Background
Methods
Population
-
participants representative of the Danish general population in terms of age, gender, and geography: Eastern and Western region (n = 624)
-
Individuals who had identified themselves as having T2D (n = 720)
-
Individuals who had identified themselves as not having type 1 or type 2 diabetes, and who were matched to the T2D sample by age, gender, and region (n = 560)
Survey instrument
Discrete Choice Experiment 1. | Discrete Choice Experiment 2. | |||
Attributes (keywords)
| Possibility A | Possibility B | Possibility A | Possibility B |
Part-time work
| No | Yes | Yes | No |
Customized work
| No | Yes | Yes | No |
Extra breaks with pay
| Yes | No | Yes | No |
Medical visits work hours
| Yes, without pay | No | No | Yes, with pay |
Monthly pay reduction
| 27 € | 13 € | 7 € | 66 € |
Preferred option (A or B)?
| о | о | о | о |
Discrete Choice Experiment 3. | Discrete Choice Experiment 4. | |||
Attributes (keywords)
| Possibility A | Possibility B | Possibility A | Possibility B |
Part-time work
| Yes | No | No | Yes |
Customized work
| No | Yes | Yes | No |
Extra breaks with pay
| No | Yes | Yes | No |
Medical visit work hours
| No | Yes, without pay | Yes, without pay | Yes, with pay |
Monthly pay reduction
| 7 € | 66 € | 27 € | 13 € |
Preferred option (A or B)?
| о | о | о | о |
Discrete Choice Experiment 5. | Discrete Choice Experiment 6. | |||
Attributes (keywords)
| Possibility A | Possibility B | Possibility A | Possibility B |
Part-time work
| Yes | No | No | Yes |
Customized work
| Yes | No | No | Yes |
Extra breaks with pay
| Yes | No | Yes | No |
Medical visits work hours
| Yes, without pay | Yes, with pay | No | Yes, with pay |
Monthly pay reduction
| 13 € | 27 € | 27 € | 13 € |
Preferred option (A or B)?
| о | о | о | о |
Statistical analyses
Results
Sample characteristics
General population | T2D sample | Matched sample | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 600 |
n = 693 |
n = 539 | ||||
n
| % |
n
| % |
n
| % | |
Gender
| ||||||
Male | 309 | 52 | 420 | 61 | 315 | 58 |
Female | 291 | 49 | 273 | 39 | 224 | 42 |
Higest obtained education
| ||||||
Primary school/short education | 270 | 45 | 401 | 58 | 244 | 45 |
Medium long/long education | 330 | 55 | 292 | 42 | 295 | 55 |
Employment sector
| ||||||
Public | 360 | 40 | 309 | 45 | 205 | 38 |
Private | 240 | 60 | 384 | 55 | 332 | 62 |
Type of employment
| ||||||
Full-time | 574 | 96 | 577 | 83 | 498 | 92 |
Part-time | 26 | 4 | 116 | 17 | 41 | 8 |
Income level
| ||||||
Low (below 6711 €)a
| 272 | 45 | 336 | 48 | 211 | 39 |
High (above 6711 €)a
| 251 | 42 | 274 | 40 | 259 | 48 |
Prefer not to answer | 77 | 13 | 83 | 12 | 68 | 13 |
Relative or friend with diabetes?
