Introduction
Methods
Patients and variables
Statistical analyses
Results
Baseline characteristics of the overall, training and validation sets
Variable | Overall set | Training set | Validation set |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | |||
< 60 | 79(36.1%) | 40(36.0%) | 39(36.1%) |
≥ 60 | 140(63.9%) | 71(64.0%) | 69(63.9%) |
Race | |||
White | 180(82.2%) | 92(82.9%) | 88(81.5%) |
Black | 26(11.9%) | 14(12.6%) | 12(11.1%) |
Others | 12(5.5%) | 4(3.6%) | 8(7.4%) |
Unknown | 1(0.5%) | 1(0.9%) | 0(0.0%) |
Sex | |||
Female | 60(27.4%) | 32(28.8%) | 28(25.9%) |
Male | 159(72.6%) | 79(71.2%) | 80(74.1%) |
Marital status | |||
Single | 37(16.9%) | 18(16.2%) | 19(17.6%) |
Married | 129(58.9%) | 68(61.3%) | 61(56.5%) |
SDW | 43(19.6%) | 20(18.0%) | 23(21.3%) |
Unknown | 10(4.6%) | 5(4.5%) | 5(4.6%) |
Year of diagnosis | |||
2004–2009 | 113(51.6%) | 54(48.6%) | 59(54.6%) |
2010–2015 | 106(48.4%) | 57(51.4%) | 49(45.4%) |
Tumor size, cm | |||
< 4.0 | 45(20.5%) | 27(24.3%) | 18(16.7%) |
≥ 4.0 | 60(27.4%) | 27(24.3%) | 33(30.6%) |
Unknown | 114(52.1%) | 57(51.4%) | 57(52.8%) |
Primary site | |||
Trigone of bladder | 16(7.3%) | 9(8.1%) | 7(6.5%) |
Dome of bladder | 18(8.2%) | 10(9.0%) | 8(7.4%) |
Lateral wall of bladder | 26(11.9%) | 12(10.8%) | 14(13.0%) |
Anterior wall of bladder | 5(2.3%) | 2(1.8%) | 3(2.8%) |
Posterior wall of bladder | 13(5.9%) | 7(6.3%) | 6(5.6%) |
Bladder neck | 5(2.3%) | 3(2.7%) | 2(1.9%) |
Ureteric orifice | 2(0.9%) | 2(1.8%) | 0(0.0%) |
Urachus | 8(3.7%) | 5(4.5%) | 3(2.8%) |
Overlapping lesion of bladder | 32(14.6%) | 19(17.1%) | 13(12.0%) |
Bladder, NOS | 94(42.9%) | 42(37.8%) | 52(48.1%) |
T Stage | |||
T1 | 28(12.8%) | 15(13.5%) | 13(12.0%) |
T2 | 50(22.8%) | 31(27.9%) | 19(17.6%) |
T3 | 42(19.2%) | 21(18.9%) | 21(19.4%) |
T4 | 81(37.0%) | 38(34.2%) | 43(39.8%) |
Tis | 1(0.5%) | 0(0.0%) | 1(0.9%) |
TX | 17(7.8%) | 6(5.4%) | 11(10.2%) |
N stage | |||
N0 | 127(58.0%) | 72(64.9%) | 55(50.9%) |
N1 | 33(15.1%) | 14(12.6%) | 19(17.6%) |
N2 | 42(19.2%) | 20(18.0%) | 22(20.4%) |
N3 | 2(0.9%) | 1(0.9%) | 1(0.9%) |
NX | 15(6.8%) | 4(3.6%) | 11(10.2%) |
M stage | |||
M0 | 160(73.1%) | 82(73.9%) | 78(72.2%) |
M1 | 52(23.7%) | 24(21.6%) | 28(25.9%) |
MX | 7(3.2%) | 5(4.5%) | 2(1.9%) |
Grade | |||
II | 4(1.8%) | 2(1.8%) | 2(1.9%) |
III | 120(54.8%) | 52(46.8%) | 68(63.0%) |
IV | 52(23.7%) | 35(31.5%) | 17(15.7%) |
Unknown | 43(19.6%) | 22(19.8%) | 21(19.4%) |
Bone metastasis | |||
No | 101(96.2%) | 55(98.2%) | 46(93.9%) |
Yes | 4(3.8%) | 1(1.8%) | 3(6.1%) |
Brain metastasis | |||
No | 103(98.1%) | 55(98.2%) | 48(98.0%) |
