Skip to main content
Erschienen in: European Journal of Epidemiology 12/2020

28.11.2020 | ESSAY

When will individuals meet their personalized probabilities? A philosophical note on risk prediction

verfasst von: Olaf M. Dekkers, Jesse M. Mulder

Erschienen in: European Journal of Epidemiology | Ausgabe 12/2020

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Risk prediction is one of the central goals of medicine. However, ultimate prediction–perfectly predicting whether individuals will actually get a disease–is still out of reach for virtually all conditions. One crucial assumption of ultimate personalized prediction is that individual risks in the relevant sense exist. In the present paper we argue that perfect prediction at the individual level will fail–and we will do so by providing pragmatic, epistemic, conceptual, and ontological arguments.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Ganz P, Heidecker B, Hveem K, Jonasson C, Kato S, Segal MR, et al. Development and validation of a protein-based risk score for cardiovascular outcomes among patients with stable coronary heart disease. JAMA. 2016;315(23):2532–41.PubMedCrossRef Ganz P, Heidecker B, Hveem K, Jonasson C, Kato S, Segal MR, et al. Development and validation of a protein-based risk score for cardiovascular outcomes among patients with stable coronary heart disease. JAMA. 2016;315(23):2532–41.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Kent DM, Steyerberg E, van Klaveren D. Personalized evidence based medicine: predictive approaches to heterogeneous treatment effects. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2018;363:k4245.CrossRef Kent DM, Steyerberg E, van Klaveren D. Personalized evidence based medicine: predictive approaches to heterogeneous treatment effects. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2018;363:k4245.CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Goodman SN. Probability at the bedside: the knowing of chances or the chances of knowing? Ann Intern Med. 1999;130(7):604–6.PubMedCrossRef Goodman SN. Probability at the bedside: the knowing of chances or the chances of knowing? Ann Intern Med. 1999;130(7):604–6.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahmood SS, Levy D, Vasan RS, Wang TJ. The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: a historical perspective. Lancet (Lond, Engl). 2014;383(9921):999–1008.CrossRef Mahmood SS, Levy D, Vasan RS, Wang TJ. The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: a historical perspective. Lancet (Lond, Engl). 2014;383(9921):999–1008.CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Piccininni M, Konigorski S, Rohmann JL, Kurth T. Directed acyclic graphs and causal thinking in clinical risk prediction modeling. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2020;20(1):179.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Piccininni M, Konigorski S, Rohmann JL, Kurth T. Directed acyclic graphs and causal thinking in clinical risk prediction modeling. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2020;20(1):179.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Ickerman BA, Hernán MA. Counterfactual prediction is not only for causal inference. Eur J epidemiol. 2005;35(7):615–7.CrossRef Ickerman BA, Hernán MA. Counterfactual prediction is not only for causal inference. Eur J epidemiol. 2005;35(7):615–7.CrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Mulder JM. A Vital Challenge to Materialism. Philosophy. 2016;91(2):153–82.CrossRef Mulder JM. A Vital Challenge to Materialism. Philosophy. 2016;91(2):153–82.CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Earman J. A Primer on Determinism: D. Reidel; D. Reidel Publishing Company; Dordrecht 1986. Earman J. A Primer on Determinism: D. Reidel; D. Reidel Publishing Company; Dordrecht 1986.
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Cartwright N. Hunting Causes and Using Them: Approaches in Philosophy and Economics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2009. Cartwright N. Hunting Causes and Using Them: Approaches in Philosophy and Economics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2009.
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Dahabreh IJ, Hayward R, Kent DM. Using group data to treat individuals: understanding heterogeneous treatment effects in the age of precision medicine and patient-centred evidence. Int J Epidemiol. 2016;45(6):2184–93.PubMedPubMedCentral Dahabreh IJ, Hayward R, Kent DM. Using group data to treat individuals: understanding heterogeneous treatment effects in the age of precision medicine and patient-centred evidence. Int J Epidemiol. 2016;45(6):2184–93.PubMedPubMedCentral
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Stern RH. Individual risk. J clin hypertens (Greenwich, Conn). 2012;14(4):261–4.CrossRef Stern RH. Individual risk. J clin hypertens (Greenwich, Conn). 2012;14(4):261–4.CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Personalized GA, Medicine P. In: The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Medicine. Jeremy R Simon, Harold Kincaid: Edited ByMiriam Solomon; 2016. Personalized GA, Medicine P. In: The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Medicine. Jeremy R Simon, Harold Kincaid: Edited ByMiriam Solomon; 2016.
