Background
Methods
Ethical aspects
Study design and participants
Variables
Data analysis
Results
Community-dwelling population (N = 17303) | ||
---|---|---|
N | % | |
Gender | ||
Female | 10881 | 62.4 |
Male | 6422 | 37.6 |
Age, years | ||
Younger than or equal to 65 years | 6748 | 40.4 |
Older than 65 years | 10555 | 59.6 |
Education | ||
No school | 2008 | 11.4 |
Primary school incomplete | 6141 | 35.0 |
Primary school complete | 5242 | 29.3 |
Secondary school first step | 1566 | 9.3 |
Secondary school finished | 851 | 5.4 |
Professional school medium | 455 | 2.9 |
Professional school superior | 276 | 1.7 |
University | 740 | 5.0 |
Number of health conditionsa | ||
No health condition | 2572 | 14.9 |
One health condition | 4703 | 27.2 |
Two health conditions | 3957 | 23.0 |
Three or more health conditions | 6071 | 35.0 |
Biological health scores
Biological health | Lived health | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Questions | Discr | HDP | Thr1 | Thr2 | Discr | HDP | Thr1 | Thr2 |
Communication | ||||||||
With what level of difficulty would you say you are able to:… | ||||||||
Speak intelligibly or utter coherent phrases?(l,1)* | 1.593 | [1.543, 1.652] | 1.942 | 3.308 | 0.865 | [0.831, 0.902] | 1.459 | 2.396 |
Understand what other persons say to you?(l,1) | 1.739 | [1.663, 1.804] | 2.139 | 3.769 | ||||
Understand and express yourself in writing? | 1.937 | [1.851, 2.016] | 2.179 | 3.013 | ||||
Understand and express yourself via gestures, symbols, illustrations or sounds? | 2.449 | [2.359, 2.524] | 3.112 | 4.442 | ||||
Hold a dialogue and exchange ideas with one or more persons? | 2.167 | [2.074, 2.250] | 2.471 | 3.965 | ||||
Use the telephone or other devices or communication techniques?(l,1) | 1.455 | [1.391, 1.501] | 1.636 | 2.165 | ||||
Learning and application of knowledge and development of tasks | ||||||||
With what level of difficulty are you able to:… | ||||||||
Hold a gaze or pay attention when listening? | 1.904 | [1.837, 1.965] | 2.527 | 4.109 | ||||
Learn to perform simple tasks? | 2.090 | [2.008,2.191] | 2.412 | 3.239 | ||||
Perform simple tasks?(l,2)* | 2.435 | [2.304,2.532] | 2.945 | 3.880 | 1.491 | [1.430, 1.557] | 2.306 | 3.019 |
Perform complex tasks?(l,2)* | 1.982 | [1.895, 2.049] | 2.084 | 2.830 | 1.106 | [1.072, 1.139] | 1.584 | 2.209 |
Mobility | ||||||||
At what level of difficulty are you able to:… | ||||||||
Change posture?(b,1) | 1.448 | [1.406, 1.488] | 0.106 | 3.240 | ||||
Keep your body in the same position?(b,1) | 1.306 | [1.266, 1.342] | −0.108 | 2.802 | ||||
Walk and move around the home?(b,1)* | 1.205 | [1.164, 1.242] | 0.087 | 1.716 | 1.727 | [1.666, 1.773] | 0.304 | 3.438 |
Walk or move outside the home?(b,2)* | 1.056 | [1.021, 1.084] | −0.391 | 1.194 | 1.456 | [1.421, 1.487] | −0.142 | 2.498 |
Get around via public transport?(b,2) | 1.377 | [1.341, 1.411] | −0.062 | 2.021 | ||||
Drive vehicles? | ||||||||
Lift or carry objects?(b,3) | 1.239 | [1.206, 1.268] | −0.181 | 1.742 | ||||
Handle and move objects?(b,3) | 1.511 | [1.473, 1.547] | 0.035 | 2.319 | ||||
Lift or carry small objects?(b,3)* | 1.158 | [1.122, 1.196] | 0.213 | 1.721 | 1.624 | [1.577, 1.667] | 0.246 | 2.487 |
Self-Care | ||||||||
With what level of difficulty would you say are you able to:… | ||||||||
Wash or dry different body parts? | 2.690 | [2.608, 2.781] | 0.191 | 2.317 | 2.552 | [2.471, 2.624] | 0.908 | 3.840 |
Perform basic grooming? | 2.474 | [2.401, 2.544] | 0.231 | 2.054 | 2.239 | [2.167, 2.330] | 0.918 | 3.040 |
Carry out activities related to urination? | 2.423 | [2.355, 2.492] | 0.554 | 2.829 | 1.987 | [1.933, 2.059] | 0.957 | 3.358 |
Carry out activities related to defecation? | 2.608 | [2.499, 2.766] | 1.059 | 3.118 | 2.401 | [2.331, 2.462] | 1.449 | 4.062 |
Carry out activities related to menstrual care? | ||||||||
