Background
Methods
Study population
Echocardiography
Biomarker measurement
Outcomes
Statistical analysis
Associations of biomarkers with mortality
Development and validation of the cardio-renal-hepatic function index
Prognostic value of the CRH score in patients with VHD
Results
Baseline characteristics
Variables | China-VHD (n = 6004) | China-DVD (n = 3156) |
---|---|---|
Age, yrs | 62.07 ± 13.80 | 71.24 ± 7.62 |
Male sex | 3413 (56.8) | 1720 (54.5) |
BMI, kg/m2
| 23.56 ± 3.69 | 23.32 ± 3.43 |
Current smoker | 985 (16.4) | 412 (13.1) |
Hypertension | 2657 (44.3) | 1768 (56.0) |
Hyperlipidemia | 825 (13.7) | 261 (8.3) |
Diabetes | 927 (15.4) | 631 (20.0) |
Coronary artery disease | 2197 (36.6) | 1405 (44.5) |
Prior MI | 679 (11.3) | 376 (11.9) |
Prior PCI | 847 (14.1) | 377 (11.9) |
Prior CABG | 159 (2.6) | 77 (2.4) |
Cardiomyopathy | 621 (10.3) | 298 (9.4) |
Atrial fibrillation or flutter | 1800 (30.0) | 1321 (41.9) |
Chronic lung disease | 427 (7.1) | 183 (5.8) |
NYHA functional class | ||
I | 1768 (29.4) | 648 (20.7) |
II | 1364 (22.7) | 762 (24.3) |
III | 2031 (33.8) | 1182 (37.7) |
IV | 841 (14.0) | 546 (17.4) |
NT-proBNP, pg/ml | 1447.22 (468.00–3783.28) | 1829.00 (630.26–4510.07) |
ln(NT-proBNP) | 7.14 ± 1.59 | 7.38 ± 1.52 |
Hemoglobin, g/L | 132.66 ± 20.78 | 127.03 ± 22.07 |
Creatinine, μmol/L | 82.44 (69.00–100.00) | 83.33 (69.00–104.00) |
ln(Creatinine) | 4.44 ± 0.34 | 4.46 ± 0.40 |
Albumin, g/dl | 3.94 ± 0.51 | 3.90 ± 0.62 |
ALT, U/L | 19.00 (13.00–30.68) | 19.00 (13.00–30.00) |
Total bilirubin, mg/dl | 0.86 (0.61–1.25) | 0.85 (0.61–1.24) |
Direct bilirubin, mg/dl | 0.27 (0.18–0.43) | 0.26 (0.17–0.39) |
MELD-XI score | 10.21 (9.44–12.41) | 10.45 (9.44–12.96) |
LA, mm | 45.82 ± 9.71 | 45.71 ± 9.12 |
LVEDD, mm | 55.09 ± 11.35 | 55.18 ± 10.84 |
LVEF, % | 56 (42–62) | 54.2 (41–62.3) |
Pulmonary hypertension | 2562 (42.7) | 1375 (43.6) |
≥ moderate isolated AS | 328 (5.5) | 205 (6.5) |
≥ moderate isolated AR | 780 (13.0) | 355 (11.2) |
≥ moderate isolated MS | 320 (5.3) | 113 (3.6) |
≥ moderate isolated MR | 1677 (27.9) | 960 (30.4) |
≥ moderate isolated TR | 1085 (18.1) | 547 (17.3) |
≥ moderate MVHD | 1814 (30.2) | 976 (30.9) |
Valvular interventions | 1922 (32.0) | 674 (21.4) |
Etiology | ||
Primary | 3148 (54.7) | 1712 (59.3) |
Rheumatic | 934 (29.7) | 339 (19.8) |
Degenerative | 1541 (49.0) | 1220 (71.3) |
Congenital | 479 (15.2) | 113 (6.6) |
Others | 194 (6.2) | 40 (2.3) |
Secondary | 2607 (45.3) | 1177 (40.7) |
Ischemic | 586 (22.5) | 387 (32.9) |
Functional | 2011 (77.1) | 785 (66.7) |
Others | 10 (0.4) | 5 (0.4) |
Medication use | ||
Diuretics | 4741 (79.0) | 2396 (75.9) |
Beta-blockers | 3585 (59.7) | 1950 (61.8) |
ACEI/ARB | 2436 (40.6) | 1525 (48.3) |
Warfarin | 2282 (38.0) | 1000 (31.7) |
Aspirin | 2203 (36.7) | 1409 (45.7) |
P2Y12 inhibitors | 1522 (25.3) | 872 (28.3) |
Variables | AS (n = 328) | AR (n = 780) | MS (n = 320) | MR (n = 1677) | TR (n = 1085) | MVHD (n = 1814) |
P Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, yrs | 64.38 ± 11.32 | 60.54 ± 14.23 | 55.81 ± 11.09 | 61.38 ± 12.65 | 62.75 ± 16.81 | 63.64 ± 13.02 | < 0.001 |
Male sex | 196 (59.8) | 606 (77.7) | 96 (30.0) | 1029 (61.4) | 515 (47.5) | 971 (53.5) | < 0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.06 ± 3.31 | 24.00 ± 3.39 | 23.44 ± 3.28 | 23.98 ± 3.64 | 23.19 ± 4.13 | 23.15 ± 3.64 | < 0.001 |
Current smoker | 62 (18.9) | 173 (22.2) | 26 (8.1) | 366 (21.8) | 122 (11.2) | 236 (13.0) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 138 (42.1) | 442 (56.7) | 63 (19.7) | 793 (47.3) | 463 (42.7) | 758 (41.8) | < 0.001 |
Hyperlipidemia | 79 (24.1) | 143 (18.3) | 46 (14.4) | 273 (16.3) | 107 (9.9) | 177 (9.8) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes | 45 (13.7) | 77 (9.9) | 23 (7.2) | 327 (19.5) | 166 (15.3) | 289 (15.9) | < 0.001 |
Coronary artery disease | 116 (35.4) | 294 (37.7) | 48 (15) | 791 (47.2) | 342 (31.5) | 606 (33.4) | < 0.001 |
Prior MI | 18 (5.5) | 64 (8.2) | 6 (1.9) | 313 (18.7) | 98 (9.0) | 180 (9.9) | < 0.001 |
Prior PCI | 26 (7.9) | 110 (14.1) | 11 (3.4) | 375 (22.4) | 131 (12.1) | 194 (10.7) | < 0.001 |
Prior CABG | 10 (3.0) | 17 (2.2) | 6 (1.9) | 60 (3.6) | 31 (2.9) | 35 (1.9) | 0.050 |
Cardiomyopathy | 4 (1.2) | 28 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) | 287 (17.1) | 79 (7.3) | 223 (12.3) | < 0.001 |
Atrial fibrillation or flutter | 21 (6.4) | 72 (9.2) | 145 (45.3) | 367 (21.9) | 408 (37.6) | 787 (43.4) | < 0.001 |
Chronic lung disease | 16 (4.9) | 54 (6.9) | 6 (1.9) | 93 (5.5) | 130 (12.0) | 128 (7.1) | < 0.001 |
NYHA functional class | |||||||
I | 83 (25.3) | 300 (38.5) | 80 (25.0) | 493 (29.4) | 440 (40.6) | 372 (20.5) | < 0.001 |
II | 85 (25.9) | 258 (33.1) | 106 (33.1) | 363 (21.6) | 203 (18.7) | 349 (19.2) | |
III | 141 (43.0) | 177 (22.7) | 120 (37.5) | 558 (33.3) | 302 (27.8) | 733 (40.4) | |
IV | 19 (5.8) | 45 (5.8) | 14 (4.4) | 263 (15.7) | 140 (12.9) | 360 (19.8) | |
NT-proBNP, pg/ml | 891.55 (276.05–2670.50) | 508.75 (135.85–1925.00) | 646.05 (301.68–1251.75) | 1480.00 (486.10–3795.50) | 1331.00 (474.10–3425.75) | 2519.50 (1091.00–5825.75) | < 0.001 |
ln(NT-proBNP) | 6.74 ± 1.60 | 6.25 ± 1.76 | 6.42 ± 1.13 | 7.13 ± 1.61 | 7.09 ± 1.48 | 7.76 ± 1.33 | < 0.001 |
Hemoglobin, g/L | 133.37 ± 18.18 | 136.18 ± 18.73 | 134.34 ± 16.49 | 133.00 ± 20.09 | 133.67 ± 24.94 | 129.80 ± 20.28 | < 0.001 |
Creatinine, μmol/L | 76.00 (66.00–91.00) | 83.95 (72.00–98.00) | 75.00 (66.00–90.00) | 84.11 (70.00–102.00) | 80.80 (66.00–98.00) | 84.00 (70.00–103.00) | < 0.001 |
ln(Creatinine) | 4.36 ± 0.27 | 4.45 ± 0.30 | 4.34 ± 0.24 | 4.46 ± 0.35 | 4.41 ± 0.36 | 4.48 ± 0.37 | < 0.001 |
Albumin, g/dl | 4.11 ± 0.53 | 4.03 ± 0.49 | 4.18 ± 0.46 | 3.93 ± 0.51 | 3.91 ± 0.51 | 3.85 ± 0.50 | < 0.001 |
ALT, U/L | 16.30 (12.00–24.00) | 17.00 (11.73–26.00) | 19.00 (14.00–27.00) | 20.60 (14.00–33.0) | 18.80 (13.00–30.00) | 20.00 (14.00–33.00) | < 0.001 |