Yes | 2(1.9%) | 1(1.8%) | 1(2.0%) |
Liver metastasis | |||
No | 103(98.1%) | 55(98.2%) | 48(98.0%) |
Yes | 2(1.9%) | 1(1.8%) | 1(2.0%) |
Lung metastasis | |||
No | 99(94.3%) | 52(92.9%) | 47(95.9%) |
Yes | 6(5.7%) | 4(7.1%) | 2(4.1%) |
Surgery | |||
None | 31(14.2%) | 13(11.7%) | 18(16.7%) |
TURB | 62(28.3%) | 35(31.5%) | 27(25.0%) |
Complete cystectomy + reconstruction | 49(22.4%) | 24(21.6%) | 25(23.1%) |
Pelvic exenteration | 42(19.2%) | 23(20.7%) | 19(17.6%) |
Others | 35(16.0%) | 16(14.4%) | 19(17.6%) |
Lymph nodes removed | |||
None | 121(55.3%) | 61(55.0%) | 60(55.6%) |
1 to 3 regional | 8(3.7%) | 7(6.3%) | 1(0.9%) |
4 or more regional | 82(37.4%) | 39(35.1%) | 43(39.8%) |
Unknown | 8(3.7%) | 4(3.6%) | 4(3.7%) |
Radiation | |||
None/Unknown | 172(78.5%) | 94(84.7%) | 78(72.2%) |
Yes | 47(21.5%) | 17(15.3%) | 30(27.8%) |
Chemotherapy | |||
None/Unknown | 119(54.3%) | 65(58.6%) | 54(50.0%) |
Yes | 100(45.7%) | 46(41.4%) | 54(50.0%) |
Surgery/Radiation sequence | |||
No radiation and/or surgery | 180(82.2%) | 98(88.3%) | 82(75.9%) |
Radiation after surgery | 36(16.4%) | 12(10.8%) | 24(22.2%) |
Radiation before and after surgery | 3(1.4%) | 1(0.9%) | 2(1.9%) |
Vital status | |||
Alive | 27(12.3%) | 14(12.6%) | 13(12.0%) |
Dead | 192(87.7%) | 97(87.4%) | 95(88.0%) |
Survival month | 13(6,39) | 14(6,41) | 12(5.25, 35.75) |
Prognostic factor analysis
Variables | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P value | |
Sex | ||||||
Female | Reference | Reference | ||||
Male | 0.536 | 0.348 ~ 0.825 | 0.005a | 0.586 | 0.329 ~ 1.041 | 0.068 |
Age, year | ||||||
< 60 | Reference | |||||
≥ 60 | 1.138 | 0.749 ~ 1.728 | 0.545 | |||
Race | ||||||
White | Reference | Reference | ||||
Black | 1.292 | 0.717 ~ 2.327 | 0.394 | 1.775 | 0.839 ~ 3.753 | 0.133 |
Others | 2.157 | 0.781 ~ 5.956 | 0.138 | 2.265 | 0.558 ~ 9.183 | 0.252 |
Unknown | 66.305 | 6.556 ~ 670.578 | < 0.001b | 59.085 | 2.638 ~ 913.422 | 0.009a |
Marital status | ||||||
Single | Reference | Reference | ||||
Married | 0.837 | 0.472 ~ 1.478 | 0.540 | 1.264 | 0.629 ~ 2.540 | 0.511 |
SDW | 3.416 | 1.709 ~ 6.830 | < 0.001b | 2.878 | 1.296 ~ 6.391 | 0.009a |
Others | 0.632 | 0.209 ~ 1.909 | 0.415 | 1.758 | 0.485 ~ 6.372 | 0.390 |
Primary site | ||||||
Trigone of bladder | Reference | |||||
Dome of bladder | 0.890 | 0.317 ~ 2.494 | 0.825 | |||
Lateral wall of bladder | 1.346 | 0.520 ~ 3.487 | 0.540 | |||
Anterior wall of bladder | 1.487 | 0.308 ~ 7.175 | 0.621 | |||
Posterior wall of bladder | 1.127 | 0.377 ~ 3.367 | 0.830 | |||
Bladder neck | 1.252 | 0.322 ~ 4.853 | 0.745 | |||
