Introduction
Data and methods
Data
Measures
Statistical analysis
Estimates of incidence and intensity of catastrophic expenditures
Estimates of poverty headcount and poverty gap
Determinants of catastrophic health expenditure
Results
Pattern of non-communicable disease burden in India
Rural | Urban | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 2017–18 | 2014 | 2017–18 | |
Cancer | 1 | 1.4 | 1 | 1.3 |
Cardiovascular | 17.7 | 20.7 | 25.1 | 27.8 |
Diabetes | 9.8 | 14.9 | 20.1 | 23.2 |
Respiratory | 6.8 | 9.3 | 5.1 | 6.7 |
Musculoskeletal | 19.9 | 15.8 | 12.9 | 11.9 |
Neurological | 9.8 | 8.2 | 8 | 6.4 |
Other NCDs | 35 | 29.7 | 27.8 | 22.7 |
Rural | Urban | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 2017–18 | 2014 | 2017–18 | |
No Comorbidity | 98.28 | 89.06 | 97.71 | 85.08 |
Comorbidity(2 NCDs) | 1.5 | 7.98 | 2.05 | 10.94 |
Comorbidity (3 NCDs) | 0.2 | 2.35 | 0.21 | 3.4 |
Comorbidity (< than 3NCDs) | 0.02 | 0.61 | 0.03 | 0.58 |
Socio-economic and Demograhic profile of study population
VARIABLES | 2014 (N = 26,816) | 2017–18 (N = 38,835) | |
---|---|---|---|
% (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | ||
Age of household head | Less than 60 | 68.83 [67.37,70.25] | 67.31 [65.99,68.59] |
60 or more | 31.17 [29.75,32.63] | 32.69 [31.41,34.01] | |
Gender of household head | Male | 85.92 [84.78,86.98] | 85.88 [84.88,86.82] |
Female | 14.08 [13.02,15.22] | 14.12 [13.18,15.12] | |
Age composition of household members | No children or old | 39.86 [38.33,41.42] | 42.41 [41.01,43.81] |
With children but no older people | 14.18 [13.19,15.22] | 11.72 [10.91,12.59] | |
With older people but no children | 28.28 [26.86,29.73] | 30.15 [28.86,31.46] | |
With both children and older people | 11.61 [10.74,12.53] | 9.18 [8.51,9.91] | |
Older people only | 6.08 [5.33,6.93] | 6.54 [5.89,7.262] | |
Household gender composition | All female | 4.24 [3.6,5] | 4.768 [4.18,5.44] |
Both male and female | 94.61 [93.8,95.33] | 93.71 [92.96,94.38] | |
All male | 1.14 [0.85,1.51] | 1.52 [1.23,1.893] | |
Household size | 1–3 member | 29.59 [28.14,31.09] | 31.99 [30.67,33.34] |
4–6 member | 53.25 [51.69,54.81] | 52.83 [51.44,54.22] | |
7 or above members | 17.15 [16.05,18.31] | 15.18 [14.25,16.16] | |
Educational Status of household head | Illiterate or below primary | 42.64 [41.03,44.27] | 38.77 [37.34,40.21] |
Primary completed | 12.9 [11.93,13.95] | 13.56 [12.63,14.53] | |
Middle completed | 15.01 [13.93,16.15] | 14.26 [13.31,15.26] | |
Secondary/Senior secondary | 20.06 [18.82,21.36] | 22.17 [21.07,23.32] | |
Graduation or above | 9.39 [8.5,10.36] | 11.25 [10.36,12.2] | |
