Background
Methods
Eligibility criteria
Types of studies
Types of participants
Types of interventions
Experimental
Control
Types of outcome measures
Search methods
Data extraction and management
Risk of bias in individual studies
Data analysis
Assessment of effect size
Assessment of heterogeneity
Subgroup and sensitivity analyses
Risk of bias across studies
Results
Literature search
Study characteristics
Reference | Patients | Cointerventions ns | Intervention groups | Longest follow-up | Outcome measures | Results | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N, Diagnosis, Age) | (program length, frequency, duration) | |||||||
Treatment
|
Control
| 1) Symptoms | Short-term | Long-term | ||||
2) Well-being | ||||||||
3) Cognitive function | ||||||||
4) Social function | ||||||||
5) Hospitalization | ||||||||
6) Safety | ||||||||
119 patients with Schizophrenia according to DSM IV CGI≥3 YOGA 32.8±10.0 y EX 30.6±7.3 y WL 33.6±9.5 y | Antipsychotic drugs |
Yogasana (YOGA) 4 months: Month 1: 25x45 minutes instructed SVYASA Yoga (loosening exercises, postures, breathing, relaxation, no meditation) Month 2-4: home based training | 1. Exercise (EX) 4 months Month 1: 25x45 min. instructed physical exercise (walking, jogging, postures, relaxation) Month 2-4: home based training 2. Usual care (UC) 4 months | 4 months | 1) PANSS a) positive symptoms b) negative symptoms c) total 3) TRACS 4) SOFS total 6) Extrapyramidal Symptoms | 1) a) YOGA: sign. improvement; EX/WL: n.s. b) YOGA: sign. improvement; EX/WL: n.s. c) YOGA: sign. improvement; EX/WL: n.s. 3) YOGA: sign. improvement; EX/WL: n.s. 4) YOGA: sign. improvement; EX/WL: n.s. 6) n.s. | n.a. | |
Duraiswamy et al., 2007 [43] | 61 patients with Schizophrenia according to DSM IV CGI≥4 YOGA 32.5±7.9 y EX 31.3±7.9 y | Antipsychotic drugs |
Yogasana (YOGA) 4 months Month 1: 25x45 minutes instructed SVYASA Yoga(loosening exercises, postures, breathing, relaxation, no meditation) Month 2-4: home-based training | 1. Exercise (EX) 4 months Month 1: 25x45 min. instructed physical exercise (walking, jogging, postures, relaxation) Month 2-4: home-based training | 4 months | 1) PANSS a) positive symptoms b) negative symptoms c) total 2) WHO QOL-BREF a) physical b) psychological c) social d) environmental 4) SOFS total 6) Simpson Angus Scale for Extrapyramidal Symptoms | 1) a) n.s. b) YOGA > EX c) YOGA > EX. 2) a) YOGA > EX b) YOGA > EX c) YOGA > EX d) YOGA > EX 4) YOGA > EX 6) n.s. | n.a. |
Vancampfort et al., 2011 [44] | 49 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder CGI≥4 Women: 32.8±8.9 y Men: 31.8±8.7 y | Hospital inpatient treatment |
Hatha yoga (YOGA) Single 30-minutes session Bodily postures, coordination, strength, flexibility, balance, breath awareness, relaxation. | 1. Exercise (EX) Single 20-minutes session Ergometer training 2. Usual care (UC) Single 20-minutes session Reading | Immediately | 2) SEES | 2) YOGA > UC | n.a. |
Visceglia et al., 2011 [45] | 18 patients with schizophrenia YOGA: 37.4±13.7 y WL: 48.1±11.2 y | Hospital inpatient treatment |
Yoga (YOGA) 8 weeks: 2 x 45 minutes per week Stretching, movements, breathing, relaxation |
Usual care (UC) 8 weeks | 8 weeks | 1) PANSS a) positive symptoms b) negative symptoms c) total 2) WHO QOL-BREF a) physica b) psychological c) environmental 4) WHO QOL-BREF 6) adverse events | 1.) a) YOGA > UC b) YOGA > UC c) YOGA > UC 2) a) YOGA > UC b) YOGA > UC c) n.s. 4) n.s. 6) n.s. | n.a. |
Xie et al., 2006 [46] | 90 patients with schizophrenia according to CCMD-3 YOGA: 28.2±8.3 y UC: 30.5±9.4 y | Antipsychotic drugs |
Yoga (YOGA) 8 weeks 4-5x60 minutes per week Bodily postures, breathing techniques, meditation, relaxation |
Usual care (UC) 8 weeks
| 8 weeks | 2) GQOLI-74 a) material life b) physical function c) psychological function 4) GQOLI-74 | 2) a) n.s. b) YOGA > UC c) YOGA > UC 4) YOGA > UC | n.a. |
Setting and participant characteristics
Risk of bias in individual studies
Selection bias: | Performance bias: | Attrition bias: | Reporting bias: | Detection bias: | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author, year | Adequate random sequence generation | Adequate allocation concealment | Similar baseline characteristics | Adequate participant blinding | Adequate provider blinding | Similar or no co-interventions | Acceptable compliance | Acceptable and described drop-out rate | Inclusion of an intention-to-treat analysis | No selective outcome reporting | Adequate outcome assessor blinding | Similar timing of outcome assessment | Total: (max. 12)a
|
Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | No | No | Unclear | Yes | Yes | 6 | |
Duraiswamy et al., 2007 [43] | Yes | Unclear | Yes | No | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | 6 |
Vancamport et al., 2011 [44] | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Yes | No | No | Yes | Unclear | Yes | 4 |
Visceglia et al., 2011 [45] | Yes | Unclear | Yes | No | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes | 5 |
Xie et al., 2006 [46] | Yes | Unclear | Yes | No | Unclear | Yes | Unclear | No | No | Yes | Unclear | Yes | 5 |