Background
Severe pneumonia (SP) is one of the leading causes of death in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) [1]. The average mortality in hospitalized patients with SP is between 15 % and 30 %, with a mortality rate of between 50 % and 60 % in the ICU [2, 3]; thus, patients with SP represent a major concern for physicians [4, 5]. If not treated properly, SP may eventually lead to complications that include multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and sepsis, which is characterized by persistent inflammation [6], and ultimately death.
Clinical and basic research have revealed that SP is associated with bacterial or viral infections. In response to invasion by pathogenic microorganisms, sustained release of inflammatory mediators leads to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and coagulopathy [7, 8]. Therefore, in addition to active and early treatment for pathogenic microorganisms using antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant therapy may improve the prognosis of patients with SP. Currently, the main therapeutic strategy for SP involves administration of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents [9]. However, long-term antibiotic therapy not only increases the risk of antibiotic resistance but also produces liver and kidney toxicity and other side effects [10]. Moreover, previous anti-inflammatory strategies showed limited efficacy in clinical trials, in part because they targeted single cytokines [11]. Compared with Western medicine, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been shown in recent studies to have promising results for the treatment of SP [12, 13], indicating that, used in complementary and alternative therapies, TCM may represent a novel therapeutic approach for SP.
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Wang Jinda, a founder of emergency medicine in China, proposed that integrative medicine therapy can raise the cure rate in acute critical disease [14]. He summarized four rules for four syndromes of intensive and critical care based on prescriptions of a toxin-resolving, blood-quickening decoction (解毒活血汤) and house of blood-expelling decoction (血府逐瘀汤) described by Wang Qingren, a famous physician of the Qing dynasty [8]. Through pharmacodynamic screening, he developed the Xuebijing (XBJ) injection [15], a formula composed of five medicinal herbs. Safflower (hong hua) acts as the sovereign drug, activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis, while red peony root (chi shao) and Ligusticum wallichii (chuang xiong) function as the minister drug, cooling blood, dispersing blood stasis, and detoxifying and magnifying the effects of the sovereign drug to activate blood and move qi. Salvia miltiorrhiza (dan shen) and Angelica sinensis (dang gui) are assistants which enrich blood and disperse stasis.
In the TCM perspective, the basic pathogenesis of SP is blood stasis and toxicity blockade. XBJ, a Chinese patent medicine for the symptomatic treatment of SP, has the effect of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, as well as mediating fever attenuation and detoxification. The main components of XBJ are hydroxysafflor yellow A, paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, and salvianolic acid B. Basic research has confirmed that XBJ functions as an endotoxin antagonist, an anti-inflammatory agent, and an anticoagulant and that it regulates immune function [16‐19]. Previous clinical studies showed that routine medication combined with XBJ may reduce infection indicators and the levels of inflammatory cytokines induced by SP [20]. The present clinical study is associated with limitations of sample size, clinical treatment time, and nonuniform drug dosage, as well as with inconsistencies in inclusion and exclusion criteria. Therefore, a large-scale, multicenter, blinded, randomized clinical trial (RCT) is required to confirm the efficacy and safety of XBJ injection for the treatment of SP.
The aim of this trial is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of XBJ injection for SP in China by comparison with a placebo.
Methods/design
Research type
We are conducting a randomized, controlled, blinded, multicenter trial.
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Study setting
The hospitals enrolled in this study are all tertiary referral medical centers, including 28 Western medicine hospitals and 2 TCM hospitals. All of these hospitals are listed in Table 1.
