Introduction
Subjects and methods
Subjects
Survey measurements
Ethics and approvals
Follow-up mortality study
Statistical analyses
Results: survey follow-up
Baseline characteristics
Men | Women | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
a
| Mean (SD) | Median | Range |
n
a
| Mean (SD) | Median | Range | |
Age (years) | 538 | 75.8 (6.9) | 75.0 | 65–96 | 516 | 77.3 (7.9) | 76.0 | 65–99 |
Body weight (kg) | 532 | 75.2 (12.2) | 74.6 | 38.7–121 | 509 | 64.0 (12.7) | 63.3 | 32.5–112.9 |
Height (m) | 528 | 1.69 (0.07) | 1.69 | 1.49–1.98 | 503 | 1.55 (0.07) | 1.55 | 1.20–1.75 |
Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) | 527 | 26.3 (3.7) | 26.1 | 16.3–43.2 | 502 | 26.6 (4.8) | 26.2 | 14.4–44.6 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 531 | 97.8 (10.9) | 98.0 | 48–129 | 511 | 87.7 (11.7) | 86.2 | 27–131 |
Mid-upper arm circumference (mm) | 537 | 300 (33) | 300 | 189–409 | 515 | 293 (40) | 291 | 176–431 |
Grip strength (kg) | 526 | 30.0 (11.0) | 292 | 0–98.2 | 489 | 17.0 (7.7) | 16.2 | 0–55.6 |
Biochemical indices | ||||||||
Plasma calcium (mmol/l) | 377 | 2.33 (0.15) | 2.32 | 1.83–2.82 | 365 | 2.35 (0.17) | 2.33 | 1.92–2.86 |
Plasma phosphorus (mmol/l) | 376 | 0.99 (0.17) | 0.98 | 0.56–2.45 | 365 | 1.10 (0.17) | 1.10 | 0.61–2.16 |
Plasma 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (nmol/l) | 446 | 58.4 (27.7) | 53.2 | 5–207 | 417 | 49.6 (23.7) | 46.3 | 7–138 |
Plasma parathyroid hormone (ng/l) | 265 | 31.1 (16.1) | 27.0 | 6–117 | 290 | 36.9 (22.8) | 31 | 9–173 |
Plasma alkaline phosphatase (IU/l) | 433 | 87.9 (35.6) | 81.1 | 34–433 | 398 | 98.4 (95.6) | 88.1 | 42–1369 |
Plasma creatinine (μmol/l) | 433 | 94.5 (41.5) | 94.0 | 0–611 | 399 | 82.7 (24.4) | 80.5 | 0–192 |
Plasma albumin (g/l) | 430 | 42.9 (6.0) | 42.8 | 22.1–63.7 | 407 | 42.7 (5.6) | 42.5 | 26.1–66.0 |
Plasma α1-antichymotrypsin (g/l) | 430 | 0.38 (0.094) | 0.365 | 0.16–1.14 | 408 | 0.39 (0.089) | 0.385 | 0.22–1.01 |
Estimated average daily dietary intakes | ||||||||
Energy (MJ) | 538 | 7.95 (1.94) | 7.95 | 3.44–17.3 | 516 | 5.95 (1.42) | 5.88 | 1.91–9.77 |
Calcium (mg) | 538 | 832 (289) | 817 | 237–2,398 | 516 | 697 (255) | 659 | 189–2,081 |
Phosphorus (mg) | 538 | 1,224 (340) | 1,195 | 325–2,695 | 516 | 973 (271) | 964 | 262–2075 |
Vitamin D (μg) | 538 | 4.46 (3.57) | 3.46 | 0.1–29.8 | 516 | 3.41 (2.79) | 2.52 | 0.1–21.1 |
Correlations between plasma status indices, and functional and lifestyle measures
Versus hand grip strengtha,b
| Versus physical activity scorea,c
| Versus smoking habita,d
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
t value |
P
|
t value |
P
|
t value |
P
| |
Plasma indices: men | ||||||
P-calcium | −0.4 | 0.7 | +1.2 | 0.2 | −1.1 | 0.3 |
P-phosphorus | −2.2 | 0.03 | +2.4 | 0.015 | −0.2 | 0.9 |
P-25(OH)D | +3.5 | 0.0005 | −3.3 | 0.001 | −2.4 | 0.02 |
P-alkaline phosphatase | −2.1 | 0.04 | +1.4 | 0.15 | +3.7 | 0.0003 |
P-albumin | +2.7 | 0.007 | −1.9 | 0.05 | −1.1 | 0.3 |
P-creatinine | −0.7 | 0.5 | +2.0 | 0.04 | +0.3 | 0.7 |
