Background
Methods
Study design
Participants
N | All | Wrist velocity (°/s)a | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | < 4 | ≥4 – < 8 | ≥8 – < 17.5 | ≥17.5 – < 30 | ≥30 | ||
N | 232 | 233 | 231 | 219 | 136 | ||
Age (years) | 1107 | 42 (32–51) | 45 (35–51) | 44 (35–56) | 42 (32–51) | 36 (27–50) | 36 (31–44) |
Employment time (years) | 1106 | 10 (4–19) | 16 (7–23) | 13 (6–26) | 10 (3–16) | 6 (3–12) | 9 (6–17) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 484 | 25 (23–27) | 24 (23–26) | 25 (23–27) | 25 (23–27) | 25 (23–28) | --b |
Smoker (%) | 799 | 22 | 17 | 4 | 29 | 32 | 23 |
Married/living with partner (%) | 887 | 59 | 81 | 84 | 34 | 34 | 81 |
Young child at home (%) | 860 | 45 | 49 | 57 | 42 | 30 | 60 |
Exercise >once a week (%) | 779 | 51 | 68 | 36 | 62 | 57 | 42 |
Domestic work > 1 h per day (%) | 383 | 46 | --b | 52 | 49 | 32 | 46 |
Job demands (score 1–4) | 859 | 2.6 (2.2–2.9) | 2.6 (2.2–3.0) | 2.7 (2.4–3.0) | 2.3 (1.8–2.7) | 2.6 (2.2–2.9) | 2.7 (2.4–2.9) |
Job control (score 1–4) | 877 | 2.8 (2.3–3.2) | 3.0 (2.7–3.5) | 3.1 (2.8–3.3) | 3.0 (2.8–3.3) | 2.4 (1.9–2.8) | 1.9 (1.6–2.3) |
Job support (score 1–4) | 878 | 2.9 (2.6–3.2) | 3.0 (2.5–3.3) | 2.9 (2.6–3.1) | 3.0 (2.7–3.3) | 2.9 (2.6–3.2) | 2.5 (2.3–2.8) |
Women | < 6.3 | ≥6.3 – < 9.9 | ≥9.9 – < 20 | ≥20 – < 24.1 | ≥24.1 | ||
N | 956 | 1054 | 881 | 813 | 965 | ||
Age (years) | 4733 | 44 (34–53) | 45 (36–54) | 49 (40–57) | 39 (30–50) | 40 (30–51) | 43 (33–52) |
Employment time (years) | 4630 | 11 (5–21) | 12 (6–24) | 13 (6–28) | 10 (4–18) | 8 (3–16) | 11 (5–20) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 3490 | 24 (22–26) | 23 (21–25) | 24 (22–26) | 23 (21–26) | 24 (22–28) | 24 (22–27) |
Smoker (%) | 3373 | 22 | 11 | 7 | 44 | 26 | 39 |
Married/living with partner (%) | 3930 | 70 | 79 | 81 | 56 | 76 | 51 |
Young child at home (%) | 3957 | 48 | 49 | 55 | 42 | 46 | 43 |
Exercise >once a week (%) | 3402 | 46 | 37 | 33 | 68 | 57 | 53 |
Domestic work > 1 h per day (%) | 2495 | 60 | 63 | 65 | 49 | 55 | 54 |
Job demands (score 1–4) | 3589 | 2.7 (2.4–3.0) | 2.6 (2.3–2.9) | 2.9 (2.6–3.1) | 2.4 (2.2–2.8) | 2.7 (2.4–3.0) | 2.7 (2.3–3.1) |
Job control (score 1–4) | 3613 | 2.8 (2.4–3.1) | 2.8 (2.7–3. 2) | 3.0 (2.7–3.3) | 2.8 (2 .3–3.2) | 2.5 (2.2–2.9) | 2.4 (2.0–2.8) |
Job support (score 1–4) | 3600 | 2.8 (2.4–3.0) | 2.9 (2.6–3.1) | 2.9 (2.6 – 3.1) | 2.6 (2.3–3.0) | 2.8 (2. 4–3.0) | 2.3 (2.1–2.8) |