Principal Occupation of Household | Regular wage/salary | 20.65 [19.43,21.92] | 20.92 [19.81,22.07] |
Self-employed | 46.58 [45.01,48.17] | 45.7 [44.29,47.13] | |
Casual Labour | 22.33 [21,23.17] | 22.51 [21.28,23.79] | |
Others | 10.44 [9.46,11.52] | 10.87 [10.05,11.75] | |
Social Group | Scheduled Caste/ Tribe | 22.71 [21.32,24.16] | 22.93 [21.69,24.23] |
Other Backward Castes | 44.73 [42.99,46.49] | 41.84 [40.35,43.34] | |
Others | 32.56 [30.97,34.19] | 35.23 [33.8,36.69] | |
Monthly Per Capita Expenditure Quintiles | Poorest | 21.38 [20,22.84] | 22.26 [20.99,23.58] |
Poor | 19.33 [18.08,20.65] | 19.89 [18.74,21.08] | |
Middle | 19.7 [18.49,20.98] | 19.64 [18.55,20.78] | |
Rich | 19.18 [18.04,20.38] | 19.27 [18.21,20.37] | |
Richest | 20.4 [19.14,21.72] | 18.95 [17.86,20.1] | |
Living Condition Index | Lowest | 38.49 [36.81,40.2] | 38.24 [36.75,39.74] |
Middle | 19.25 [17.95,20.61] | 13.5 [12.54,14.52] | |
Highest | 42.26 [40.58,43.96] | 48.26 [46.75,49.78] | |
Whether covered by Insurance | No | 74.39 [72.79,75.94] | 73.11 [71.65,74.53] |
Yes | 25.61 [24.06,27.21] | 26.89 [25.47,28.35] | |
Finance source | Household income/savings | 89.4 [88.57,90.17] | 91.37 [90.65,92.03] |
Borrowings | 7.54 [6.9,8.22] | 4.37 [3.913,4.878] | |
Other sources | 3.06 [2.62,3.6] | 4.27 [3.78,4.81] | |
Care seeking for NCD related treatment | Only Public | 22.43 [21.14,23.78] | 27.61 [26.35,28.91] |
Both Public and Private | 10.89 [10.16,11.66] | 9.39 [8.82,9.99] | |
Only Private | 66.68 [65.21,68.12] | 63 [61.64,64.34] | |
Hospitalization for NCD in household | No | 75.79[75.03,76.54] | 82.16[81.62,82.68] |
Yes | 24.21[23.46,24.97] | 17.84[17.32,18.38] | |
Household members requiring care | One | 83.11[82,84.16] | 84.16[82.85,81.90] |
Two | 12.78[11.88,13.73] | 13.73[13.04,12.25] | |
Three or More | 4.12[3.64,4.66] | 4.66[4.11,3.73] | |
Inter-state hospitalization | No | 98.2 [97.96,98.42] | 98.4 [98.21,98.57] |
Yes | 1.8 [1.58,2.04] | 1.6 [1.43,1.79] | |
Epidemiological transition level of state | Low-ETL | 30.09 [28.33,31.92] | 29.27 [27.74,30.84] |
Lower-middle ETL | 5.2 [4.5,6] | 4.88 [4.21,5.65] | |
Higher-middle ETL | 39.86 [37.9,41.86] | 45.63 [43.9,47.38] | |
High ETL | 24.84 [23.09,26.68] | 20.22 [18.98,21.53] | |
Location | Rural | 61.92 [60.31,63.5] | 62.01 [60.59,63.41] |
Urban | 38.08 [36.5,39.7] | 37.99 [36.59,39.41] |
Incidence and intensity of catastrophic health spending on NCDs in India
Headcount | Parameters | (2014) | (2017–2018) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5% | 10% | 25% | 40% | 5% | 10% | 25% | 40% | ||
Poorest | % | 79.51 | 70.19 | 53.47 | 41.04 | 84.00 | 72.9 | 52.27 | 38.64 |
S.E | 0.016 | 0.018 | 0.019 | 0.018 | 0.013 | 0.015 | 0.017 | 0.016 | |