Dress or undress? | 2.916 | [2.790, 3.034] | 0.417 | 2.914 | 2.881 | [2.810, 2.940] | 1.294 | 4.495 |
Eat and drink? | 2.299 | [2.176, 2.393] | 1.212 | 3.653 | 2.118 | [2.033, 2.203] | 1.739 | 4.596 |
Follow medical prescriptions? | 3.201 | [3.134, 3.285] | 0.818 | 2.899 | 1.725 | [1.660, 1.772] | 1.437 | 2.905 |
Avoid dangerous situations? | 3.218 | [3.044, 3.385] | 1.182 | 3.178 | 2.368 | [2.294, 2.425] | 1.464 | 3.170 |
Home Life | ||||||||
At what level of difficulty would you say are you able to:… | ||||||||
Do shopping?(b,4) | 1.505 | [1.469, 1.535] | 0.082 | 1.154 | ||||
Prepare meals? | 1.837 | [1.794, 1.880] | 0.329 | 1.161 | 1.893 | [1.842, 1.937] | 0.555 | 1.483 |
Carry out housework?(b,4)* | 1.375 | [1.337, 1.410] | −0.173 | 0.812 | 1.661 | [1.616, 1.700] | 0.140 | 1.297 |
Interaction and interpersonal relations | ||||||||
With what level of difficulty would you say are you able to:… | ||||||||
Show others affection, respect or transmit feelings? | 1.741 | [1.657, 1.812] | 2.421 | 3.726 | ||||
Relate to strangers? | 1.928 | [1.848, 2.017] | 2.294 | 3.060 | ||||
Initiate and maintain relationships with subordinates, peers or superiors? | 1.982 | [1.919, 2.042] | 2.471 | 3.134 | ||||
Initiate and maintain relationships with friends, neighbours, acquaintances or colleagues? | 1.827 | [1.761, 1.884] | 2.325 | 3.233 | ||||
Initiate and maintain family relations?(b,5) | ||||||||
Initiate and maintain intimate or sexual relations?(b,5)* | 1.644 | [1.564, 1.730] | 1.993 | 2.367 |
Environmental factors associated with lived health when controlling for biological health
MLIRT model | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | HPD | |
Fixed effects | −0.072 | 0.016 | [−0.098, −0.042] |
Intercept | |||
Person-level variables | |||
Biological health | 0.902 | 0.005 | [0.891, 0.912] |
Gender (Ref: Female) | −0.172 | 0.009 | [−0.188, −0.154] |
Age (Ref: Younger) | 0.101 | 0.011 | [0.080, 0.123] |
Health and social services | |||
Needed and not received in the last 14 days (Ref: Not needed) | 0.068 | 0.021 | [0.028, 0.105] |
Needed and received in the last 14 days (Ref: Not needed) | 0.057 | 0.009 | [0.038, 0.072] |
Needed and not received in the last 12 months (Ref: Not needed) | 0.091 | 0.031 | [0.038, 0.150] |
Needed and received in the last 12 months (Ref: Not needed) | 0.078 | 0.008 | [0.060, 0.093] |
Economic benefit | |||
Received in the last 12 months (Ref: Not received) | −0.075 | 0.016 | [−0.108,-0.047] |
Change in work activity and profession | |||
Change in work activity in the same profession (Ref: No change) | 0.028 | 0.048 | [−0.074, 0.112] |
Change in occupation or profession (Ref: No change) | 0.269 | 0.035 | [0.199, 0.340] |
Change in relation to the current work activity and occupation (Ref: No change) | 0.148 | 0.013 | [0.123, 0.172] |
Maintaining one’s job | |||
Being out of work in the last 3 months (Ref: Currently working) | −0.102 | 0.059 | [−0.234, −0.003] |
Being out of work between 3 months and one year (Ref: Currently working) | 0.067 | 0.039 | [−0.012, 0.135] |
Being out of work between one and 5 years (Ref: Currently working) | 0.097 | 0.022 | [0.052, 0.139] |
Being out of work more than 5 years (Ref: Currently working) | 0.037 | 0.017 | [0.004, 0.070] |
Disability discrimination | |||
Feeling discriminated due to disability (Ref: Not feeling discriminated) | −0.103 | 0.014 | [−0.131, −0.076] |
Social relationship | |||
Having daily contact with family (Ref: No contact) | −0.047 | 0.010 | [−0.069, −0.028] |
Having daily contact with a friend (Ref: No contact) | −0.022 | 0.009 | [−0.039, −0.007] |
Personal care | |||
Receive personal assistance or care due to disability (Ref: Not received) | 0.008 | 0.013 | [−0.015, 0.031] |
Dwelling-level variables | |||
No availability of environment adaptation of dwelling (Ref: Availability) | 0.002 | 0.007 | [−0.013, 0.015] |