Ureteric orifice | 0.386 | 0.046 ~ 3.207 | 0.378 | |||
Urachus | 0.646 | 0.188 ~ 2.217 | 0.487 | |||
Overlapping lesion of bladder | 1.464 | 0.603 ~ 3.556 | 0.400 | |||
Bladder, NOS | 1.443 | 0.643 ~ 3.239 | 0.374 | |||
Tumor size, cm | ||||||
< 4.0 | Reference | Reference | ||||
≥ 4.0 | 2.437 | 1.326 ~ 4.478 | 0.004a | 1.969 | 0.978 ~ 3.962 | 0.058 |
Unknown | 2.058 | 1.215 ~ 3.486 | 0.007a | 1.937 | 0.997 ~ 3.764 | 0.051 |
Grade | ||||||
II | Reference | |||||
III | 3.246 | 0.446 ~ 23.650 | 0.245 | |||
IV | 2.734 | 0.372 ~ 20.090 | 0.323 | |||
Unknown | 2.083 | 0.278 ~ 15.610 | 0.475 | |||
T stage | ||||||
T1 | Reference | Reference | ||||
T2 | 1.555 | 0.782 ~ 3.093 | 0.208 | 2.710 | 1.127 ~ 6.518 | 0.026a |
T3 | 2.486 | 1.186 ~ 5.212 | 0.015a | 6.124 | 1.881 ~ 19.924 | 0.003a |
T4 | 2.569 | 1.307 ~ 5.049 | 0.006a | 4.141 | 1.534 ~ 11.252 | 0.005a |
TX | 3.263 | 1.209 ~ 8.805 | 0.020a | 1.455 | 0.394 ~ 5.365 | 0.574 |
N stage | ||||||
N0 | Reference | Reference | ||||
N1 | 1.688 | 0.915 ~ 3.115 | 0.094 | 2.242 | 0.900 ~ 5.604 | 0.085 |
N2 | 2.247 | 1.309 ~ 3.859 | 0.003a | 4.461 | 2.016 ~ 9.873 | < 0.001b |
N3 | 2.116 | 0.289 ~ 15.484 | 0.461 | 6.957 | 0.739 ~ 65.460 | 0.090 |
NX | 2.214 | 0.780 ~ 6.139 | 0.127 | 0.954 | 0.190 ~ 4.790 | 0.954 |
M stage | ||||||
M0 | Reference | Reference | ||||
M1 | 3.898 | 2.355 ~ 6.452 | < 0.001b | 2.400 | 1.156 ~ 4.983 | 0.019a |
MX | 1.317 | 0.528 ~ 3.287 | 0.554 | 0.982 | 0.235 ~ 4.095 | 0.980 |
Surgery | ||||||
None | Reference | Reference | ||||
TURB | 0.498 | 0.256 ~ 0.972 | 0.040a | 0.539 | 0.203 ~ 1.431 | 0.215 |
Complete cystectomy + reconstruction | 0.275 | 0.131 ~ 0.579 | < 0.001b | 0.362 | 0.116 ~ 1.131 | 0.080 |
Pelvic exenteration | 0.371 | 0.178 ~ 0.777 | 0.008a | 0.223 | 0.069 ~ 0.726 | 0.012a |
Others | 0.349 | 0.160 ~ 0.762 | 0.008a | 0.194 | 0.064 ~ 0.591 | 0.004a |
Lymph nodes removed | ||||||
None | Reference | Reference | ||||
1 to 3 regional | 0.522 | 0.207 ~ 1.315 | 0.168 | 0.367 | 0.090 ~ 1.498 | 0.163 |
4 or more regional | 0.540 | 0.345 ~ 0.867 | 0.007a | 0.299 | 0.127 ~ 0.703 | 0.006a |
Unknown | 0.852 | 0.309 ~ 2.350 | 0.756 | 0.120 | 0.023 ~ 0.627 | 0.012a |
Surgery/Radiation sequence | ||||||
No radiation and/or surgery | Reference | |||||
Radiation after surgery | 1.773 | 0.958 ~ 3.283 | 0.068 | |||
Radiation before and after surgery | 1.046 | 1.145 ~ 7.554 | 0.965 | |||
Radiation | ||||||
None/Unknown | Reference | Reference | ||||
Yes | 1.773 | 1.024 ~ 3.070 | 0.041a | 0.552 | 0.227 ~ 1.343 | 0.190 |
Chemotherapy | ||||||
None/Unknown | Reference | |||||
Yes | 1.078 | 0.713 ~ 1.630 | 0.722 |