Physical exposure
Postures and velocities in the head and upper arm
Activity in the trapezius and the forearm extensor muscles
Postures and velocities of the wrist
Outcome assessment
Complaints
Diagnoses
Psychosocial work-environment factors
Statistical methods
Results
Physical exposure
Men | Women | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ng | Nw | Np | Mean | (Range) | Ng | Nw | Np | Mean | (Range) | |
Head | ||||||||||
Forward inclination (°) 90th percentile | 17 | 148 | 1107 | 47 | (21–66) | 27 | 357 | 3848 | 40 | (25–52) |
Velocity (°/s) 50th percentile | 17 | 148 | 1107 | 16 | (3–51) | 27 | 357 | 3848 | 11 | (4–21) |
Trapezius | ||||||||||
Activity (% MVE) 90th percentile | 16 | 141 | 1051 | 12 | (6–31) | 29 | 506 | 4233 | 15 | (8–24) |
Upper arm | ||||||||||
Elevation (°) 90th percentile | 17 | 148 | 1107 | 51 | (42–58) | 25 | 362 | 3828 | 53 | (42–67) |
Velocity (°/s) 50th percentile | 17 | 148 | 1107 | 45 | (6–209) | 24 | 342 | 3804 | 31 | (6–73) |
Forearm extensor | ||||||||||
Activity (% MVE) 90th percentile | 15 | 129 | 931 | 21 | (3–52) | 23 | 267 | 3521 | 25 | (12–41) |
Wrist | ||||||||||
Palmar flexion (°) 50th percentile | 16 | 139 | 1051 | −11 | (−21 – − 2) | 34 | 546 | 4669 | −13 | (−30–3) |
Velocity (°/s) 50th percentile | 16 | 139 | 1051 | 16 | (2–55) | 34 | 546 | 4669 | 16 | (2–45) |
Head | Trapezius | Upper arm | Forearm extensors | Wrist | Psychosocial factors | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Velocity p50 | Activity p90 | Elevation p90 | Velocity p50 | Activity p90 | Flexion P50 | Velocity p50 | Job demands | Job control | Job support | |
Head | ||||||||||
Forward inclination (p90) | 0.8/0.3 | 0.7/0.6 | 0.5/0.5 | 0.7/0.2 | 0.7/0.0 | 0.6/0.7 | 0.8/−0.1 | − 0.2/0.2 | − 0.1/0.2 | 0.0/0.0 |
Velocity (p50) | 0.9/0.7 | 0.4/0.6 | 1.0/1.0 | 0.8/0.7 | 0.7/0.7 | 0.9/0.8 | −0.2/0.1 | − 0.4/− 0.2 | −0.1/− 0.2 | |
Trapezius | ||||||||||
Activity (p90) | 0.5/0.6 | 0.9/0.8 | 0.8/0.7 | 0.4/0.7 | 0.9/0.7 | −0.1/0.0 | −0.4/− 0.3 | −0.1/− 0.2 | ||
Upper arm | ||||||||||
Elevation (p90) | 0.4/0.5 | 0.4/0.6 | 0.5/0.5 | 0.3/0.4 | −0.1/0.1 | 0.1/0.1 | 0.2/−0.1 | |||
Velocity (p50) | 0.8/0.8 | 0.5/0.6 | 1.0/0.9 | −0.1/0.0 | − 0.4/− 0.3 | −0.2/− 0.2 | ||||
Forearm extensors | ||||||||||
Activity (p90) | 0.6/0.3 | 0.9/0.8 | −0.2/−0.2 | −0.4/− 0.2 | −0.1/− 0.2 | |||||