CI | [76.40–82.62] | [66.68–73.7] | [49.8–57.13] | [37.45–44.62] | [81.51–86.49] | [69.91–75.90] | [48.97–55.56] | [35.44–41.84] | |
Poorer | % | 81.11 | 72.41 | 50.98 | 37.61 | 79.12 | 68.57 | 44.1 | 32.07 |
S.E | 0.015 | 0.016 | 0.019 | 0.019 | 0.014 | 0.016 | 0.016 | 0.015 | |
CI | [78.24–83.99] | [69.21–75.61] | [47.3–54.67] | [33.96–41.26] | [76.35–81.88] | [65.49–71.65] | [40.90–47.31] | [29.13–35.02] | |
Middle | % | 79.99 | 67.73 | 43.76 | 28.66 | 76.77 | 61.59 | 37.61 | 25.14 |
S.E | 0.016 | 0.018 | 0.018 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 0.016 | 0.015 | 0.013 | |
CI | [76.89–83.09] | [64.22–71.23] | [40.33–47.2] | [25.65–31.67] | [74.14–79.4] | [58.5–64.7] | [34.68–40.55] | [22.61–27.66] | |
Richer | % | 80.65 | 67.12 | 41.3 | 27.12 | 73.95 | 60.3 | 35.19 | 21.94 |
S.E | 0.014 | 0.016 | 0.016 | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.016 | 0.015 | 0.012 | |
CI | [77.89–83.41] | [63.93–70.3] | [38.12–44.47] | [24.37–29.88] | [71.30–76.61] | [57.24–63.35] | [32.34–38.04] | [19.62–24.26] | |
Richest | % | 77.83 | 63.31 | 38.57 | 26.76 | 70.51 | 53 | 26.68 | 16.09 |
S.E | 0.015 | 0.016 | 0.016 | 0.015 | 0.014 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 0.010 | |
CI | [74.96–80.71] | [60.1–66.54] | [35.36–41.79] | [23.89–29.63] | [67.73–73.3] | [50.04–55.93] | [24.20–29.16] | [14.04–18.13] | |
Total | % | 79.79 | 68.14 | 45.7 | 32.36 | 77.12 | 63.61 | 39.62 | 27.19 |
S.E | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.007 | 0.006 | |
CI | [78.44–81.14] | [66.61–69.67] | [44.12–47.28] | [30.87–33.84] | [75.89–78.34] | [62.20–65.03] | [38.22–41.02] | [25.95–28.45] | |
Concentration index (Headcount) | Index value | −0.008 | −0.027 | −0.077 | −0.106 | −0.035 | −0.065 | −0.131 | −0.175 |
S.E | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.010 | 0.013 | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.010 | 0.013 | |
P-value | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Headcount | Parameters | (2014) | (2017–2018) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5% | 10% | 25% | 40% | 5% | 10% | 25% | 40% | ||
Poorest | % | 69.1 | 65.39 | 56.2 | 49.22 | 61.38 | 57.48 | 48.23 | 41.55 |
S.E | 0.063 | 0.063 | 0.062 | 0.061 | 0.039 | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.037 | |
CI | [56.72–81.48] | [53.05–77.72] | [44.03–68.37] | [37.24–61.20] | [53.68–69.09] | [49.81–65.15] | [40.75–55.73] | [34.29–48.81] | |
Poorer | % | 54.53 | 50.69 | 41.56 | 34.99 | 44.72 | 41.02 | 32.89 | 27.24 |
S.E | 0.054 | 0.054 | 0.053 | 0.052 | 0.036 | 0.036 | 0.035 | 0.034 | |
