Background
Methods
Study areas
Data collection
Species identification, conservation status, and average weight
Data analysis
Results
Socioeconomics
Key socioeconomic aspects | Locations | Total | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MAT | SJS | SL | SM | CT | VA | ||
Age | |||||||
Less than 30 years old (yo) | 6 | 23 | 11 | 20 | 9 | 8 | 77 (29.96%) |
30–39 yo | 3 | 7 | 11 | 12 | 7 | 7 | 47 (18.29%) |
40–49 yo | 7 | 8 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 42 (16.34%) |
50–59 yo | 4 | 5 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 35 (13.62%) |
60 or older | 14 | 5 | 2 | 11 | 10 | 14 | 56 (21.74%) |
Education level | |||||||
Low | |||||||
Illiterate/semi-literate | 14 | 7 | 4 | 20 | 19 | 17 | 81 |
Total “low level” | 81 (31.52%) | ||||||
Medium | |||||||
Elementary school/Junior High School (from 1st to 7th grades) incomplete | 19 | 28 | 23 | 25 | 15 | 14 | 124 |
Junior High School complete (8th grade finished) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 12 | |
Total “medium level” | 136 (52.92%) | ||||||
High | |||||||
Secondary school incomplete | 6 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 18 | |
Secondary school complete | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 21 | |
Superior education incomplete or complete | 1 | 1 | |||||
Total “high level” | 40 (15.56%) | ||||||
Personal income | |||||||
Up to a minimum wage (≤ 320.6 USD) | 6 | 3 | 4 | 8 | 7 | 2 | 30 (11.67%) |
1–3 minimum wage (> 320.6 USD, < 961.8 USD) | 26 | 41 | 23 | 48 | 33 | 29 | 200 (77.82%) |
>3 minimum wage (> 961.8 USD) | 2 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 12 | 27 (10.51%) |
Sell species for traditional medicine | |||||||
Yes | 27 | 32 | 30 | 47 | 22 | 31 | 189 (73.54%) |
No | 7 | 16 | 3 | 11 | 19 | 12 | 68 (26.46%) |
Receive “Bolsa família” | |||||||
Yes | 20 | 31 | 24 | 38 | 31 | 20 | 164 (63.81%) |
No | 14 | 17 | 9 | 20 | 10 | 23 | 93 (36.19%) |
Residence zone | |||||||
Urban | 27 | 41 | 28 | 33 | 23 | 152 (59.14%) | |
Peri-urban | 7 | 7 | 5 | 25 | 41 | 20 | 105 (40.86%) |
House | |||||||
Own | 33 | 34 | 23 | 46 | 41 | 33 | 210 (81.71%) |
Rented home | 6 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 13 (5.06%) | ||
Another situation | 1 | 8 | 7 | 11 | 7 | 34 (13.23%) | |
Motor vehicle at home | |||||||
Yes | 19 | 29 | 24 | 34 | 19 | 29 | 154 (59.92%) |
No | 15 | 19 | 9 | 24 | 22 | 14 | 103 (40.08%) |
Medicinal bushmeat species and zootherapeutic uses
Class/Family/Species/“Local name”, popular name (En-US) | Average weight (kg) | Parts used for medicinal purposes | Disease (or illness) treated | IUCN Red List | UV |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amphibians (Amphibia) | |||||
Bufonidae | |||||
Rhinella jimi (Stevaux, 2002)—“Cururu” | 0.2 | Leather, fat (banha), viscera | Itches, “esponja de cavalo” (Dermal wounds brought about by infestation of larvae of Habronema muscae), inflammations, “estrepes” (suck a splinter out of skin), wounds, cracked feet, hangnail | LC | 0.05 |
Leptodactylidae | |||||
Leptodactylus vastus A. Lutz, 1930—“jia”, Northeastern Pepper Frog | ~ 1 | Meat | Eczema, sore throat, swellings | LC | 0.01 |