P-α1-antichymotrypsin | −2.8 | 0.005 | +3.0 | 0.003 | +4.4 | <0.0001 |
Plasma indices: women | ||||||
P-calcium | −0.8 | 0.5 | −0.8 | 0.4 | +0.5 | 0.6 |
P-phosphorus | −0.9 | 0.4 | −0.8 | 0.4 | +2.5 | 0.01 |
P-25(OH)D | +1.6 | 0.12 | −4.1 | <0.0001 | −1.8 | 0.08 |
P-alkaline phosphatase | −0.4 | 0.7 | +2.3 | 0.02 | +1.3 | 0.2 |
P-albumin | +0.2 | 0.8 | −4.2 | <0.0001 | +0.9 | 0.4 |
P-creatinine | −0.5 | 0.6 | −0.3 | 0.7 | +0.1 | 0.9 |
P-α1-antichymotrypsin | −1.5 | 0.12 | +2.3 | 0.02 | +1.6 | 0.1 |
Hazard ratios for all-cause mortality
Age-adjusted all-cause mortality: hazard ratios (95% CI) [P] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Both sexes combined | Men | Women | |
Died (n = 717), alive (n = 337) | Died (n = 399), alive (n = 139)a
| Died (n = 318), alive (n = 198)a
| |
Indices (per SD) | |||
Body weight | 0.84 (0.77–0.93) [<0.001] | 0.84 (0.74–0.95) [0.005] | 0.85 (0.74–0.97) [0.02] |
Body mass index (BMI) | 0.90 (0.83–0.98) [0.02] | 0.90 (0.79–1.03) [0.1] | 0.90 (0.81–1.01) [0.07] |
Waist circumference | 0.99 (0.99–1.08) [0.9] | 0.95 (0.85–1.07) [0.4] | 1.04 (0.92–1.17) [0.6] |
Mid-upper arm circumference | 0.85 (0.77–0.93) [<0.001] | 0.86 (0.76–0.99) [0.03] | 0.83(0.74–0.95) [0.005] |
Grip strength | 0.79 (0.71–0.88) [<0.001] | 0.72 (0.64–0.82) [<0.001] | 0.97 (0.80–1.17) [0.8] |
Plasma calcium (mmol/l) | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) [0.3] | 0.99 (0.88–1.12) [0.9] | 0.92 (0.81–1.05) [0.2] |
Plasma phosphorus (P) (mmol/l) | 1.13 (1.04–1.23) [0.004] | 1.18 (1.06–1.30) [<0.001] | 1.04 (0.91–1.20) [0.5] |
Plasma P adj. plasma creatinine | 1.10 (1.01–1.20) [0.03] | 1.17 (1.05–1.30) [0.004] | – |
Plasma P adj. for plasma α1-antichymotrypsin | 1.09 (1.00–1.18) [0.04] | 1.10 (1.00–1.21) [0.05] | – |
Plasma 25OHD (nmol/l) | 0.89 (0.82–0.98) [0.01] | 0.91 (0.82–1.02) [0.1] | 0.87 (0.75–1.00) [0.06] |
Plasma parathyroid hormone (ng/l) | 1.03 (0.93–1.15) [0.5] | 1.03 (0.88–1.21) [0.7] | 1.05 (0.91–1.21) [0.5] |
Plasma alkaline phosphatase(IU/l) | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) [0.02] | 1.06 (0.89–1.26) [0.5] | 1.08 (1.01–1.16) [0.03] |
Plasma creatinine (μmol/l) | 1.24 (1.13–1.35) [<0.001] | 1.20 (1.08–1.33) [<0.001] | 1.37 (1.13–1.66) [<0.001] |
Plasma albumin (g/l) | 0.83 (0.76–0.91) [<0.001] | 0.84 (0.74–0.94) [0.004] | 0.83 (0.72–0.96) [0.01] |
Plasma α1-antichymotrypsin (g/l) | 1.22 (1.14–1.32) [<0.001] | 1.21 (1.11–1.33) [<0.001] | 1.27 (1.11–1.45) [<0.001] |
Daily dietary intakes (per SD) | |||
Energy | 0.86 (0.79–0.94) [0.001] | 0.85 (0.76–0.95) [0.003] | 0.90 (0.77–1.05) [0.2] |
Calcium | 0.88 (0.81–0.95) [0.002] | 0.88 (0.79–0.98) [0.02] | 0.89 (0.78–1.01) [0.07] |
Calcium adjusted for diet energy | 0.93 (0.84–1.03) [0.2] | 0.96 (0.84–1.10) [0.6] | |
Phosphorus | 0.85 (0.78–0.92) [<0.001] | 0.87 (0.78–0.96) [0.005] | 0.82 (0.72–0.95) [0.007] |
Phosphorus adjusted for diet energy | 0.88 (0.78–0.98) [0.02] | 0.93 (0.81–1.07) [0.3] | 0.79 (0.86–0.95) [0.01] |
Vitamin D | 0.94 (0.88–1.01) [0.1] | 0.90 (0.82–0.99) [0.03] | 1.03 (0.91–1.16) [0.6] |