In cases with impaired systolic function, it is primarily study of systolic function ('systology'). Systolic dysfunction is usually associated with increased LV end diastolic pressure and left atrial pressure.[
11] This can be studied by LV DFP.[
12] Basic echocardiography tells us that a brisk and well opening mitral valve signifies good systolic function. Thus diastolic phenomena can be used to assess systolic function. Patients with progressively more abnormal Doppler patterns have greater structural abnormalities with larger left atrial and LV size and lower LV ejection fractions.[
13] So, in cases with impaired systolic function, LV DFP can be used to assess the severity of hemodynamic impairment and prognosis. The information obtained is distinctive of systolic function and should not be confused with 'diastolic dysfunction'. In such cases trans-mitral Doppler shows a continuous pattern of changes (hierarchy of patterns) depending on the severity of hemodynamic impairment (see 'hemodynamic information', above). Here again it is better to consider these patterns as indicative of the severity of
systolic dysfunction rather than severity of diastolic dysfunction (see below). By impaired systolic function we could also include cases with wall motion abnormalities with
apparently normal ejection fraction and apparently normal overall LV contractility. Pattern 1 shows a small E wave and a large A wave could indicate mild hemodynamic impairment. Pattern 2, shows a 'pseudo-normalization' pattern denoted by an apparently normal E and A wave. Pattern 2 could indicate moderate impairment. Finally, pattern 3 is a very prominent E wave and a miniscule A wave. Pattern 3 could indicate severe hemodynamic impairment and is associated with the worst prognosis.[
14] In cases of systolic dysfunction, the LV DFP is a continuous variable reflecting the increasing left atrial pressures which proceeds to atrial failure in pattern 3. As a rule of thumb patterns 0–1 signifies a pressure of about 12–15 mmHg, patterns 1–2 about 15–18 mmHg, patterns 2–3 about 18–20 mmHg and pattern 3+ greater than 20 mmHg. These pressure values are only indicative. The pattern recognition and its changes are best in the same patient with a reasonably maintained heart rate. With this approach the absolute velocity values become irrelevant. The relative E and A magnitudes will allow pattern recognition. The increasing left atrial pressure could be confirmed by the pulmonary venous flow abnormalities in ideal conditions. As a corollary, in cases with resting or stress induced wall motion abnormalities and apparently normal ejection fraction, a pattern to the right of 0 could indicate a systolic dysfunction.[
15] In serial studies of chronic cases, a shift to the right could indicate worsening systolic function while a shift to the left could indicate improvement. In all these cases a reasonably preserved atrium is assumed.