| ||||||
No | 335 | 62 | – | – | 184 | 66 |
Yes | 205 | 38 | – | – | 352 | 34 |
Diagnosed with diabetes
| ||||||
Type 1 diabetes | 17 | 3 | 0 | 0 | – | – |
Type 2 diabetes | 43 | 7 | 693 | 100 | – | – |
Blood glucose lowering medicine
| ||||||
Yes | 27 | 5 | 544 | 78 | – | – |
No | 573 | 95 | 149 | 22 | – | – |
Insulin treatment
| ||||||
Yes | 6 | 1 | 149 | 22 | – | – |
No | 594 | 99 | 544 | 78 | – | – |
Diabetes specific complications
b
| ||||||
Yes | 36 | 6 | 120 | 17 | – | – |
No | 564 | 94 | 573 | 83 | – | – |
Self-rated health
| ||||||
Good | 443 | 74 | 375 | 54 | 410 | 76 |
Bad | 157 | 26 | 318 | 46 | 129 | 24 |
Perceived severity of T2D
c
| ||||||
Severe | 174 | 29 | 224 | 34 | 149 | 28 |
Not severe | 404 | 67 | 446 | 65 | 374 | 69 |
Don’t know | 22 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 16 | 3 |
WTP for flexible work conditions in the general sample
Part-time work | Customized work | Extra breaks with pay | Time off with pay | Time off without pay | Average | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average € per month | Average € per month | Average € per month | Average € per month | Average € per month | Average € per month | |
Average entire sample (n = 600) | 43 | 36 | 8 | 47 | 38 | 34 |
Gender
| ||||||
Male (n = 309) | 43 | 42 | 17 | 52 | 43 | 39 |
Female (n = 291) | 43 | 32 | 1 | 44 | 35 | 31 |
P value | 0.10 | 0.16 |
0.002
| 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.09 |
Age
| ||||||
25–49 years (n = 341) | 36 | 32 | 8 | 38 | 30 | 29 |
50–67 years (n = 259) | 54 | 45 | 7 | 63 | 50 | 44 |
P value |
0.03
| 0.08 | 0.81 |
0.01
|
0.03
|
0.006
|
Educational level
| ||||||
Primary or short (n = 270) | 33 | 33 | 10 | 46 | 37 | 32 |
Medium-long or long (n = 330) | 53 | 40 | 5 | 49 | 38 | 37 |
P value |
0.01
| 0.30 | 0.35 | 0.75 | 0.88 | 0.30 |
Employment sector
| ||||||
Private (n = 360) | 33 | 37 | 3 | 45 | 29 | 29 |
Public (n = 240) | 51 | 36 | 12 | 50 | 45 | 39 |
P value |
0.02
| 0.95 | 0.06 | 0.56 |
0.04
|
0.05
|
Income
a
| ||||||
Low (n = 272) | 34 | 31 | 6 | 43 | 37 | 30 |
High (n = 251) | 53 | 47 | 12 | 56 | 38 | 41 |
P value |
0.03
|
0.04
| 0.33 | 0.22 | 0.93 | 0.05 |
Relative or friend with diabetes
| ||||||
Yes (n = 335) | 59 | 43 | 8 | 45 | 40 | 39 |
No (n = 205) | 33 | 39 | 10 | 49 | 37 | 34 |
P value |
0.002
| 0.70 | 0.71 | 0.69 | 0.77 | 0.39 |
Self-reported health
b
| ||||||
Good (n = 443) | 48 | 43 | 7 | 54 | 44 | 39 |
Poor (n = 157) | 32 | 23 | 11 | 35 | 25 | 25 |
P value |
0.03
|
0.002
| 0.49 |
0.03
|
0.01
|
0.001
|
Self-reported chronic disease
c
| ||||||
Yes (n = 392) | 51 | 40 | 8 | 46 | 44 | 38 |
No (n = 208) | 30 | 32 | 8 | 49 | 28 | 29 |
P value |
0.002
| 0.23 | 0.90 | 0.76 |
0.04
| 0.08 |
Perceived severity of diabetes
d
| ||||||
Severe (n = 174) | 65 | 39 | 13 | 57 | 37 | 42 |
Not severe (n = 426) | 35 | 36 | 6 | 44 | 37 | 32 |
P value |
0.001
| 0.71 | 0.32 | 0.22 | 0.97 | 0.08 |
WTP for flexible work conditions in the T2D sample and matched sample
T2D sample | Matched sample | Difference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 693 |
n = 539 | Matched-T2D sample | |||
WTP €/month | CI | WTP €/month | CI |
P-value | |
Attributes
| |||||
Part time work | 36 | [31–42] | 76 | [62–97] | <0.001 |
Customized work | 28 | [23–33] | 61 | [49–76] | <0.001 |
Extra breaks with pay | 11 | 18 | 0.132 | ||
Time off for medical visits with pay | 57 | [50–64] | 68 | [53–85] | 0.228 |
Time off for medical visits without pay | 27 | [21–34] | 53 | [41–69] | <0.001 |
Average | 32 | [26–38] | 55 | [43–71] | <0.001 |