Background
Methods
Eligibility criteria
Search methods and study selection procedures
Data collection, risk of bias assessment and analysis
Results
Results of the search
Description of included randomised controlled trials (RCTs)
Description of included non-randomised studies
Risk of bias in included studies
Effects of exposure to ‘low alcohol’ and equivalent labels
Alcohol labelling
Food labelling
Outcome or subgroup | Independent comparisons | Total participants | Statistical method | Effect estimate: SMD (95% CI) | Test for overall effect or subgroup differences |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Product selection (with or without purchase) | 1 | 202 | SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.31 (0.04 to 0.58) | N/A |
Product consumption | 5 | 680 | SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.27 (−0.12 to 0.66)a
|
Z = 1.36, P = 0.17 |
- Intervention label denotes absence (“Fat-free) | 1 | 256 | SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.42 (−0.08 to 0.91) | |
- Intervention label denotes absolute amount (“Low-fat”) | 4 | 424 | SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.38 (−0.21 to 0.98)a
| Chi2 = 5.15, df = 1, P = 0.02 |
- Female participants only | 2 | 343 | SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.45 (−0.02 to 0.92)a
| |
- Male and female participants | 3 | 337 | SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.15 (−0.35 to 0.65)a
| Chi2 = 0.75, df = 1, P = 0.39 |
- Parallel group (between-subjects) design | 3 | 344 | SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.05 (−0.16 to 0.26)a
| |
- Crossover (within-subjects) design | 2 | 336 | SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.51 (0.29 to 0.72)a
| Chi2 = 8.76, df = 1, P = 0.003 |
Intention to select or purchase product | 0 | 0 | N/A | Not estimable | N/A |
Intention to consume product | 0 | 0 | N/A | Not estimable | N/A |
Belief associated with product consumption | 1 | 34 | SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI) | −0.66 (−1.32 to 0.00) | N/A |
1 | 34 | SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI) | −0.14 (−0.79 to 0.51) | N/A | |
Product appeal | 8 | 1013 | SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI) | −0.01 (−0.14 to 0.13)a
|
Z = 0.09, P = 0.93. |
- Intervention label denotes absence (“Fat-free) | 2 | 412 | SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI) | −0.01 (−0.21 to 0.18)a
| |
- Intervention label denotes absolute amount (“Low-fat”) | 2 | 167 | SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI) | −0.09 (−0.28 to 0.11)a
| |
- Intervention label denotes relative amount (“Reduced-fat) | 4 | 434 | SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.03 (−0.19 to 0.26)a
| Chi2 = 0.23, df = 2, P = 0.89 |
- Female participants only | 2 | 343 | SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.09 (−0.12 to 0.30)a
| |
- Male and female participants | 6 | 670 | SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI) | −0.06 (−0.24 to 0.12)a
| Chi2 = 1.10, df = 1, P = 0.30 |
- Parallel group (between-subjects) design | 4 | 301 | SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.00 (−0.22 to 0.23)a
| |
- Crossover (within-subjects) design | 4 | 712 | SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI) | −0.03 (−0.23 to 0.17)a
| Chi2 = 0.04, df = 1, P = 0.84 |
Understanding of label | 3 | 155 | SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI) | −0.57 (−0.89 to −0.26)a
|
Z = 3.57, P = 0.0004 |