Reptiles (Reptilia) | |||||
Boidae | |||||
Boa constrictor Linnaeus, 1758—“cobra de veado”, “jibóia”, Boa | 5.6 | Fat (banha) | Arthritis, pains, to promote hair growth in areas affected by burns, fractures, wounds, Herpes zoster (“cobreiro”), infections, sore throat, laryngitis, muscle injuries, dermal nodules, omphaloarteritis (“caruara de bezerro”), spinal disorders, “estrepes” (suck a splinter out of skin), rheumatism, cracked feet | 0.47 | |
Chelidae | |||||
Mesoclemmys tuberculata (Lüderwaldt, 1926)—“Cágado do nordeste”, “cágado d’água amarelo”, Tuberculate Toad-headed Turtle | n.o. | Meat, fat (banha), eggs | Diphtheria, headache, toothache, earache, chest pain, wounds, furuncle, gastritis, sore throat, hemorrhoids, swellings, spinal disorders, eye problems (especially blindness), “estrepes” (suck a splinter out of skin), rheumatism, deafness | 0.53 | |
Phrynops tuberosus (Peters, 1870)—“cágado d’água”, Geoffroy’s Side-necked Turtle | 1.03 | Meat, fat (banha), eggs | Diphtheria, headache, toothache, earache, chest pain, wounds, furuncle, gastritis, sore throat, hemorrhoids, swellings, spinal disorders, eye problems (especially blindness),"estrepes” (suck a splinter out of skin), rheumatism, deafness | 0.52 | |
Iguanidae | |||||
Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758)—“Camaleão”, Common Green Iguana | 2.6 | Whole specimen, meat, leather, fat, bone | Lack of appetite, pains in general, appendicitis, kidney stone, prostate cancer, to promote hair growth in areas affected by burns, diabetes, toothache, bone pain, eczema, wounds, mouth sores, gastritis, flu, “impinge” (ringworm), inflammations, leprosy in dogs, dermal nodules, snake bites, throat problems, rheumatism, “estrepes” (suck a splinter out of skin), hoarseness, deafness, tuberculosis | 0.44 | |
Teiidae | |||||
Salvator merianae (Duméril & Bibron, 1839)—“lagarto Teju”, Tegu Lizard | 4 | Leather, liver, fat (banha) | Lack of appetite in dogs and pigs, dores de ouvido, toothache, diphtheria (“crupe”), fever, wounds, mouth sores, gastritis, flu, swellings, inflammations, sore throat, otitis, swellings, snake bites in humans and dogs, throat problems, hoarseness, “estrepes” (suck a splinter out of skin), rheumatism, sinusitis, deafness, tumors | LC | 1.09 |
Tropiduridae | |||||
Tropidurus hispidus (Spix, 1825)—“lagartixa de lajedo” | 0.025 | Whole specimen, leather, liver, bone, viscera | Alcoholism, wounds, hernia, micoses, throat problems, “pano branco” (pityriasis versicolor), “tosse braba”, verrugas | 0.04 | |
Viperidae | |||||
Bothrops erythromelas Amaral, 1923—“Jararaca malha de cascavel”, “jararaca verdadeira”, | 0.2 | Whole specimen | Cancer | LC | 0.01 |
Crotalus durissus Linnaeus, 1758—“cascavel”, South American Rattlesnake | 2.4 | Fat (banha), rattle (maracá) | Pains, arthritis, asthma, cancer, eczema, erysipelas, wounds, swellings, sore throat, uterine inflammation, “mau-olhado” (evil eye), “estrepes” (suck a splinter out of skin), dermal nodules, omphaloarteritis (“caruara de bezerro”), osteoporosis, snake bites, throat problems, spinal disorders, rheumatism | LC | 0.52 |
Aves | |||||
Anatidae | |||||