Table 1
Research settings and name of each ethics committee
Research setting | Ethics committee name | Approval registration number |
|---|---|---|
Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University | Medical ethics committee of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University | 2011-(38)3 |
Second Military Medical University, Changhai Hospital | Medical ethics committee of Second Military Medical University, Changhai Hospital | CHEC2013-107 |
First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine | Medical ethics committee of First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine | SLK2012012-1 |
Tianjin Medical University General Hospital | Drug ethics committee of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital | IRB2013-021-02 |
People’s Liberation Army General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region | Medical ethics committee of People’s Liberation Army General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region | k2013-02 |
First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University | Ethics committee of First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University | LCSY2014-02 |
Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University | Medical ethics committee of Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University | 2013-研-012 |
Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital | Medical ethics committee of Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital | C2014-001-01 |
First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital | Medical ethics committee of First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital | C2014-001-01 |
Qilu Hospital of Shandong University | National drug clinical trial ethics committee of Qilu Hospital of Shandong University | 2013068(1) |
Second Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University | Medical ethics committee of Second Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University | 2013EC10-01-1 |
Beijing Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences | Ethical review committee of Beijing Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences | S-519 |
People’s Liberation Army Air Force General Hospital | Ethics committee of People’s Liberation Army Air Force General Hospital | 空总药字第2013-04 |
People’s Liberation Army Second Artillery General Hospital | Ethics committee of People’s Liberation Army Second Artillery General Hospital | 2013013 |
People’s Hospital of Wuhan University | Medical ethics committee of People’s Hospital of Wuhan University | [2013]伦审字(066)号 |
Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University | Medical ethics committee of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University | (2013)伦审字(024)号 |
Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Region, People’s Liberation Army | Medical ethics committee of Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Region, People’s Liberation Army | [2013]005-2号 |
The First Hospital of Jilin University | Ethics committee of The First Hospital of Jilin University | (2014)临审第(140512-049)号 |
Xin Hua Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine | Medical ethics committee of Xin Hua Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine | XHEC-A-2013-041-2 |
People’s Liberation Army Guangzhou Military General Hospital | Institutional review board for clinical trials of People’s Liberation Army Guangzhou Military General Hospital | 批件(2014)-0014 |
West China Hospital of Sichuan University | Clinical test and biomedical ethics branch of West China Hospital of Sichuan University | 2013年临床试验(上市)审(14)号 |
Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital | Medical ethics committee of Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital | [2015]-06 |
Beijing Millennium Monument Hospital | Medical ethics committee of Beijing Millennium Monument Hospital | (2013)伦审第(57)号 |
People’s Liberation Army Beijing Military General Hospital | Institutional review board for clinical trials of People’s Liberation Army Beijing Military General Hospital | BZEC2013-063 |
Shiyan Taihe Hospital | Drug clinical trials ethics committee of Shiyan Taihe Hospital | 2015第(01)号 |
Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated with Qingdao University | Ethics committee of Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated with Qingdao University | 烟毓医伦理审[2014]32号 |
Guangdong Province Chinese Medicine Hospital | Ethics committee of Guangdong Province Chinese Medicine Hospital | 广东省中医院伦理委员会B2013-165-01 |
First Affiliated Hospital of Fourth Military Medical University | Drug clinical trials ethics committee of First Affiliated Hospital of Fourth Military Medical University | KY20140813-3 |
The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University | Clinical trial ethics committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University | 安医一附院伦审-PJ2015-02-07 |
The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University | Medical ethics committee of The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University | 2015-020 |
Study criteria
The patients enrolled in this study should meet the diagnostic and inclusion criteria and provide written informed consent.
Diagnostic criteria
Inclusion criteria
The inclusion criteria are as follows:
1.
Age ≥18 years and ≤75 years, male or female
2.
Weight ≥40 kg and ≤100 kg
3.
Meet the diagnostic criteria for SP
4.
Meet the diagnostic criteria for SIRS
5.
Provide signed informed consent
Exclusion criteria
The exclusion criteria are as follows:
1.
Diagnosis of SP for more than 48 h
2.
Pregnant and lactating women
3.
Disorders likely to have serious effects on survival of the primary disease (such as unresectable tumors, blood diseases, prolonged bed rest caused by cerebrovascular diseases, Alzheimer’s disease, or HIV)
4.
Using immunosuppressants, hormones (a cumulative total methylprednisolone dose ≥1500 mg), and/or using cytotoxic drugs within the previous 6 months, or using all of these drug types within the previous 7 days
5.