CI | [43.91–65.16] | [40.11–61.28] | [31.17–51.95] | [24.84–45.15] | [37.7–51.73] | [34.03–44.01] | [26.04–39.73] | [20.55–33.94] | |
Middle | % | 38.05 | 34.36 | 26 | 20.73 | 32.28 | 28.83 | 21.57 | 16.91 |
S.E | 0.022 | 0.022 | 0.021 | 0.019 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.014 | 0.013 | |
CI | [33.75–42.35] | [30.11–38.61] | [21.96–30.05] | [16.91–24.54] | [29.3–35.27] | [25.90–31.77] | [18.86–24.29] | [14.42–19.41] | |
Richer | % | 34.48 | 30.79 | 22.84 | 17.74 | 28.78 | 25.44 | 18.53 | 14.39 |
S.E | 0.017 | 0.017 | 0.016 | 0.015 | 0.018 | 0.018 | 0.017 | 0.016 | |
CI | [31.09–37.86] | [27.46–34.13] | [19.70–25.98] | [14.81–20.68] | [25.28–32.29] | [21.97–28.90] | [15.24–21.81] | [11.27–17.51] | |
Richest | % | 34.41 | 30.89 | 23.48 | 18.69 | 21.03 | 17.97 | 12.33 | 9.2 |
S.E | 0.020 | 0.019 | 0.018 | 0.017 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.008 | 0.008 | |
CI | [30.56–38.26] | [27.09–34.68] | [19.91–27.05] | [15.35–22.02] | [19.12–22.95] | [16.10–19.83] | [10.66–13.99] | [7.72–10.67] | |
Total overshoot | % | 46.45 | 42.76 | 34.35 | 28.6 | 38.43 | 34.92 | 27.42 | 22.5 |
S.E | 0.019 | 0.019 | 0.018 | 0.018 | 0.013 | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.012 | |
CI | [42.77–50.13] | [39.1–46.42] | [30.76–37.93] | [25.1–32.1] | [35.94–40.91] | [32.45–37.39] | [25.02–29.81] | [20.2–24.81] | |
Mean positive overshoot (MPO) | % | 58.21 | 62.75 | 75.16 | 88.36 | 49.83 | 54.89 | 69.19 | 82.74 |
S.E | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.01598 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | |
CI | [53.73–62.69] | [57.6–67.9] | [67.86–82.5] | [78.55–98.18] | [46.7–52.96] | [51.2–58.58] | [63.67–74.70] | [75.19–90.29] | |
Concentration index (Overshoot) | Index value | −0.168 | −0.182 | −0.213 | −0.238 | −0.217 | −0.234 | −0.272 | −0.298 |
S.E | 0.027 | 0.030 | 0.036 | 0.043 | 0.020 | 0.022 | 0.027 | 0.032 | |
P-value | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Impoverishing and poverty gap due to OOP in India
Year | 2014 | 2017–18 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Absolute | Relative | Absolute | Relative | |
Poverty headcount | 8.50% | 10.80% | 12.43% | 19.62% |
0.004 | 0.004 | |||
Poverty Gap (in INR 2014 prices) | 318.45 | 76.37% | 307.99 | 115.87% |
11.55 | 10.5 | |||
Normalized poverty gap | 28.23% | 75.39% | 27.57% | 113.92% |
0.011 | 0.010 | |||
Normalized mean poverty gap | 27.73% | 58.19% | 30.11% | 78.71% |
Inter-state heterogeneities in catastrophic and impoverishment headcount
State | Households incurring Catastrophic health expenditure (%) in 2014 | Households incurring Catastrophic health expenditure (%) in 2017–18 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
