Background
Methods
Participants
Outcome measures
Anthropometrics and demographics
Activity limitations
Spinal mobility
Disease activity
Fear of movement and (re)injury beliefs
Anxiety and depression
Pain area
Data reduction and statistical analysis
Results
Demographic and anthropometrical data
Variables | Total group (n = 170) | Men (n = 108) | Women (n = 62) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Med (IQR) | Mean (SD) | Med (IQR) | Mean (SD) | Med (IQR) | p Value | |
Age, yr | 42.9 (12.2) | 42.7 (20.3) | 43.8 (12.5) | 43.2 (20.4) | 41.3 (11.5) | 42.1 (18.0) | .199 |
Disease duration, yr | 13.1 (11.1) | 10.7 (16.6) | 14.0 (11.2) | 11.9 (18.4) | 11.5 (11.0) | 8.8 (13.0) | .155 |
Height, cm | 171.6 (9.4) | 172.3 (12.9) | 176.2 (7.1) | 176.2 (9.1) | 163.7 (7.4) | 163.4 (9.5) |
< .00
|
Weight, kg | 77.0 (15.0) | 76.6 (20.9) | 81.7 (13.9) | 80.5 (19.2) | 69.7 (13.4) | 67.0 (18.1) |
< .00
|
BMI, kg/m2 | 26.1 (4.4) | 25.6 (6.4) | 26.3 (4.4) | 25.5 (6.1) | 25.7 (4.4) | 25.7 (7.1) | .408 |
BASDAI (0–10) | 3.8 (2.1) | 3.7 (3.3) | 3.6 (2.2) | 3.5 (3.5) | 4.3 (2.0) | 4.2 (3.1) |
.027
|
PGDA (0–10) (n = 146) | 1.4 (1.8) | 1.0 (2.0) | 1.4 (1.9) | 0.9 (2.0) | 1.4 (1.6) | 1.0 (1.6) | .583 |
CRP, mg/L (n = 141) | 8.3 (16.0) | 2.9 (6.6) | 8.9 (16.5) | 3.0 (6.6) | 7.4 (15.3) | 2.2 (6.7) | .810 |
BASFI (0–10) | 3.6 (2.4) | 3.4 (3.8) | 3.5 (2.4) | 3.2 (4.0) | 3.8 (2.3) | 3.7 (3.7) | .459 |
BASMI (0–10) | 3.0 (1.8) | 2.8 (2.0) | 3.3 (2.0) | 2.8 (2.8) | 2.6 (1.2) | 2.6 (1.6) |
.002
|
Cervical rotation, degrees | 60.5 (19.6) | 65.0 (25.0) | 58.0 (21.3) | 62.5 (27.8) | 65.0 (15.6) | 66.0 (20.5) |
.015
|
Tragus to wall, cm | 13.6 (4.6) | 11.7 (4.5) | 14.9 (5.0) | 13.3 (6.2) | 11.4 (2.3) | 10.8 (1.8) |
< .00
|
Lateral flexion, cm | 12.4 (5.1) | 12.7 (8.1) | 11.7 (6.1) | 12.1 (9.4) | 13.5 (4.2) | 13.1 (6.1) |
.028
|
Intermalleolar distance, cm | 99.0 (22.6) | 103.3 (25.1) | 101.0 (21.4) | 105.2 (25.2) | 95.5 (24.2) | 100.7 (25.0) | .141 |
Modified Schober, cm | 5.3 (2.1) | 5.5 (2.5) | 4.9 (2.3) | 5.2 (3.1) | 5.9 (1.7) | 6.2 (2.0) |
.002
|
TSK-11 (11–44) | 24.8 (6.3) | 25.0 (10.0) | 27.8 (6.4) | 25.0 (10.0) | 24.9 (6.0) | 25.0 (9.3) | .888 |
HADS depression (0–21) | 4.6 (3.6) | 4.0 (5.0) | 4.8 (3.7) | 4.0 (5.0) | 4.4 (3.5) | 3.0 (4.0) | .580 |
HADS anxiety (0–21) | 7.1 (3.6) | 7.0 (5.0) | 6.7 (3.4) | 7.0 (5.0) | 7.8 (3.9) | 7.5 (5.0) | .071 |
Frequencies (%) | |||||||
Gender, male/female | 108/62 (64/36) | NA | NA | NA | |||
NSAIDs, yes/no | 87/83 (51/49) | 56/52 (52/48) | 31/31 (50/50) | .816 | |||
Biologicals, yes/no | 67/103 (39/61) | 45/63 (42/58) | 22/40 (36/64) | .427 | |||
