 92.0% | 93.4% | 94.6% | ||
4 | 90.3% | 90.3% | 91.2% | 92.7% | ||
6 | 85.8% | 90.0% | 90.8% | 91.5% | ||
Sc | 10 | 98.5% | 88.4% | 93.6% | 97.9% | |
20 | 88.7% | 87.9% | 93.0% | 96.9% | ||
30 | 81.2% | 87.7% | 92.2% | 93.5% | ||
40 | 76.7% | 87.4% | 90.5% | 87.6% | ||
50 | 74.3% | 86.5% | 88.0% | 82.3% | ||
60 | 73.2% | 85.6% | 86.3% | 80.5% |
B | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Data set | Validation | M | Cutoff 6 | Cutoff 8 | Cutoff 10 |
D3 | DS | Gold standard | 97.0% ± 0.7 range 95.6–97.9 | 96.6% ± 0.8 range 95.0–97.7 | 95.9% ± 0.9 range 93.8–97.2 |
VE | 16.7 mm3 ± 5.5 range 8.8–30.7 | 11.5 mm3 ± 5.7 range 5.0–25.5 | 17.1 mm3 ± 7.4 range 8.4–33.6 | 23.3 mm3 ± 8.7 range: 13.0–41.0 | |
VE/M | 1 | 0.7 ± 0.2 range 0.4–0.9 | 1 ± 0.2 range 0.7–1.5 | 1.4 ± 0.3 range 1.0–2.1 | |
VT | 276.2 mm3 ± 37.6 (range 223.6–347.6) |