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Erschienen in: Herz 6/2015

01.09.2015 | Schwerpunkt

Arteriosklerose der Koronararterien und Plaque-Progression

Histomorphologische und molekularbiologische Aspekte

verfasst von: PD Dr. med. Jeremias Wohlschlaeger, S. Bertram, D. Theegarten, T. Hager, H.A. Baba

Erschienen in: Herz | Ausgabe 6/2015

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Zusammenfassung

Arteriosklerose führt durch langsame Entwicklung von Stenosen oder durch plötzliche Okklusion des Gefäßlumens durch einen Thrombus zu klinischer Symptomatik. Diese entsteht durch verminderte Perfusion im Myokard (koronare Herzerkrankung, KHK), im zentralen Nervensystem (Apoplexie) oder in den Extremitäten (periphere arterielle Verschlusskrankheit, pAVK). Die KHK stellt die häufigste Manifestation arteriosklerotischer Gefäßläsionen dar und umfasst sowohl die stabile Angina pectoris wie auch die akuten Koronarsyndrome. Arteriosklerose ist eine im Wesentlichen durch Lipoproteinakkumulation in der Arterienwand ausgelöste Erkrankung, welche mit der Formation von Plaques an bestimmten Stellen des arteriellen Systems einhergeht. Die entscheidenden Pathomechanismen umfassen Entzündung, Nekrose, Fibrose und Kalzifizierung. Nach jahrzehntelangem indolenten Verlauf kann es plötzlich zu lebensbedrohlichen akuten Koronarsyndromen kommen. In den allermeisten Fällen ist die zugrunde liegende Läsion eine rupturierte Plaque, deren nekrotisches Material ihres „Kerns“ eine hohe Thrombogenität aufweist. Die arteriosklerotischen Läsionen, die zu einer plötzlichen Thrombosierung mit kompletter oder inkompletter Okklusion führen können, sind das sog. „thin-cap fibroatheroma“, die Plaque-Erosion und das sog. kalzifizierte Knötchen bei stark verkalkten Arterien älterer Individuen, wobei der jeweilige Pathomechanismus bis dato nicht vollständig geklärt ist. Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit soll einen Überblick über die Entstehung der wichtigsten arteriosklerotischen Veränderungen und deren Progression zur Plaque-Ruptur bzw. Thrombusformation geben.
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Metadaten
Titel
Arteriosklerose der Koronararterien und Plaque-Progression
Histomorphologische und molekularbiologische Aspekte
verfasst von
PD Dr. med. Jeremias Wohlschlaeger
S. Bertram
D. Theegarten
T. Hager
H.A. Baba
Publikationsdatum
01.09.2015
Verlag
Urban & Vogel
Erschienen in
Herz / Ausgabe 6/2015
Print ISSN: 0340-9937
Elektronische ISSN: 1615-6692
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-015-4341-0

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