% | CI | % | CI | |
Jammu & Kashmir | 77.9 | [66.97–85.97] | 50.98 | [43.42–58.5] |
Himachal Pradesh | 71.4 | [60.2–80.48] | 62.82 | [54.43–70.49] |
Punjab | 74.54 | [66.01–81.53] | 55.31 | [48.48–61.94] |
Chandigarh | 43.5 | [15.9–75.82] | 58.31 | [37.82–76.28] |
Uttarakhand | 77.61 | [59.34–89.17] | 66.39 | [51.5–78.61] |
Haryana | 65.74 | [54.36–75.56] | 65.54 | [55.12–74.64] |
Delhi | 62.19 | [46.7–75.53] | 51.84 | [36.48–66.85] |
Rajasthan | 66.22 | [59.86–72.04] | 62.18 | [56.08–67.91] |
Uttar Pradesh | 76.68 | [72.5–80.4] | 76.36 | [72.48–79.85] |
Bihar | 74.21 | [64.67–81.9] | 66.59 | [55.37–76.2] |
Sikkim | 48.52 | [26.72–70.9] | 56.52 | [40.71–71.11] |
Arunachal Pradesh | 69.99 | [50.82–84.03] | 76.96 | [67.53–84.29] |
Nagaland | 39.76 | [20.02–63.52] | 73.89 | [59.35–84.57] |
Manipur | 92.29 | [86.7–95.65] | 83.44 | [76.95–88.38] |
Mizoram | 41.22 | [25.41–59.07] | 47.99 | [35.51–60.72] |
Tripura | 59.44 | [46.74–70.99] | 60.72 | [52.24–68.59] |
Meghalaya | 44.27 | [22.72–68.21] | 18.15 | [12–26.51] |
Assam | 73.07 | [61.71–82.04] | 65.49 | [55.52–74.27] |
West Bengal | 69.96 | [65.43–74.12] | 62.29 | [58.22–66.2] |
Jharkhand | 61.69 | [48.41–73.43] | 79.65 | [71.41–85.99] |
Odisha | 84.92 | [79.64–89.03] | 81.15 | [75.85–85.51] |
Chhattisgarh | 79.05 | [65.48–88.25] | 63.83 | [52.35–73.92] |
Madhya Pradesh | 74.68 | [67.67–80.61] | 64.94 | [54.75–73.93] |
Gujarat | 52.52 | [46.22–58.75] | 55.32 | [47.87–62.54] |
Daman & Diu | 20.68 | [3.72–63.72] | 94.52 | [64.03–99.41] |
Dadra & Nagar Haveli | 25.39 | [12.36–45.07] | 33.38 | [20.88–48.75] |
Maharashtra | 72.11 | [66.98–76.72] | 59.07 | [54.57–63.42] |
Andhra Pradesh (Undivided) | 66.54 | [61.2–71.48] | 63.31 | [58.58–67.8] |
Karnataka | 72.9 | [65.96–78.88] | 71.69 | [64.92–77.6] |
Goa | 68.37 | [52.43–80.92] | 59.59 | [41.73–75.22] |
Lakshadweep | 35.94 | [17.47–59.79] | 24.99 | [16.46–36.05] |
Kerala | 60.62 | [56.34–64.75] | 61.22 | [57.82–64.51] |
Tamil Nadu | 56.79 | [51.21–62.2] | 48.17 | [43.02–53.35] |
Puducherry | 44.8 | [30.5–60.02] | 32.81 | [17.67–52.64] |
Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 19.8 | [8.86–38.53] | 24.08 | [14.88–36.54] |
State Poverty Lines | HH(%) pushed under poverty due to OOPE in 2014 | HH(%) pushed under poverty due to OOPE in 2017–18 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rural (INR) | Urban (INR) | Rural | Urban | Total | Rural | Urban | Total | |
Jammu & Kashmir | 1044 | 1403 | 2.53 | 3.31 | 5.85 | 3.00 | 4.55 | 7.55 |
Himachal Pradesh | 1067 | 1412 | 10.03 | 2.06 | 12.08 | 17.85 | 4.18 | 22.03 |
Punjab | 1127 | 1479 | 10.10 | 8.00 | 18.10 | 11.07 | 7.78 | 18.85 |