Wrist | ||||||||||
Palmar flexion (p50) | 0.6/0.4 | −0.1/0.1 | −0.3/− 0.1 | 0.0/− 0.2 | ||||||
Velocity (p50) | −0.1/0.0 | −0.5/− 0.4 | −0.2/− 0.3 | |||||||
Psychosocial factors | ||||||||||
Job demands | −0.1/0.0 | − 0.1/0.0 | ||||||||
Job control | 0.5/0.3 |
Neck/shoulder
Complaints
Men | Women | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All N (%) | ≤41 years N (%) | > 41 years N (%) | N (%) | ≤43 years N (%) | > 43 years N (%) | |
Complaints | N = 1105 | N = 544 | N = 561 | N = 4727 | N = 2325 | N = 2402 |
Neck/shoulder | 334 (30)aaa | 145 (27)b | 189 (34)b | 2137 (45)aaa | 1059 (46) | 1078 (45) |
Elbow/hand | 211 (19)aaa | 99 (18) | 112 (20) | 1285 (27)aaa | 508 (22)bbb | 777 (32)bbb |
Diagnoses | N = 920 | N = 484 | N = 436 | N = 2366 | N = 1248 | N = 1118 |
Tension neck syndrome | 50 (5)aaa | 25 (5) | 25 (6) | 383 (16)aaa | 218 (18) | 165 (15) |
Rotator cuff tendonitis | 44 (5)aa | 11 (2)bbb | 33 (8) bbb | 185 (8)aa | 85 (7) | 100 (9) |
Acromioclavicular syndrome | 29 (3)aa | 10 (2) | 19 (4) | 141 (6)aa | 55 (4)bb | 86 (8)bb |
Carpal tunnel syndrome | 18 (2)a | 11 (2) | 7 (2) | 87 (4)a | 36 (3)b | 51 (5)b |
N | Neck/shoulder | Elbow/hand | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude PR (95% CI) | Age-adjusted PR (95% CI) | Crude PR (95% CI) | Age-adjusted PR (95% CI) | ||
Physical exposure | |||||
Head | |||||
Forward inclination (°) 90th percentile | |||||
Men | 1105 | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) |
1.22 (1.09–1.37)
|
1.23 (1.09–1.37)
|
Women | 3844 |
0.94 (0.90–0.99)
|
0.94 (0.89–0.98)
| 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 0.98 (0.90–1.06) |
Velocity (°/s) 50th percentile | |||||
Men | 1105 | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) |
1.40 (1.28–1.53)
|
1.42 (1.29–1.56)
|
Women | 3844 |
1.11 (1.03–1.20)
|
1.11 (1.03–1.21)
|
1.63 (1.46–1.82)
|
1.70 (1.53–1.90)
|
Trapezius | |||||
Activity (%MVE) 90th percentile | |||||
Men | 1049 | 1.11 (0.90–1.36) | 1.17 (0.96–1.43) |
2.10 (1.82–2.43)
|
2.15 (1.84–2.50)
|
Women | 4227 |
1.23 (1.13–1.34)
|
1.24 (1.13–1.35)
|
1.80 (1.59–2.06)
|
1.89 (1.66–2.14)
|
Upper arm | |||||
Elevation (°) 90th percentile | |||||
Men | 1105 | 0.93 (0.75–1.15) | 0.91 (0.73–1.13) | 1.27 (0.92–1.75) | 1.27 (0.92–1.75) |
Women | 3823 | 0.97 (0.91–1.02) | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 0.93 (0.85–1.02) | 0.95 (0.86–1.04) |