Pneumonitis, interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, alveolar proteinosis, and allergic alveolitis induced by obstructive lung tumors
6.
Psychiatric patients
7.
Allergies (to two or more substance allergies)
8.
Participation in other clinical trials in the previous 30 days
9.
Using prohibited drugs in the 7 days before enrollment
11.
Patients who were unsuitable for participation in this trial or unable to complete the follow-up according to the judgment of the investigators
Other criteria
Forbidden and concomitant drugs
The following criteria apply to forbidden and concomitant drugs:
1.
Use of prohibited medicines, including ulinastatin as well as TCM injections with efficacy similar to that of XBJ, such as Tanreqing and Reduning
2.
Details of any additional drugs or therapy must be recorded in the case report form (CRF), including the drug name, dose, and treatment duration
Suspension criteria
The criteria for suspension of participation are as follows:
1.
Poor compliance of investigators or patients
2.
Occurrence of serious adverse events (AEs), complications, or fatal physiological changes
3.
Using forbidden medications or treatments during the trial that might affect analysis of the results
4.
Voluntary withdrawal
5.
Incomplete data
6.
Withdrawal for various reasons, such as death or failure to attend follow-up visits
Interventions
Methods of administration
The treatment group receives routine medication [24] plus XBJ injection (specification 10 ml/piece, packaging 10 pieces/container). The control (placebo) group receives routine medication plus a 0.9 % sodium chloride injection. The dosage and speed of injection for the placebo are identical to the XBJ injection (100 ml twice daily, intravenous drip for more than 80 minutes).
Routine medications for SP
The routine medications used in this trial for SP are as follows:
1.
Types of antibiotics: A β-lactam (cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, or ampicillin/sulbactam) plus either a macrolide (azithromycin, clarithromycin, or erythromycin) or a fluoroquinolone (for penicillin-allergic patients, a respiratory fluoroquinolone and aztreonam); for Pseudomonas infection, a β-lactam (piperacillin/tazobactam, cefepime, imipenem, or meropenem) plus either ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin; or the above β-lactam plus an aminoglycoside and an antipneumococcal fluoroquinolone (for penicillin-allergic patients, substitute aztreonam for the above β-lactam)
2.
Dosage of hormones: Using hormones is one of our exclusion criteria; however, during the intervention period (5–7 days), low-dose ( 1 mg/kg/day), methylprednisolone can be given if necessary
Dispensing and combination methods
The dispensing and combination methods used in this trial are as follows:
1.
XBJ (100 ml) is diluted to 200 ml using saline as a solvent.
2.
The use of other injections simultaneously during the course of intravenous infusions is prohibited.
3.
Other injections should be separated by injection of 50 ml of saline.
Precautions
The precautions we will observe are as follows:
1.
Patients receive the study drug within 24 h of enrollment.
2.
The routine treatment of SP (e.g., antibiotics, hormones, anticoagulants, vasopressors) should be carried out simultaneously and XBJ injection should not be used as a substitute.
Sample size
Previous studies [25, 26] showed that the improvement of PSI risk rating of the control group is 70 %. Assuming that the improvement in the treatment group is 10 % higher than that in the control group, the sample size is calculated according to the parameters α = 0.05 (two-sided test) and β = 0.2. Using PASS 11 software (NCSS Statistical Software, Kaysville, UT, USA), we calculated that 291 patients should be recruited into each group. Considering an attrition rate of no more than 15 %, the eligible participants in each group should be no fewer than 342. Therefore, we determined that we would need a sample size of 350 in each group (n = 700).
Randomization
The randomization of the trial will be completed at an independent data center using a central randomization system to achieve dynamic minimization randomization. When a subcenter accepts an eligible participant, researchers will log into the central randomization system to enter stratified factor information of the patient, including age, mechanical ventilation condition, and the source of infection (community- or hospital-acquired infection). The central randomization system will then assign an identification code and a random number unique to this participant, who then will receive the corresponding treatment regimen.