Uttarakhand | 1015 | 1408 | 1.98 | 9.90 | 11.88 | 6.83 | 10.00 | 16.83 |
Haryana | 1128 | 1528 | 6.67 | 5.49 | 12.16 | 7.08 | 5.76 | 12.84 |
Rajasthan | 1036 | 1406 | 5.55 | 3.91 | 9.45 | 5.61 | 6.07 | 11.68 |
Uttar Pradesh | 890 | 1330 | 5.19 | 3.76 | 8.95 | 5.08 | 5.16 | 10.25 |
Bihar | 971 | 1229 | 3.75 | 2.41 | 6.16 | 2.42 | 4.03 | 6.44 |
Sikkim | 1126 | 1543 | 3.45 | 3.45 | 6.90 | 4.69 | 1.95 | 6.64 |
Arunachal Pradesh | 1151 | 1483 | 0.92 | 1.83 | 2.75 | 3.29 | 1.23 | 4.53 |
Nagaland | 1230 | 1616 | 2.13 | 3.55 | 5.67 | 4.36 | 4.00 | 8.36 |
Manipur | 1185 | 1562 | 1.07 | 1.78 | 2.85 | 2.17 | 3.72 | 5.88 |
Mizoram | 1231 | 1704 | 2.03 | 2.03 | 4.06 | 2.00 | 2.99 | 4.99 |
Tripura | 936 | 1377 | 3.47 | 5.49 | 8.96 | 8.43 | 5.02 | 13.45 |
Meghalaya | 1111 | 1524 | 0.81 | 4.84 | 5.65 | 1.04 | 6.77 | 7.81 |
Assam | 1006 | 1420 | 3.48 | 4.21 | 7.69 | 4.62 | 5.49 | 10.11 |
West Bengal | 934 | 1373 | 3.83 | 7.42 | 11.25 | 6.87 | 8.78 | 15.65 |
Jharkhand | 904 | 1272 | 2.52 | 5.03 | 7.55 | 3.77 | 8.14 | 11.91 |
Odisha | 876 | 1205 | 4.70 | 4.35 | 9.05 | 5.50 | 4.71 | 10.21 |
Chhatisgarh | 912 | 1230 | 2.42 | 6.95 | 9.37 | 3.06 | 6.25 | 9.31 |
Madhya Pradesh | 942 | 1340 | 4.67 | 5.22 | 9.89 | 4.15 | 5.81 | 9.97 |
Gujarat | 1103 | 1507 | 3.79 | 5.80 | 9.59 | 5.72 | 8.76 | 14.48 |
Maharashtra | 1078 | 1560 | 5.25 | 5.57 | 10.83 | 3.84 | 9.47 | 13.31 |
Andhra Pradesh | 1032 | 1371 | 7.03 | 7.86 | 14.89 | 11.62 | 8.83 | 20.44 |
Karnataka | 975 | 1373 | 3.83 | 6.96 | 10.79 | 6.18 | 9.20 | 15.38 |
Goa | 1201 | 1470 | 9.80 | 6.86 | 16.67 | 8.22 | 5.48 | 13.70 |
Kerala | 1054 | 1354 | 9.22 | 8.16 | 17.37 | 12.73 | 8.00 | 20.73 |
Tamil Nadu | 1082 | 1380 | 7.28 | 9.59 | 16.87 | 8.48 | 11.60 | 20.08 |
Determinants of catastrophic health expenditure
VARIABLES | ODDS RATIO | |
---|---|---|
2014 | 2017–18 | |
PREDISPOSING FACTORS | ||
Demographics | ||
Age of household head | ||
> 60 | Ref. | Ref. |
< 60 | 0.894 (0.124) | 1.175 (0.151) |
Gender of household head | ||
Male | Ref. | Ref. |
Female | 0.974 (0.172) | 1.067 (0.177) |
Age composition of household members | ||
No children or old | Ref. | Ref. |
With children but no older people | 0.723*** (0.0902) | 0.960 (0.105) |
With older people but no children | 1.114 (0.153) | 1.076 (0.132) |
With both children and older people | 0.937 (0.156) | 0.848 (0.130) |
Older people only | 1.589* (0.390) | 0.935 (0.198) |
Household gender composition | ||
No men | Ref. | Ref. |
Both men and women | 1.256 (0.312) | 0.705 (0.151) |
Only men | 1.037 (0.433) | 0.684 (0.251) |
Household Size | ||
1–3 members | Ref. | Ref. |
4–6 members | 1.082 (0.114) | 0.973 (0.0945) |