Velocity (°/s) 50th percentile | |||||
Men | 1105 | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) |
1.08 (1.06–1.10)
|
1.09 (1.07–1.11)
|
Women | 3799 |
1.05 (1.03–1.07)
|
1.05 (1.03–1.07)
|
1.13 (1.10–1.16)
|
1.15 (1.12–1.17)
|
Forearm extensors | |||||
Activity (%MVE) 90th percentile | |||||
Men | 930 | 0.97 (0.87–1.09) | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) |
1.40 (1.26–1.56)
|
1.43 (1.28–1.60)
|
Women | 3516 | 1.05 (0.99–1.10) | 1.05 (0.99–1.11) |
1.27 (1.17–1.37)
|
1.36 (1.26–1.47)
|
Wrist | |||||
Palmar flexion (°) 50th percentile | |||||
Men | 1049 | 0.94 (0.75–1.17) | 1.00 (0.79–1.26) |
1.50 (1.09–2.06)
|
1.56 (1.13–2.14)
|
Women | 4663 | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) |
1.24 (1.15–1.33)
|
1.23 (1.14–1.32)
|
Velocity (°/s) 50th percentile | |||||
Men | 1049 | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) |
1.35 (1.25–1.45)
|
1.37 (1.27–1.48)
|
Women | 4663 |
1.09 (1.06–1.12)
|
1.09 (1.06–1.13)
|
1.26 (1.21–1.32)
|
1.31 (1.26–1.37)
|
Psychosocial factors | |||||
Job demands | |||||
Men | 857 |
1.29 (1.06–1.58)
|
1.29 (1.06–1.57)
|
1.30 (1.00–1.69)
|
1.31 (1.00–1.71)
|
Women | 3584 |
1.34 (1.24–1.44)
|
1.33 (1.24–1.44)
|
1.43 (1.27–1.60)
|
1.39 (1.25–1.56)
|
Job control | |||||
Men | 876 | 0.92 (0.79–1.08) | 0.86 (0.74–1.01) |
0.61 (0.51–0.74)
|
0.59 (0.49–0.71)
|
Women | 3608 |
0.80 (0.75–0.85)
|
0.80 (0.75–0.86)
|
0.66 (0.60–0.72)
|
0.61 (0.56–0.66)
|
Job support | |||||
Men | 875 | 0.83 (0.68–1.01) |
0.81 (0.67–0.99)
|
0.71 (0.56–0.92)
|
0.70 (0.55–0.90)
|
Women | 3596 |
0.84 (0.79–0.91)
|
0.84 (0.78–0.91)
|
0.70 (0.63–0.78)
|
0.69 (0.62–0.77)
|
N | Neck/shoulder | Elbow/hand | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age-adjusted PR (95% CI) | Extended model PR (95% CI) | Age-adjusted PR (95% CI) | Extended model PR (95% CI) | ||
Head | |||||
Forward inclination (°) 90th percentile | |||||
Men | 847 | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | 1.01 (0.91–1.11) | 1.31 (1.15–1.49) |
1.30 (1.13–1.49)
|
Women | 3078 | 0.97 (0.91–1.04) | 0.98 (0.91–1.04) | 1.00 (0.90–1.13) | 1.07 (0.97–1.18) |
Velocity (°/s) 50th percentile | |||||
Men | 847 | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | 1.05 (0.93–1.18) | 1.50 (1.33–1.68) |
1.42 (1.24–1.62)
|
