Introduction
Analysis of toxicology center reports
Brugmansia and Datura poisonings in America
Study | Continent/country | Toxic plant/plant part | Category of intake | Symptom(s) + analytical result(s) | Gender (age in years) | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
America | ||||||
Chan (2002) [45] | United States | D. stramonium/flowers | Ab | Hallucinations, picking at nonexistent items | M (15) | FR |
Soneral and Connor (2005) [48] | United States | D. stramonium/seeds | Ab | Disorientation, hallucinations, combativeness, unintelligible speech, blurry vision | M (15–17) | FR |
Firestone and Sloane (2007) [43] | United States | B. suaveolens/flowers | Acc | Anisocoria, blurry vision | M (12) | FR |
Wiebe et al. (2008) [32] | Canada | D. stramonium/seeds | Ab | Disorientation, hallucinations, combativeness | M (13–16), F (13) | FR |
Goldfarb et al. (2019) [36] | Canada | B. versicolor | Acc | Anisocoria | F (69) | FR |
Asia | ||||||
Taha and Mahdi (1984) [56] | Saudi Arabia | D. stramonium/fruit | Acc | Dry mouth and skin, tachycardia, dilated pupils | Children (4–6) | FR |
Chang et al. (1999) [57] | Taiwan | B. suaveolens/leaves | Acc | Dizziness, dry mouth, flushed skin, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, blurred vision, mydriasis, hyperthermia, drowsiness, disorientation, agitation, delirium, urine retention, hypertension, coma | 8 M (10–48) 6 F (6–48) | FR |
Diker et al. (2007) [20] | Israel | Tea prepared from D. seeds | Ab | Unconsciousness, fever, mydriasis, dry oral mucosa and skin, tachycardia, coma | Case 1: M (21) Case 2: M (19) | FR; DE |
Oshiro et al. (2008) [30] | Japan | Eggplant grafted on D. metel | Acc | Staggering, slurred speech, mydriasis, drowsiness | M (67), F (62) | FR |
Phua et al. (2008) [31] | Singapore | D. metel | Wrongful use of traditional Chinese medicine | Stiffened upper limbs, non-purposeful movements, disorientation, mydriasis | F (42), M (59) | FR |
Mohamad et al. (2009) [33] | Malaysia | D. stramonium/fruit | Acc | Dizziness, blurred vision, restlessness | M (48) | FR |
Le Garff et al. (2016) [40] | Indonesia | Datura | Homicide (victim of robbery) | Stomach pain, unconsciousness, disordered heart rhythm, suspected heart attack | M (35) | DE |
Africa | ||||||
Onen et al. (2003) [58] | Botswana | Sorghum contaminated with D. stramonium seeds | Acc, sorghum porridge prepared from contaminated grains | Confusion, dry mouth, restlessness, dizziness, abdominal pain, uncontrolled talking, headache, vomiting, nausea, blurred vision | 92 patients (<1–91) F: 55.4% M: 44.6% | FR |
Steenkamp et al. (2004) [39] | South Africa | D. ferox/seeds | Poisoning (category not known) | Heart attack | M (middle-aged) | DE |
Adegoke and Alo (2013) [62] | Nigeria | D. stramonium extract | Ab | Restlessness, incoherent talk, visual hallucinations, convulsions, increased body temperature, dry mouth, dilated pupils, tachycardia | M (12, 14) | FR |
Europe | ||||||
Osváth et al. (2000) [64] | Hungary | Tea prepared from D. stramonium seeds | Ab | Dizziness, blurry vision, incoherent talk, dry mouth, flushed skin, mydriasis, tachycardia, coma | M (29) | FR |
Winckelmann et al. (2000) [65] | Germany | Tea prepared from B. suaveolens flowers | Ab | Dry skin and mucosa, mydriasis, hallucinations, incoherent speech, disorientation | M (14, 16) | FR |
Boumba et al. (2004) [38] | Greece | D. stramonium/seeds | Ab | Blood concentrations of hyoscyamine and scopolamine: 1.1 and 0.2 µg/mL, respectively | M (19) | DE |