Blinding
Blinding methods
The blinding methods used in this trial are as follows:
1.
Investigators and drug administrators have independent authority to log into the central randomization system. The investigators are responsible for screening subjects, obtaining informed consent, entering patients’ information into the system, and obtaining a random number; however, the patients’ group assignment is concealed. After the subjects are randomly assigned by the investigators, drug administrators will log into the system to obtain the patient’s group with the random number and assign the study drugs to subjects.
2.
Both the XBJ and placebo are administered using the photophobic infusion set to avoid the subjects’ ascertaining their group assignment.
3.
Both the paper and electronic CRFs are filled in with the patient’s random number only, while details of the group information are not included.
4.
During the course of the study, investigators and drug administrators work relatively independently, both having signed a confidentiality agreement that prohibits any disclosure of group-related information.
5.
Unblinding is divided into two processes by the interactive web response system (IWRS) central randomization system. First, after data-locking, the random numbers corresponding to the group code (e.g., A group, B group) are revealed. Second, when the statistical report is fixed, the actual group will be revealed.
Emergency unblinding
If knowledge of the patient’s group is required in the event of an emergency or a requirement for rescue, researchers first obtain details of the patient’s group from the drug administrators, then the reason for the unblinding will be reported to the major investigators within 24 h. The subjects are withdrawn from the study after unblinding. Detailed unblinding cause, date, treatment situation, and results will be reported in the CRF and signed by the administrator.
Content and points of data capture
The content and points of data capture in the trial are as follows:
1.
Screening period (1 day): 24 h before recruitment
2.
Intervention period (5–7 days): follow-up every day and recorded
3.
Period after intervention (within 28 days after treatment): follow-up at day 8 and day 28
Different items are measured according to the time points of data collection. The details are shown in Table 2.
Table 2
Content and points of data capture
Content | Screening | Intervention | After intervention | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Visit 1 | Visit 2 | Visit 3 | Visit 4 | Visit 5 | Visit 6 | Visit 7 | Visit 8 | Visit 9 | Visit 10 | |
Day | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 28 |
Informed consent form | Χ | |||||||||
Pregnancy test | Χ | |||||||||
Demographic information | Χ | |||||||||
Inclusion/exclusion criteria | Χ | |||||||||
Get SSID and random number | Χ | |||||||||
History of SP and treatment | Χ | |||||||||
History of medication and treatment | Χ | |||||||||
Concomitant diseases | Χ | |||||||||
Complications | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | |
Body weight and body mass index | Χ | Χ | ||||||||
Vital signs | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | |
Laboratory tests | Χ | Χ | Χ | |||||||
Safety outcomes | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | ||||||
Mean arterial pressure | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | |
Central venous pressure | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | |
Blood gas analysis | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | |
Mechanical ventilation parameters | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | |
Chest x-ray or CT scan | Χ | Χ | Χ | |||||||
Sputum and blood culture | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ |
Record of routine treatment | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | |||
Issue study drug | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | |||
Record issue and recovery drug | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | |||
Record adverse events | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | |||
Severity-of-illness scores | Χ | Χ | Χ | |||||||
Stage efficacy evaluation | Χ | Χ | ||||||||
Length of mechanical ventilation | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | |
Length of stay in ICU | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | |
Length of hospitalization | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | |
Length of antibiotic use | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | Χ | |
Efficacy and safety evaluation | Χ | |||||||||
Main treatment affecting prognosis | Χ | |||||||||
Survival follow-up | Χ | |||||||||
Outcome measures
Primary outcome measures
The primary outcome of this trial is the improvement of the PSI risk rating [27]. The evaluation criteria are as follows:
1.
Significantly effective: the risk rating decreases two levels
2.
Effective: the risk rating decreases one level
3.
Ineffective: no change or deterioration in the risk rating
Evaluation of improvement in PSI risk rating is the sum of the total numbers of significantly effective and effective divided by the total number, multiplied by 100 %.