Women | 3078 | 1.18 (1.08–1.30) | 1.08 (0.98–1.19) | 1.76 (1.56–2.00) |
1.51 (1.32–1.73)
|
Trapezius | |||||
Activity (%MVE) 90th percentile | |||||
Men | 847 | 1.18 (0.91–1.51) | 1.16 (0.89–1.50) | 2.40 (2.01–2.88) |
2.06 (1.66–2.55)
|
Women | 3537 | 1.28 (1.16–1.41) |
1.15 (1.04–1.27)
| 2.07 (1.81–2.37) |
1.66 (1.43–1.92)
|
Upper arm | |||||
Elevation (°) 90th percentile | |||||
Men | 847 | 0.94 (0.73–1.23) | 1.02 (0.77–1.33) | 1.40 (0.96–2.04) |
1.56 (1.09–2.23)
|
Women | 3116 | 1.00 (0.93–1.08) | 0.99 (0.92–1.08) | 1.09 (0.98–1.22) |
1.13 (1.01–1.26)
|
Velocity (°/s) 50th percentile | |||||
Men | 847 | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 1.10 (1.08–1.13) |
1.09 (1.06–1.12)
|
Women | 3116 | 1.05 (1.03–1.08) |
1.03 (1.01–1.06)
| 1.16 (1.12–1.19) |
1.11 (1.08–1.15)
|
Forearm extensors | |||||
Activity (%MVE) 90th percentile | |||||
Men | 753 | 1.02 (0.88–1.17) | 1.05 (0.91–1.23) | 1.68 (1.48–1.91) |
1.62 (1.40–1.88)
|
Women | 2757 | 1.13 (1.06–1.20) |
1.12 (1.04–1.19)
| 1.54 (1.41–1.67) |
1.48 (1.35–1.62)
|
Wrist | |||||
Palmar flexion (°) 50th percentile | |||||
Men | 847 | 1.14 (0.86–1.50) | 1.18 (0.87–1.59) | 1.94 (1.36–2.77) |
1.65 (1.13–2.40)
|
Women | 3537 | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) | 1.24 (1.13–1.36) |
1.12 (1.03–1.22)
|
Velocity (°/s) 50th percentile | |||||
Men | 847 | 1.05 (0.96–1.15) | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) | 1.48 (1.36–1.62) |
1.45 (1.29–1.62)
|
Women | 3537 | 1.11 (1.07–1.14) | 1.06 (1.02–1.11) | 1.32 (1.26–1.38) |
1.22 (1.15–1.29)
|
Tension neck syndrome
N | Tension neck syndrome | Rotator cuff tendonitis | Acromioclavicular syndrome | Carpal tunnel syndrome | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude PR (95% CI) | Age-adjusted PR (95% CI) | Crude PR (95% CI) | Age-adjusted PR (95% CI) | Crude PR (95% CI) | Age-adjusted PR (95% CI) | Crude PR (95% CI) | Age-adjusted PR (95% CI) | ||
Physical exposure | |||||||||
Head | |||||||||
Inclination (°) p90 | |||||||||
Men | 920 | 1.16 (0.98–1.38) | 1.18 (0.99–1.40) | 1.07 (0.84–1.37) | 1.11 (0.87–1.42) | 1.07 (0.86–1.34) | 1.09 (0.87–1.37) |
2.41 (1.51–3.86)
|
2.42 (1.50–3.92)
|
Women | 1825 | 1.20 (0.98–1.45) | 1.16 (0.96–1.41) | 0.96 (0.75–1.22) | 0.92 (0.72–1.19) | 1.09 (0.82–1.43) | 0.99 (0.74–1.33) |
2.49 (1.60–3.86
|
2.28 (1.45–3.59)
|
Velocity (°/s) p50 | |||||||||