Sarkidiornis sylvicola Ihering & Ihering, 1907—“putrião”, Comb Duck | 2 | Caruncúla (a large fleshy comb protruding from their upper mandible) | Wounds | LC | 0.01 |
Columbidae | |||||
Columbina minuta (Linnaeus, 1766)—“rolinha-cambuta”, “rolinha cabocla”, Plain-breasted Ground Dove | 0.034 | Meat | Lack of appetite, sickness of pregnant women | LC | 0.02 |
Columbina picui (Temminck, 1813)—“rolinha-branca”, Picui Ground Dov | 0.052 | Meat, feces | Lack of appetite, sickness of pregnant women, deafness | LC | 0.03 |
Columbina squammata (Lesson, 1831)—“rolinha-cascavelhinha”, Scaled Dove | 0.054 | Meat | Sickness of pregnant women | LC | 0.004 |
Columbina talpacoti (Temminck, 1810)—“rolinha-caldo-de-feijão”, Ruddy Ground Dove | 0.047 | Meat | Lack of appetite, sickness of pregnant women | LC | 0.01 |
Leptotila rufaxilla (Richard & Bernard, 1792)—“juriti”, Gray-fronted Dove | 0.149 | Meat, gizzard membrane | Lack of appetite, sickness of pregnant women, snake bites in dogs, “terçol” (inflammation of the Zeis and Mol glands) | LC | 0.02 |
Corvidae | |||||
Cyanocorax cyanopogon (Wied, 1821)—“cancão”, White-naped Jay | 0.175 | Whole specimen | Asthma, “mau-olhado” (evil eye) | LC | 0.05 |
Cracidae | |||||
Penelope jacucaca Spix, 1825—“Jacu”, White-browed Guan | ~ 1 | Feathers | Epilepsy | VU | 0.02 |
Cuculidae | |||||
Crotophaga ani Linnaeus, 1758—“anum-preto”, Smooth-billed Ani | 0.149 | Meat | Asthma | LC | 0.02 |
Podicipedidae | |||||
Tachybaptus dominicus (Linnaeus, 1766)—“mergulhão-pequeno”, “mergulhão”, “mergulhão-preto”, Least Grebe | 0.155 | Gizzard membrane | Improve eyesight | LC | 0.003 |
Tinamidae | |||||
Nothura boraquira (Spix, 1825)—“codorniz”, “codorniz do papo-branco”, White-bellied Nothura | 0.250 | Feathers | Asthma, blindness, sickness of pregnant women, convulsion, earache, “scare bats”, breathlessness, weakness in women at postpartum, snake bites | LC | 0.35 |
Nothura maculosa (Temminck, 1815)—“lambú espanta-boiada”, “lambú-de-capoeira”, Spotted Nothura | 0.300 | Feathers | Snake bites | LC | 0.04 |
Trochilidae | |||||
Chlorostilbon lucidus (Shaw, 1812)—“beija-flor-verde”, Glittering-bellied Emerald | 0.003 | Nest | Earache | LC | 0.02 |
Mammals (Mammalia) | |||||
Canidae | |||||
Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus, 1766)—“raposa”, Crab-eating Fox | 7.4 | Meat, tail, leather, fat (banha), bones | Aftosa, asthma, erysipelas, “mau-olhado” (evil eye), wounds, uterine inflammations, hemorrhoids, inflammations in general, sore throat, swellings, “to protect of bat attacks”, “estrepes” (suck a splinter out of skin), cracked feet, rheumatism | LC | 0.48 |
Caviidae | |||||
Galea spixii (Wagler, 1831)—“preá”, Spix’s Yellow-toothed Cavy | 0.350 | Meat, teeth, bones | To facilitate tooth eruption in children, cracked feet, ear problems | LC | 0.14 |
Kerodon rupestris (Wied-Neuwied, 1820)—“mocó” | 0.750 | Meat, “coalho” (part of the stomach), fat, feces, fel, bones, gall bladder | Lack of appetite, alcoholism, anemia, asthma, kidney stone, prostate cancer, malnutrition, earache, weakness, gastritis, urethra infections, hernia, osteoporosis, sickness of pregnant women, kidney problems, indigestion, rheumatism, measles, facilitate tooth eruption in children | LC | 0.31 |