Secondary outcome measures
The secondary outcome measures are as follows:
1.
SIRS improvement: determined according to changes in the SIRS diagnostic indicators [28] before and after the intervention. These evaluation criteria are as follows:
a.
Significantly effective: the symptoms improved (three or four diagnostic indicators change from abnormal to normal)
b.
Effective: the symptoms were relieved (two diagnostic indicators change from abnormal to normal)
c.
Ineffective: no change or deterioration in the symptoms (only one diagnostic indicator changes from abnormal to normal, or other condition)
d.
SIRS improvement degree is measured as the sum of the total numbers of significantly effective and effective divided by the total number, multiplied 100 %
2.
Lung Injury Score (LIS) improvement: only for patients with ventilation; the evaluation criteria are based on those defined by Murray and colleagues [29] according to the changes in LIS before and after the intervention (Table 3), measured as LIS improvement degree equals the sum of significantly, moderately, and slightly effective divided by the total number, multiplied by 100 %
3.
The highest body temperature
4.
MODS score [30, 31] improvement according to the differences in MODS scores before and after the intervention:
a.
Significantly effective: MODS score decrease ≥7
b.
Moderately effective: MODS score decrease 4–6
c.
Slightly effective: MODS score decrease 2–3
d.
Ineffective: no change or increase in MODS score
e.
MODS score improvement degree is measured as the sum of significantly, moderately, and slightly effective divided by the total number, multiplied by 100 %
5.
Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) [32] score improvement according to the differences in the APACHE II scores before and after the intervention using the lowest APACHE II score within 24 h (≤19, low risk; ≥20, high risk)
6.
Sequential Organ Failure Assessment [33] score improvement assessed according to the number of organ failures (0–1 organ failure, low risk; ≥2 organ failures, high risk)
7.
The changes in inflammation and coagulation indicators: C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and d-dimer
8.
Chest x-ray changes
9.
The mutual conversion rates of invasive mechanical ventilation and noninvasive mechanical ventilation
10.
Mortality rate after 28 days
11.
The time of mechanical ventilation, total duration of ICU stay, hospitalization, and antibiotic use
12.
The time of bacterial cultures becoming negative
Table 3
Evaluation criteria of Lung Injury Score improvement
Total score of four items | Total scores for the three items (except lung compliance) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Decrease ≥4 | Decrease 2–3 | Decrease 1 | No change or increase | |
Decrease ≥6 | Significantly effective | Significantly effective | Significantly effective | Significantly effective |
Decrease 4–5 | Significantly effective | Moderately effective | Slightly effective | Slightly effective |
Decrease 2–3 | Slightly effective | Slightly effective | Slightly effective | Slightly effective |
No change or increase | Ineffective | Ineffective | Ineffective | Ineffective |
Safety outcomes
Safety outcomes, including vital signs, routine blood and urine tests, fecal occult blood test, hepatic (alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, serum total bilirubin) and renal (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine) function, coagulation index (fibrinogen, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time), electrocardiogram results, and AEs. All of these indicators will be monitored closely throughout the trial.
Adverse events
Every AE occurring during the study must be recorded in the AE form according to the actual circumstances. The following information should be recorded: occurrence time, severity, duration, adopted measure, and the outcome of the AE. The number and rate of AEs and serious AEs of the two groups are recorded. A crossover table is used to describe the changes in laboratory and electrocardiogram indicators.
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Statistical analysis
The statistical analysis will be performed using SAS software version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Rates of PSI improvement between the groups will be analyzed by performing superiority tests. If the lower limit of the 95 % confidence interval is larger than a clinically meaningful difference, therapeutic effects of the experimental group are deemed to be clinically and statistically better than those of the control group. Two-sided tests will be performed for all the other statistical analyses. Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel χ2 tests or Fisher’s exact tests will be used for comparison of categorical outcomes. Continuous outcomes will be analyzed by using Student’s t test. p values ˂0.05 are considered to indicate statistical significance.