Men | 920 | 1.16 (0.97–1.38) | 1.18 (0.98–1.43) | 1.24 (0.96–1.60) |
1.40 (1.06–1.85)
| 1.26 (0.94–1.69) | 1.34 (0.98–1.83) |
2.11 (1.68–2.66)
|
2.30 (1.73–3.06)
|
Women | 1825 |
1.93 (1.51–2.46)
|
1.91 (1.51–2.41)
|
1.77 (1.28–2.46)
|
1.78 (1.28–2.48)
| 1.11 (0.73–1.69) | 1.14 (0.75–1.72) |
2.24 (1.27–3.95)
|
2.23 (1.30–3.83)
|
Trapezius | |||||||||
(%MVE) p90 | |||||||||
Men | 920 | 1.20 (0.87–1.66) | 1.23 (0.88–1.72) | 1.49 (0.89–2.49) |
1.81 (1.13–2.90)
| 1.69 (0.97–2.93) |
1.90 (1.10–3.27)
|
3.83 (2.60–5.78)
|
4.07 (2.75–6.03)
|
Women | 2366 |
2.00 (1.61–2.49)
|
2.00 (1.61–2.48)
|
1.86 (1.33–2.59)
|
1.87 (1.33–2.61)
|
1.53 (1.04–2.26)
|
1.55 (1.04–2.31)
|
3.99 (2.50–6.36)
|
4.06 (2.54–6.51)
|
Upper arm | |||||||||
Elevation (°) p90 | |||||||||
Men | 920 | 1.37 (0.83–2.25) | 1.38 (0.84–2.25) | 0.87 (0.44–1.69) | 0.86 (0.44–1.69) | 1.55 (0.75–3.21) | 1.53 (0.74–3.17) | 1.53 (0.54–4.31) | 1.62 (0.58–4.49) |
Women | 1878 | 1.07 (0.89–1.29) | 1.09 (0.90–1.31) | 1.29 (0.97–1.71) | 1.28 (0.96–1.71) | 1.05 (0.79–1.39) | 1.03 (0.77–1.38) |
1.56 (1.11–2.20)
|
1.56 (1.09–2.24)
|
Velocity (°/s) p50 | |||||||||
Men | 920 | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) |
1.06 (1.01–1.11)
|
1.09 (1.04–1.15)
|
1.06 (1.00–1.13)
|
1.08 (1.02–1.15)
|
1.17 (1.12–1.22)
|
1.19 (1.13–1.25)
|
Women | 1878 |
1.21 (1.15–1.28)
|
1.20 (1.14–1.26)
|
1.13 (1.05–1.22)
|
1.13 (1.05–1.22)
| 1.00 (0.90–1.10) | 1.00 (0.91–1.11) |
1.20 (1.07–1.35)
|
1.19 (1.07–1.34)
|
Forearm extensors | |||||||||
(%MVE) p90 | |||||||||
Men | 800 |
1.32 (1.09–1.61)
|
1.38 (1.10–1.73)
|
1.34 (1.01–1.78)
|
1.58 (1.12–2.23)
|
1.48 (1.09–2.00)
|
1.63 (1.17–2.28)
|
1.93 (1.43–2.56)
|
2.09 (1.38–3.16)
|
Women | 1437 |
1.34 (1.13–1.58)
|
1.32 (1.12–1.56)
|
1.34 (1.08–1.66)
|
1.36 (1.10–1.69)
| 0.94 (0.70–1.27) | 0.98 (0.73–1.33) |
1.56 (1.07–2.29)
|
1.64 (1.15–2.36)
|
Wrist | |||||||||
Flexion (°) p50 | |||||||||
Men | 920 |
4.51 (2.31–8.84)
|
4.91 (2.49–9.67)
| 1.49 (0.72–3.08) | 1.75 (0.85–3.61) |
3.66 (1.49–9.01)
|
3.94 (1.62–9.58)
|
3.44 (1.60–7.37)
|
3.50 (1.53–7.97)
|
Women | 2366 |
1.14 (1.01–1.28)
|
1.15 (1.02–1.29)
|
1.37 (1.14–1.64)
|
1.36 (1.13–1.64)
|
1.28 (1.03–1.61)
|
1.28 (1.02–1.60)
|
1.99 (1.50–2.65)
|
2.01 (1.49–2.71)
|
Velocity (°/s) p50 | |||||||||
Men | 920 |
1.20 (1.05–1.38)
|
1.23 (1.05–1.43)
|
1.27 (1.05–1.55)
|
1.45 (1.17–1.78)
|
1.31 (1.05–1.63)
|
1.41 (1.12–1.78)