Lazzarini et al. (2006) [66] | Italy | Meal prepared from D. stramonium flowers mistaken for edible pumpkin (Cucurbita) flowers | Acc | Loss of consciousness, agitation, confusion, hallucinations, combative behavior, mydriasis, disorientation, aphasia | F (53) | Discharged in good clinical condition, but with amnesia regarding the acute toxic episode |
Marc et al. (2007) [28] | France | D. stramonium | Ab | Unconsciousness, agitation, delirium, visual and tactile hallucinations M: 1.7 ng/mL atropine in blood, F: 1.4 ng/mL scopolamine in blood; 114 ng/mL atropine in urine | M (17), F (17) | FR |
Sevketoglu et al. (2010) [44] | Turkey | B. suaveolens/flowers | Acc | Flaccid paralysis associated with respiratory symptoms; difficulty in speaking and swallowing, dry mouth, hypotonia and muscle weakness, anisocoria | M (5) | Recovery after ca. 2 months of hospitalization |
Disel et al. (2015) [34] | Turkey | Meal “dolma” prepared from D. stramonium flowers mistaken for edible pumpkin (Cucurbita) flowers | Acc (cases 1 and 3: 1 piece of dolma each; case 2: 9 pieces of dolma) | Visual impairment, hallucinations, mydriasis, tachycardia, tachypnea, red and dry skin and mucous membranes; Case 2: in addition: left bundle branch block, rhabdomyolysis | Case 1: F (58); Case 2: M (60); Case 3: F (33) | FR for all cases |
Trancă et al. (2017) [35] | Romania | D. stramonium/seeds | Ab | Fever, dry skin and mucosa, tachycardia, right bundle bunch block, urinary retention, rhabdomyolysis, coma | M (22) | FR |
Lusthof et al. (2017) [41] | Netherlands | Scopolamine hidden in food and drink | Victims of robbery (without knowledge of scopolamine content) | Case 1: heart blood: 0.30 µg/mL scopolamine (4–5 days after death); case 2: hallucinations, scopolamine detected in urine; case 3: unconsciousness, nausea, scopolamine detected in serum (0.0035 µg/mL) and urine | Case 1: M (53); case 2: M; case 3: M | DE; FR; FR |
Brugmansia and Datura poisonings in Asia and Africa
Brugmansia and Datura poisonings in Europe
Year of study | Number of cases/plant part | Co-ingestion | Category of intake | Age group | Gender | Outcome | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brugmansia | Datura | ||||||
2005 | 5/flowers | 12/seeds | (1) D + alc; (2) B + alc; (3) B + benzodiazepines | 6 Acc; 9 Ab; 2 Sui | 11 Ado; 6 Adu | 2 F; 15 M | 13 FR; 4 H |
2006 | 2/flowers | 19 | (1) D. stramonium + alc + white powder + benzodiazepines | 3 Acc; 17 Ab; 1 Sui | 2 Ch; 16 Ado; 3 Adu | 4 F; 17 M | 20 FR; 1 H |
2007 | 11/flowers | 14/fruit, seeds | (1) D + alc; (2) D + benzodiazepines | 4 Acc; 19 Ab; 2 Sui | 3 Ch; 18 Ado; 4 Adu | 10 F; 15 M | 25 FR |
2008 | 2 | 10/seeds | (1) D + alc; (2) B + benzodiazepines | 5 Acc; 5 Ab; 2 Sui | 3 Ch; 6 Ado; 3 Adu | 1 F; 11 M | 10 FR; 2 H |
2009 | 14 | 13/seeds | (1) D. stramonium + alc | 8 Acc; 18 Ab; 1 Sui | 5 Ch; 14 Ado; 8 Adu | 6 F; 21 M | 22 FR; 5 H |
2010 | 3 | 3 | – | 2 Acc; 3 Ab; 1 Sui | 2 Ch; 2 Ado; 2 Adu | 1 F; 5 M | 5 FR; 1 H |
2011 | 0 | 5/seeds | – | 5 Ab | 3 Ado; 2 Adu | 2 F; 3 M | 4 FR; 1 H |
2012 | 11/sap, stem, flower | 8 | – | 4 Acc; 11 Ab; 4 Sui | 2 Ch; 5 Ado; 12 Adu | 3 F; 16 M | 17 FR; 2 H |
2013 | 6/flower, sap | 9/seeds | (1) B + zopiclone | 4 Acc; 10 Ab; 1 Sui | 3 Ch; 4 Ado; 8 Adu | 5 F; 10 M | 13 FR; 2 H |
2014 | 4 | 3 | – | 5 Acc; 2 Ab | 2 Ch; 1 Ado; 4 Adu | 3 F; 4 M | 7 FR |
2015 | 2 | 4 | – | 4 Acc; 1 Ab; 1 Sui | 3 Ch; 3 Adu | 2 F; 4 M | 4 FR, 2 H |
2016 | 3 | 2 | (1) D. stramonium + cannabis | 3 Acc; 1 Ab; 1 Sui | 3 Ch; 2 Adu | 2 F; 3 M | 3 FR; 2 H |
2017 | 2 | 0 | – | 2 Acc | 2 Ch | 2 M | 2 FR |
Total | 65 | 102 | 50 Acc; 101 Ab; 16 Sui | 30 Ch; 80 Ado; 57 Adu | 41 F; 126 M | 145 FR; 22 H |