Data management
Data input
Two data input media will be applied in this study. Researchers add patient information to the paper CRF promptly and synchronously with input into the electronic CRF. The occurrence of unexpected problems during this process should be recorded, and the data management center will be informed in a timely manner.
Data verification
In this trial, Oracle Clinical (OC) software (Oracle Corp., Redwood Shores, CA, USA) will be used for centralized data management [34]. Modifications made by clinical investigators will be checked promptly, and the results will be reported to the researchers and clinical research associates (CRAs). The CRAs are responsible for verifying the consistency and accuracy of the paper and electronic CRFs and for reporting the results to the clinical investigators.
Data lockup
Data lockup will be implemented by data management on completion of the study. Researchers are unable to modify data subsequently, and problems will modified in the statistical analysis.
Quality assurance
Compliance control
Before the trial, caution will be applied in selection of the participating institutions and investigators. All the participating institutions will be required to have approval from the drug clinical trial agency, and all the investigators will be required to be qualified in the implementation of Good Clinical Practice (GCP) training according to the State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA). Before the trial, investigators will receive rigorous training and take a comprehensive examination to improve compliance [35]. In the CRF, the investigators will be required to provide authentic and reliable data of combined medication and AE conditions; the subjects will be required to comply with their medication regimen and receive follow-up in accordance with the trial plan; and the drug administrator will ensure accurate recording of the dosage and amount of drug remaining to monitor patient compliance.
Monitoring and inspection
Both online monitoring and in situ supervision will be used in this trial. With the support of the “check” function in the OC software, large-scale clinical trial dynamic management will be implemented to ensure that the data are collected completely, promptly, and accurately. The organizer will nominate monitors for regular visits to each unit for reexamination of the CRF to ensure consistency with the original data.
Ethical issues
Ethics statement
Researchers are responsible for ensuring that the study is conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and GCP. Participants entirely voluntarily give their written informed consent before any study procedures, and they can voluntarily withdraw from the study for any reason. Parents or guardians are informed of the risks and benefits of the study if the participants have difficulty with decision-making. Each patient will be identified with a unique random number, and the private data must be preserved by researchers to maintain confidentiality.
Ethical approval
The study protocol, informed consent form (ICF), and other research documents were approved by the medical ethics committee of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University [approval registration number 2011-38(3)]. Other participating agencies were approved by the medical ethics committee of each hospital. (The names of all ethics committees that approved our study in every center are listed in Table 1.)
Clinical trial insurance
Before the trial, “safe clinical trial insurance” was purchased from Ping An Insurance Group (China) (policy number 10330001900105798721).
Informed consent form
The ICF must be signed by the participants or their representatives, and the date must be included. The signed ICF will be preserved by researchers and participants independently. The ICF preserved by the researchers will be made available to project managers for monitoring, auditing, and inspection.
Discussion
XBJ is a confidential National Technology Product approved by the Ministry of National Science and Technology and the State Secrecy Bureau, and is authorized as a patented product by the State Intellectual Property Office (patent protection period of 20 years). In 2004, XBJ was approved for marketing by the SFDA (number Z20040033). Preliminary clinical trial [36] results indicated that routine medication combined with XBJ can significantly reduce the death rate due to SP, and can also decrease the duration of mechanical ventilation and antibiotic use, with no adverse reactions such as liver and kidney dysfunction.
Blinding methods
Due to the characteristically colored liquid resulting from the TCM injection production process [37], it is difficult to produce a placebo with a similar appearance; therefore, most previous clinical trials have not been blinded in design. Such unblinded trials are subject to risks of selection bias and evaluation bias. To overcome this issue, we used photophobic infusion sets to implement a blinded design for the present study. Furthermore, this trial was designed with the aid of computer technology, using an updated version of the conventional processes of the central IWRS randomization system to conceal group information. Investigators and drug administrators will be given independent authority to log into this system following signing of a confidentiality agreement. All these methods were used to ensure that the blinded design is implemented and maintained for the duration of the present study.