|
2.10 (1.72–2.56)
|
2.35 (1.78–3.10)
|
Women | 2366 |
1.29 (1.20–1.38)
|
1.30 (1.21–1.40)
|
1.34 (1.20–1.50)
|
1.37 (1.22–1.53)
|
1.21 (1.04–1.41)
|
1.25 (1.08–1.45)
|
1.43 (1.20–1.70)
|
1.49 (1.26–1.76)
|
Psychosocial factors | |||||||||
Job demands | |||||||||
Men | 735 | 0.93 (0.48–1.79) | 0.93 (0.49–1.77) |
1.74 (1.03–2.95)
|
1.84 (1.10–3.07)
|
2.24 (1.12–4.49)
|
2.26 (1.14–4.45)
|
3.18 (1.83–5.51)
|
3.49 (1.96–6.20)
|
Women | 1878 |
1.53 (1.24–1.88)
|
1.52 (1.24–1.87)
|
1.47 (1.09–1.99)
|
1.48 (1.09–2.00)
|
1.86 (1.33–2.59)
|
1.91 (1.36–2.67)
|
1.59 (1.01–2.48)
|
1.60 (1.03–2.51)
|
Job control | |||||||||
Men | 754 | 0.70 (0.49–1.02) |
0.65 (0.45–0.94)
| 0.78 (0.49–1.25) | 0.65 (0.42–1.03) | 0.69 (0.42–1.15) | 0.66 (0.41–1.08) |
0.30 (0.13–0.68)
|
0.30 (0.14–0.66)
|
Women | 1897 |
0.55 (0.47–0.65)
|
0.55 (0.46–0.65)
|
0.58 (0.45–0.75)
|
0.55 (0.42–0.72)
|
0.68 (0.52–0.89)
|
0.64 (0.48–0.84)
|
0.55 (0.40–0.76)
|
0.49 (0.35–0.68)
|
Job support | |||||||||
Men | 753 | 0.64 (0.33–1.25) | 0.59 (0.31–1.11) | 0.51 (0.26–1.03) |
0.43 (0.24–0.78)
| 0.55 (0.25–1.24) | 0.53 (0.24–1.15) |
0.26 (0.11–0.58)
|
0.23 (0.09–0.55)
|
Women | 1884 |
0.68 (0.55–0.83)
|
0.68 (0.55–0.83)
|
0.68 (0.51–0.91)
|
0.67 (0.50–0.90)
|
0.61 (0.44–0.83)
|
0.59 (0.43–0.81)
|
0.46 (0.29–0.74)
|
0.43 (0.27–0.71)
|
N | Tension neck syndrome | Rotator cuff tendonitis | Acromioclavicular syndrome | Carpal tunnel syndrome | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age-adjusted PR (95% CI) | Extended model PR (95% CI) | Age-adjusted PR (95% CI) | Extended model PR (95% CI) | Age-adjusted PR (95% CI) | Extended model PR (95% CI) | Age-adjusted PR (95% CI) | Extended model PR (95% CI) | ||
Head | |||||||||
Inclination (°) p90 | |||||||||
Men | 726 |
1.30 (1.04–1.64)
| 1.27 (0.99–1.63) | 1.14 (0.84–1.56) | 1.19 (0.85–1.67) | 1.15 (0.86–1.54) | 1.22 (0.88–1.69) | 2.09 (1.20–3.62 |
2.14 (1.16–3.93)
|
Women | 1381 | 1.33 (0.99–1.78) | 1.22 (0.95–1.57) | 0.94 (0.67–1.32) | 0.94 (0.69–1.29) | 0.92 (0.64–1.35) | 0.82 (0.58–1.17) | 1.72 (1.04–2.85) | 1.60 (0.93–2.76) |
Velocity (°/s) p50 | |||||||||
Men | 726 |
1.33 (1.04–1.71)
| 1.26 (0.94–1.69) | 1.38 (0.99–1.93) | 1.35 (0.92–1.99) |
1.52 (1.04–2.22)
|
1.58 (1.04–2.39)
|
2.24 (1.57–3.19)
|
1.74 (1.17–2.58)
|
Women | 1381 |
2.50 (1.87–3.33)
|
1.97 (1.45–2.69)
