Background
Methods
Participants
Quantitative gait and balance assessment
Assessments with scales and questionnaires
Classification of impaired gait and balance
Statistical analysis
Results
Whole cohort (N = 384) | Controls (N = 151) | Gait deficits (N = 79) | Balance deficits (N = 44) | Gait and balance deficits (N = 110) | P-Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | Range | Median | Range | Median | Range | Median | Range | Median | Range | ||
Age [years] | 64 | 40–90 | 57 | 40–86 | 60 | 40–89 | 70*# | 44–89 | 69.5*# | 41–90 | < 0.0001 |
Gender [% female] | 42.4 | 43.0 | 36.7 | 43.2 | 45.5 | 0.67 | |||||
Height [m] | 1.72 | 1.48–2.01 | 1.73 | 1.49–2.01 | 1.73 | 1.48–1.98 | 1.70 | 1.58–1.88 | 1.70 | 1.49–2.00 | 0.04 |
Weight [kg] | 79 | 37–134 | 80 | 50–134 | 82 | 46–117 | 79 | 55–115 | 74 | 37–123 | 0.13 |
BMI [kg/m2] | 26.2 | 14.9–43.0 | 26.3 | 19.4–41.8 | 26.4 | 17.3–41.6 | 26.8 | 19.4–38.4 | 25.9 | 14.9–43.0 | 0.77 |
Falls in the last 24 months [N] | 0 | 0–100 | 0 | 0–50 | 0 | 0–50 | 1* | 0–55 | 1*# | 0–100 | < 0.0001 |
At least one fall in the last 24 months [%] | 46 | 29 | 42 | 62* | 65*# | < 0.0001 | |||||
LACHS (0–15) | 3 | 0–10 | 2 | 0–8 | 3* | 0–6 | 3* | 1–9 | 4*# | 0–10 | < 0.0001 |
MMSE (0–30) | 28 | 13–30 | 29 | 24–30 | 28* | 13–30 | 28* | 13–30 | 27* | 13–30 | < 0.0001 |
TMT-A [s] | 49 | 13–300 | 38 | 13–300 | 48* | 23–300 | 55* | 26–300 | 72*# | 17.7–300 | < 0.0001 |
TMT-B [s] | 149 | 34–300 | 101 | 34–300 | 129* | 38–300 | 174* | 60–300 | 300*# | 38.8–300 | < 0.0001 |
∆TMT [s] | 85 | −30-280 | 60 | −30-280 | 78* | 0–253 | 98 | 0–257 | 149* | 0–270 | < 0.0001 |
Timed up and go convenient speed [s] | 12 | 6–92 | 10 | 6–25 | 12* | 8–28 | 11* | 8–18 | 16*#+ | 8–92 | < 0.0001 |
Timed up and go fast speed [s] | 9 | 5–47 | 7 | 5–15 | 10* | 6–22 | 11* | 6–15 | 14*#+ | 7–47 | < 0.0001 |
BDI II (0–63) | 10 | 0–51 | 8 | 0–51 | 10 | 0–28 | 10 | 0–38 | 12* | 0–51 | 0.0004 |
FES-I (0–64) | 20 | 0–64 | 18 | 0–63 | 21* | 0–44 | 20* | 14–48 | 27*#+ | 14–64 | < 0.0001 |
EQ5D VAS (0–100) | 60 | 1–100 | 70 | 20–100 | 55 | 10–95 | 50* | 5–90 | 50*# | 1–95 | < 0.0001 |
Functional Reach [cm] | 23 | 3–82 | 27 | 8–45 | 23* | 3–82 | 20* | 5–35 | 18*# | 5–34 | < 0.0001 |
Gait speed [m/s] | 1.10 | 0.27–2.33 | 1.34 | 0.95–2.33 | 0.99* | 0.56–1.67 | 1.15*# | 0.81–2.03 | 0.80*#+ | 0.27–1.5 | < 0.0001 |
Grip force [kg] | 27 | 3–76 | 29 | 10–76 | 29 | 7–56 | 28 | 15–51 | 23*# | 3–51 | < 0.0001 |