Strict randomization was implemented to minimize selection bias and evaluation bias. Furthermore, the use of the photophobic infusion set not only ensured that the blinded design of this trial was maintained but also avoided the placebo effect, rendering the research findings fair and objective. To our knowledge, the blinding and randomization methods used are being adopted in TCM injection clinical studies for the first time. These strategies can be used to overcome the difficulties associated with the blinded design of such studies, and also to investigate feasible approaches to clinical evaluation of other colored agents.
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Outcome measures
In this trial, we selected improvement in PSI risk rating as the primary outcome. PSI risk rating is used to classify patients with pneumonia into 5 grades of increased risk for short-term mortality on the basis of 20 variables that are routinely available at presentation [38]. This risk rating precisely reflects the condition of patients with pneumonia [38]. It has been extensively validated in prospective and retrospective studies and is widely used in hospitals [39‐41]. The secondary outcomes of this trial include several severity-of-illness scoring systems, such as LIS, MODS, and APACHE II, which reflect the condition of patients with SP from different perspectives and are predictive of patient mortality. Most previously reported SP trials used mortality or length of ICU stay as primary outcomes. However, many types of drugs and devices are used to treat patients in ICUs; therefore, it is difficult to establish a significant impact of a novel therapy on mortality among ICU patients. Consequently, in this study, selected indicators were used to reflect the condition of patients and to determine the significance of the therapy.
Safety of XBJ injection
The TCM injection is a new formulation of Chinese herbs based on a modification of the oral delivery of the traditional decoction. This alternative is characterized by rapid and efficient delivery and provides more choice for the clinical treatment of disease. However, there is little experience with TCM injections in the clinic; consequently, the safety of this formulation remains to be confirmed, and incorrect administration may be associated with AEs. Therefore, TCM injections must be used cautiously. Confirmation of the safety of XBJ injection as a TCM is of paramount importance. A meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of XBJ injection [42] revealed that no AEs occurred in 1022 patients who received this treatment, indicating that XBJ injection is safe. There are also some reports of the AEs associated with XBJ injection [43], the majority of which occurred in patients receiving XBJ for the first time. Of the instances of AEs, 58.8 % occurred within 30 minutes of the injection, 64.7 % were caused by improper use of XBJ, and 47.1 % were recorded among patients with a history of allergies; all the patients improved after drug withdrawal.
In this trial, we also selected inflammation and coagulation index as well as hepatic and renal function as safety outcomes. All of these indicators will be closely monitored throughout the trial to determine the long-term safety of XBJ.
Strengths and limitations
This is a first large-sample, multicenter, blind RCT of TCM injection and was designed on the basis of previous studies. We adopted the central randomization system, electronic CRF, and other advanced systems and achieved innovative breakthroughs in the blinded design. The high standards for selection of the participating institutions and researchers, rigorous training of researchers, and the implementation process for inspection and other quality control methods were designed to ensure the quality of this trial. Ethical approval, signed informed consent, and clinical trial insurance coverage fully protect the interests of the subjects. We selected several severity-of-illness scoring systems as primary and secondary outcomes for objective evaluation the effects of XBJ. Throughout the trial, safety outcomes will be closely monitored to avoid AEs and crossover tables will be used to describe the changes in laboratory and electrocardiogram indicators. However, due to the large sample, the time of participant recruitment is long. The season and climate change may influence the prognosis of disease. The results of the trial remain to be confirmed in clinical research practice.
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Trial status
Currently, participant recruitment is ongoing.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Tianjin University “Innovation Team Training Program” (Clinical Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Team [TD12-5032]) and Tianjin Chase Sun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
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Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
HCS sponsored the study and designed this protocol. CXB is the primary supervisor and participated in the design of this protocol. PW drafted the manuscript. YLS helped PW draft and revise the manuscript. HW, WKZ and MR participated in the design of the protocol and are responsible for trial management. ZL, JBZ and CY are involved in the data collection and monitoring of the study. SL and ZQF are supervising this study and participated in revising the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.