| 1.68 (1.14–2.49) | 1.41 (0.93–2.14) | 1.08 (0.66–1.78) | 0.89 (0.54–1.45) | 2.05 (1.16–3.63) | 1.75 (0.83–3.72) |
Trapezius | |||||||||
(%MVE) p90 | |||||||||
Men | 726 | 1.49 (1.00–2.23) | 1.27 (0.79–2.04) | 1.55 (0.86–2.78) | 1.22 (0.62–2.38) | 2.38 (1.35–4.21) |
2.21 (1.20–4.09)
| 3.03 (2.02–4.58) |
1.76 (1.12–2.78)
|
Women | 1840 |
2.41 (1.86–3.10)
|
1.83 (1.35–2.47)
| 2.15 (1.46–3.17) |
1.60 (1.04–2.46)
| 1.60 (1.01–2.53) | 1.10 (0.68–1.78) | 3.84 (2.17–6.80) |
2.56 (1.33–4.93)
|
Upper arm | |||||||||
Elevation (°) p90 | |||||||||
Men | 726 |
2.13 (1.18–3.84)
|
2.21 (1.27–3.87)
| 0.67 (0.34–1.33) | 0.85 (0.44–1.64) | 1.70 (0.73–3.95) | 2.08 (0.89–4.81) | 1.02 (0.39–2.65) | 1.26 (0.58–2.76) |
Women | 1419 |
1.30 (1.02–1.65)
| 1.29 (0.98–1.69) | 1.39 (0.97–1.98) |
1.52 (1.04–2.23)
| 1.10 (0.76–1.60) | 1.04 (0.67–1.62) | 1.05 (0.64 – 1.72) | 1.07 (0.60–1.92) |
Velocity (°/s) p50 | |||||||||
Men | 726 |
1.06 (1.01–1.11)
| 1.05 (0.98–1.11) | 1.09 (1.03–1.16) | 1.07 (0.99–1.17) | 1.11 (1.04–1.19) |
1.12 (1.03–1.22)
| 1.17 (1.11–1.24) |
1.10 (1.03–1.19)
|
Women | 1419 |
1.27 (1.19–1.35)
|
1.20 (1.12–1.29)
| 1.13 (1.03–1.23) | 1.07 (0.98–1.17) | 0.99 (0.88 – 1.11) | 0.94 (0.83–1.05) | 1.17 (1.03–1.34) | 1.13 (0.95–1.34) |
Forearm extensors | |||||||||
(%MVE) p90 | |||||||||
Men | 631 |
1.69 (1.28 – 2.23)
|
1.68 (1.23–2.29)
| 1.52 (0.97–2.39) | 1.52 (0.93–2.49) | 2.03 (1.46–2.82) |
2.13 (1.45–3.11)
| 2.29 (1.32–3.95) |
1.82 (1.06–3.12)
|
Women | 1060 |
1.41 (1.14–1.75)
|
1.27 (1.01–1.59)
| 1.22 (0.93–1.60) | 1.15 (0.88–1.50) | 0.81 (0.55 – 1.20) | 0.83 (0.56–1.23) | 1.26 (0.80–2.00) | 1.29 (0.78–2.13) |
Wrist | |||||||||
Flexion (°) p50 | |||||||||
Men | 726 |
5.83 (2.60–13.1)
|
6.51 (2.69–15.8)
| 1.88 (0.78–4.52) | 2.07 (0.84–5.09) | 4.04 (1.50–10.9) |
4.55 (1.62–12.8)
| 4.30 (1.79–10.3) |
3.55 (1.29–9.79)
|
Women | 1840 |
1.19 (1.04–1.36)
| 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | 1.40 (1.13–1.74) |
1.25 (1.01–1.55)
| 1.30 (1.00–1.67) | 1.10 (0.86–1.40) | 2.15 (1.48–3.13) |
1.69 (1.17–2.44)
|
Velocity (°/s) p50 | |||||||||
Men | 726 |
1.35 (1.12–1.64)
|
1.34 (1.02–1.75)
| 1.54 (1.20–1.98) |
1.53 (1.04–2.26)
| 1.61 (1.23–2.11) |
1.77 (1.21–2.57)
| 2.31 (1.67–3.21) |
1.96 (1.23–3.13)
|
Women | 1840 |
1.34 (1.24–1.45)
|
1.21 (1.09–1.35)
| 1.36 (1.20–1.54) |
1.23 (1.05–1.45)
| 1.27 (1.08–1.50) | 1.13 (0.93–1.36) | 1.56 (1.29–1.89) |
1.33 (1.04–1.71)
|