Corticosteroids, yes/no | 12/158 (7/93) | 6/102 (6/94) | 6/56 (10/90) | .313a | |||
DMARDs, yes/no | 71/99 (42/58) | 43/65 (40/60) | 28/34 (45/55) | .496 | |||
Psychopharmacologic agents, yes/no | 12/158 (7/93) | 6/102 (6/94) | 6/56 (10/90) | .313a | |||
Analgesics, yes/no | 73/97 (43/57) | 33/75 (31/69) | 40/22 (65/35) |
< .00
| |||
Work status, yes/nob | 99/64 (61/39) | 64/38 (63/37) | 35/26 (57/43) | .497 |
Prevalence and gender differences for pain regions
Body region | Location numbers | Total group | Males (n = 108) | Females (n = 62) | Chi-square value | p Value | ORa | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leg right | 41, 43, 45, 47 | 11.2 (10.8–11.6) | 10.2 (9.9–10.5) | 12.9 (12.5–13.3) | 0.293 | .588 | 1.35 (0.43–4.30) | .588 |
Leg left | 42, 44, 46, 48 | 10 (9.7–10.3) | 9.3 (9–9.6) | 11.3 (10.9–11.7) | 0.181 | .671 | 0.77 (0.21–2.77) | .687 |
SIJ | 49, 50 | 32.9 (32.4–33.4) | 26.9 (26.4–27.4) | 43.5 (42.9–44.1) | 4.971 |
.026
| 1.76 (0.82–3.81) | .149 |
LX | 47–56 | 74.7 (74.2–75.2) | 69.4 (68.9–69.9) | 83.9 (83.5–84.3) | 4.338 |
.037
| 1.74 (0.73–4.14) | .210 |
TX | 57–60 | 32.4 (31.9–32.9) | 25 (24.5–25.5) | 45.2 (44.6–45.8) | 7.315 |
.007
| 2.92 (1.30–6.55) |
.009
|
CTJ | 61–64 | 47.6 (47–48.2) | 48.1 (47.5–48.7) | 66.1 (65.6–66.6) | 5.139 |
.023
| 2.48 (1.17–5.26) |
.018
|
CX | 65, 66 | 47.6 (47–48.2) | 45.4 (44.8–46.0) | 51.6 (51–52.2) | 0.615 | .433 | 1.55 (0.75–3.23) | .240 |
CX and head | 19–24, 65–68 | 54.7 (54.1–55.3) | 50.9 (50.3–51.5) | 61.3 (60.7–61.9) | 1.708 | .191 | 1.71 (0.81–3.60) | .159 |
Sternum | 17, 18 | 20.6 (20.1–21.1) | 18.5 (18.1–18.9) | 24.2 (23.7–24.7) | 0.776 | .378 | 0.98 (0.39–2.48) | .972 |
LX only | 47–56 | 21.2 (20.7–21.7) | 20.4 (19.9–20.9) | 22.6 (22.1–23.1) | 0.115 | .734 | 0.97 (0.41–2.30) | .944 |
TX only | 57–60 | 0.6 (1.5–0.7) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 1.6 (1.5–1.7) | 0.102b | .186 | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | .999 |
CX only | 61–68 | 10.6 (10.2–11.0) | 12.0 (11.5–12.4) | 8.1 (7.8–8.4) | 0.657 | .418 | 1.02 (0.31–3.34) | .999 |
Widespread axial pain | 47–66c | 26.5 (26.0–27.0) | 19.4 (18.9–19.9) | 38.7 (38.1–39.3) | 7.511 |
.006
| 3.33 (1.38–8.02) |
.007
|
Widespread peripheral articular pain | 1–4, 7, 8, 25, 26, 29, 30, 33–36, 37–40, 43, 44, 73, 74, 77–80 | 46.5 (45.9–47.1) | 40.7 (40.1–41.3) | 56.5 (55.9–57.1) | 3.908 |
.048
| 2.34 (1.12–4.88) |
.023
|
Widespread peripheral non-articular pain | 5, 6, 9–14, 25–28, 31, 32, 41, 42, 45, 46, 69–72, 75, 76 | 44.7 (44.1–45.3) | 39.8 (39.2–40.4) | 53.2 (52.6–53.8) | 2.866 | .090 | 1.97 (0.93–4.15) | .079 |