Cebidae | |||||
Sapajus libidinosus (Spix, 1823)—“macaco prego”, Bearded Capuchin | 3.1 | Meat | Osteoporosis | LC | 0.01 |
Cuniculidae | |||||
Cuniculus paca (Linnaeus, 1766)—“paca”, Spotted Paca | 9.35 | Gall bladder | Rheumatism | LC | 0.01 |
Dasypodidae | |||||
Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus, 1758—“tatu-verdadeiro”, Nine-banded Armadillo | 4.5 | Tail, liver, dermal plates | Asthma, earache, improve the olfaction of hunting dogs, snake bites, “mau-olhado” (evil eye), deafness | LC | 0.17 |
Euphractus sexcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758)—“tatu-peba”, Six-banded Armadillo | 4.85 | Tail, meat | Pains, earache, furuncles, “estrepes” (suck a splinter out of skin), wounds, deafness, “mau-olhado” (evil eye) | LC | 0.03 |
Didelphidae | |||||
Didelphis albiventris Lund, 1840—“timbú”, White-eared Opossum | 1.62 | Meat, fat | Wounds, weakness | LC | 0.02 |
Echimyidae | |||||
Thrichomys laurentius Thomas, 1904—“punaré” | 0.282 | Feces | Diarrhea | DD | 0.004 |
Felidae | |||||
Leopardus pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758)—“gato-maracajá”, Ocelot | ~ 8 | Tail, fat | Headache, throat problems, spinal disorders, wounds, “to protect of bat attacks” | LC | 0.05 |
Leopardus tigrinus (Schreber, 1775)—“gato-mirim”, little spotted cat, Oncilla | ~ 2.5 | Meat, tail, fat | Wounds, urinary incontinence in children, muscle injuries, throat problems, “estrepes” (suck a splinter out of skin), “to protect of bat attacks”, measles | VU | 0.03 |
Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771)—“gato-açú”, “gato-maracajá-açú”, “onça bodeira”, “sussuarana”, Cougar, Puma | 4 | Fat | Throat problems, wounds | LC | 0.02 |
Puma yagouaroundi (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)—“gato-vermelho”, “gato-azul”, Jaguarundi | ~ 4 | Fat | Wounds | LC | 0.01 |
Mephitidae | |||||
Conepatus semistriatus (Boddaert, 1785)—“tacaca”, “ticaca” Striped Hog-nosed Skunk | ~ 3 | Meat, tail, odoriferous anal gland, fat, bones | Arthritis, burcite, kidney stone, headache, heel spur (“esporão de galo”), throat inflammation, improve eyesight, spinal disorders, “to protect of bat attacks”, spinal disorders, osteoporosis, rheumatism, tuberculosis | LC | 0.69 |
Myrmecophagidae | |||||
Tamandua tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1758)—“tamanduá”, “tamanduá-mirim”, Southern Tamandua | ~ 7 | Meat, leather, fat, bones, claw | Allergies, asthma, epilepsy, hemorrhoids, bleeding in women, inflammations, bronchitis, “to protect of snake bites”, rheumatism | LC | 0.11 |
Procyonidae | |||||
Procyon cancrivorus (G.[Baron] Cuvier, 1798)—“guaxinim”, Crab-eating Raccoon | ~ 6 | Tail | “To protect of snake bites”, “to protect of bat attacks” | LC | 0.02 |
Predicting variables |
B
| SE B |
β
|
---|---|---|---|
Constant | 4.03 | 0.58 | |
Hunters’ age | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.18* |
Hunters’ zone of residence (urban, peri-urban) | 0.45 | 0.33 | 0.08 |
Trade of zootherapeutic species (yes, no) | − 0.32 | 0.37 | − 0.05 |
Education level (very low, medium/high) | 0.61 | 0.43 | 0.11 |