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Saracci R. Epidemiology in wonderland: Big Data and precision medicine. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018;33(3):245–57.PubMedCrossRef Saracci R. Epidemiology in wonderland: Big Data and precision medicine. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018;33(3):245–57.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith GD. Post-modern epidemiology: when methods meet matter. Am J Epidemiol. 2019;188(8):1410–9.CrossRef Smith GD. Post-modern epidemiology: when methods meet matter. Am J Epidemiol. 2019;188(8):1410–9.CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith GD. Epidemiology, epigenetics and the “Gloomy Prospect”: embracing randomness in population health research and practice. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(3):537–62.PubMedCrossRef Smith GD. Epidemiology, epigenetics and the “Gloomy Prospect”: embracing randomness in population health research and practice. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(3):537–62.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Coggon DI, Martyn CN. Time and chance: the stochastic nature of disease causation. Lancet (Lond, Engl). 2005;365(9468):1434–7.CrossRef Coggon DI, Martyn CN. Time and chance: the stochastic nature of disease causation. Lancet (Lond, Engl). 2005;365(9468):1434–7.CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Giere RN. Objective Single-Case Probabilities and the Foundations of Statistics. Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics. 74: Elsevier; 1973. p. 467–83. Giere RN. Objective Single-Case Probabilities and the Foundations of Statistics. Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics. 74: Elsevier; 1973. p. 467–83.
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Gillies D. Varieties of propensity. Br J Philosophy Sci. 2000;51(4):807–35.CrossRef Gillies D. Varieties of propensity. Br J Philosophy Sci. 2000;51(4):807–35.CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Dupré JA, Nicholson DJ. A Manifesto for a Processual Philosophy of Biology. In Nicholson DJ, Dupre JA, editors. Everything Flows: Towards a Processual Philosophy of Biology. Oxford University Press, USA; 2018. Dupré JA, Nicholson DJ. A Manifesto for a Processual Philosophy of Biology. In Nicholson DJ, Dupre JA, editors. Everything Flows: Towards a Processual Philosophy of Biology. Oxford University Press, USA; 2018.
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Dupré J. Living Causes. Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume 2013;87(1):19–37. Dupré J. Living Causes. Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume 2013;87(1):19–37.
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Vandenbroucke JP. Cerebral sinus thrombosis and oral contraceptives there are limits to predictability. BMJ (Clin res ed). 1998;317(7157):483–4.CrossRef Vandenbroucke JP. Cerebral sinus thrombosis and oral contraceptives there are limits to predictability. BMJ (Clin res ed). 1998;317(7157):483–4.CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Machamer P, Darden L, Craver CF. Thinking about mechanisms. Philos Sci. 2000;67(1):1–25.CrossRef Machamer P, Darden L, Craver CF. Thinking about mechanisms. Philos Sci. 2000;67(1):1–25.CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Loos RJF, Janssens A. Predicting polygenic obesity using genetic information. Cell Metab. 2017;25(3):535–43.PubMedCrossRef Loos RJF, Janssens A. Predicting polygenic obesity using genetic information. Cell Metab. 2017;25(3):535–43.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Morris RW, Cooper JA, Shah T, Wong A, Drenos F, Engmann J, et al. Marginal role for 53 common genetic variants in cardiovascular disease prediction. Heart. 2016;102(20):1640–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Morris RW, Cooper JA, Shah T, Wong A, Drenos F, Engmann J, et al. Marginal role for 53 common genetic variants in cardiovascular disease prediction. Heart. 2016;102(20):1640–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Joyner MJ, Paneth N. Promises, promises, and precision medicine. J Clin Investig. 2019;129(3):946–8.PubMedCrossRef Joyner MJ, Paneth N. Promises, promises, and precision medicine. J Clin Investig. 2019;129(3):946–8.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith GD, Egger M. Incommunicable knowledge? Interpreting and applying the results of clinical trials and meta-analyses. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;51(4):289–95.PubMedCrossRef Smith GD, Egger M. Incommunicable knowledge? Interpreting and applying the results of clinical trials and meta-analyses. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;51(4):289–95.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Knowles JW, Ashley EA. Cardiovascular disease: The rise of the genetic risk score. PLoS Med. 2018;15(3):e1002546-e.CrossRef Knowles JW, Ashley EA. Cardiovascular disease: The rise of the genetic risk score. PLoS Med. 2018;15(3):e1002546-e.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
When will individuals meet their personalized probabilities? A philosophical note on risk prediction
verfasst von
Olaf M. Dekkers
Jesse M. Mulder
Publikationsdatum
28.11.2020
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in
European Journal of Epidemiology / Ausgabe 12/2020
Print ISSN: 0393-2990
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-7284
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-020-00700-w

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 12/2020

European Journal of Epidemiology 12/2020 Zur Ausgabe