7 or more members | 1.252 (0.179) | 0.917 (0.125) |
Social-Structural Factors | ||
Educational status of household head | ||
Illiterate or without formal schooling | Ref. | Ref. |
Upto primary school | 1.246* (0.156) | 1.121 (0.117) |
Upto middle school | 1.143 (0.139) | 0.930 (0.109) |
Secondary to higher secondary | 1.060 (0.130) | 1.210* (0.122) |
Graduation and above | 0.964 (0.161) | 0.949 (0.134) |
Principal Occupation of Household | ||
Regular wage | Ref. | Ref. |
Self-Employed | 1.111 (0.115) | 0.868 (0.0819) |
Casual Labour | 0.944 (0.122) | 0.911 (0.102) |
Others | 1.130 (0.187) | 0.967 (0.148) |
Social Group | ||
Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes | Ref. | Ref. |
Other Backward Class | 0.899 (0.0980) | 0.996 (0.0928) |
Other Groups | 1.065 (0.129) | 1.054 (0.103) |
ENABLING FACTORS | ||
Monthly Per Capita Expenditure Quintiles | ||
Poorest | Ref. | Ref. |
Poor | 0.931 (0.129) | 0.806* (0.103) |
Middle | 0.664*** (0.0972) | 0.541*** (0.0683) |
Rich | 0.551*** (0.0809) | 0.438*** (0.0612) |
Richest | 0.420*** (0.0675) | 0.245*** (0.0349) |
Living Condition Index | ||
Lowest | Ref. | Ref. |
Middle | 1.206 (0.146) | 0.935 (0.108) |
Highest | 1.257* (0.157) | 0.986 (0.0921) |
Whether Covered by Insurance or Pre-payment scheme | ||
No | Ref. | Ref. |
Yes | 0.680*** (0.0628) | 0.787*** (0.0633) |
Source of finance to pay for treatment | ||
Household income/savings | Ref. | Ref. |
Borrowings | 5.002*** (0.782) | 2.693*** (0.363) |
Other Sources | 1.764** (0.418) | 0.666*** (0.0968) |
Care-seeking choices for NCD related treatment of households | ||
Only Public | Ref. | Ref. |
Both Public and Private | 1.977*** (0.239) | 2.223*** (0.228) |
Only Private | 3.249*** (0.309) | 3.536*** (0.283) |
NEED FACTORS | ||
Hospitalization episode for NCDs over past 365 days | ||
No | Ref. | Ref. |
Yes | 0.967 (0.0697) | 1.248*** (0.0719) |
Number of household members who fell ill and sought care due to NCDs | ||
One | Ref. | Ref. |
Two | 2.027 (0.270) | 1.819 (0.157) |
Three or more | 3.131 (0.395) | 2.886 (0.319) |
Whether member(s) of household sought inter-state hospitalization | ||
No | Ref. | Ref. |
Yes | 1.797*** (0.313) | 2.609*** (0.347) |
CONTEXTUAL FACTORS | ||
Level of epidemiological transition (ETL) of state where household is located | ||
Low ETL | Ref. | Ref. |
Lower-Middle ETL | 0.442*** (0.0731) | 0.664** (0.113) |
Higher-middle ETL | 0.653*** (0.0713) | 0.669*** (0.0650) |
High ETL | 0.490*** (0.0604) | 0.557*** (0.0586) |
Location | ||
Rural | Ref. | Ref. |
Urban | 0.798**(0.0769) | 0.968 (0.0877) |
Constant | 1.384 (0.452) | 2.087 (0.664) |
Observations | 26,190 | 37,980 |