Total bilirubin, mg/dl | 0.68 (0.51–0.92) | 0.73 (0.56–0.99) | 0.78 (0.56–1.09) | 0.81 (0.58–1.16) | 0.92 (0.66–1.36) | 1.00 (0.71–1.47) | < 0.001 |
Direct bilirubin, mg/dl | 0.22 (0.15–0.30) | 0.23 (0.16–0.32) | 0.25 (0.17–0.33) | 0.25 (0.17–0.39) | 0.31 (0.20–0.49) | 0.33 (0.22–0.54) | < 0.001 |
MELD-XI score | 9.44 (9.44–10.67) | 9.65 (9.44–11.49) | 9.58 (9.44–11.13) | 10.21 (9.44–12.22) | 10.40 (9.44–12.82) | 10.87 (9.44–13.45) | < 0.001 |
LA, mm | 39.93 ± 6.34 | 39.88 ± 6.42 | 51.25 ± 9.55 | 46.65 ± 8.55 | 41.00 ± 8.45 | 50.60 ± 9.85 | < 0.001 |
LVEDD, mm | 50.12 ± 7.36 | 60.42 ± 10.35 | 46.86 ± 5.05 | 59.04 ± 10.06 | 45.89 ± 8.88 | 57.01 ± 11.31 | < 0.001 |
LVEF, % | 61 (55–66) | 58 (50–62) | 61 (56–65) | 50 (35–60.7) | 59 (51–63) | 52 (38–60) | < 0.001 |
Pulmonary hypertension | 38 (11.6) | 63 (8.1) | 127 (39.7) | 492 (29.3) | 673 (62.0) | 1169 (64.4) | < 0.001 |
Severe VHD | 252 (76.8) | 289 (37.1) | 179 (55.9) | 525 (31.3) | 347 (32.0) | 1101 (60.7) | < 0.001 |
Valvular interventions | 227 (69.2) | 391 (50.1) | 251 (78.4) | 402 (24.0) | 108 (10.0) | 543 (29.9) | < 0.001 |
Etiology | |||||||
Primary | 328 (100.0) | 547 (73.8) | 320 (100.0) | 639 (39.1) | 355 (37.2) | 959 (54.0) | < 0.001 |
Rheumatic | 35 (10.7) | 47 (8.6) | 306 (95.6) | 120 (18.8) | 32 (9.0) | 394 (41.1) | |
Degenerative | 200 (61.0) | 376 (68.7) | 12 (3.8) | 346 (54.1) | 182 (51.3) | 425 (44.3) | |
Congenital | 87 (26.5) | 100 (18.3) | 1 (0.3) | 78 (12.2) | 129 (36.3) | 84 (8.8) | |
Others | 6 (1.8) | 24 (4.4) | 1 (0.3) | 95 (14.9) | 12 (3.4) | 56 (5.8) | |
Secondary | 0 (0.0) | 194 (26.2) | 0 (0.0) | 997 (60.9) | 600 (62.8) | 816 (46.0) | |
Ischemic | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 382 (38.3) | 0 (0.0) | 204 (25.0) | |
Functional | 0 (0.0) | 194 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 608 (61.0) | 599 (99.8) | 610 (74.8) | |
Others | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (0.7) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | |
Medication use | |||||||
Diuretics | 249 (75.9) | 592 (75.9) | 275 (85.9) | 1308 (78.0) | 748 (68.9) | 1569 (86.5) | < 0.001 |
Beta-blockers | 209 (63.7) | 477 (61.2) | 153 (47.8) | 1117 (66.6) | 551 (50.8) | 1078 (59.4) | < 0.001 |
ACEI/ARB | 58 (17.7) | 325 (41.7) | 51 (15.9) | 821 (49.0) | 419 (38.6) | 762 (42.0) | < 0.001 |
Warfarin | 192 (58.5) | 378 (48.5) | 268 (83.8) | 448 (26.7) | 250 (23.0) | 746 (41.1) | < 0.001 |
Aspirin | 114 (34.8) | 313 (40.1) | 48 (15.0) | 820 (48.9) | 343 (31.6) | 565 (31.1) | < 0.001 |
P2Y12 inhibitors | 82 (25.0) | 199 (25.5) | 22 (6.9) | 589 (35.1) | 238 (21.9) | 392 (21.6) | < 0.001 |
Development of the CRH score
Associated factors of cardio-renal-hepatic function
Association of cardio-renal-hepatic function with mortality
Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysisa
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted HR (95%CI) |
P value | Adjusted HR (95%CI) |
P value | |
Total Cohort (
n
= 6004)
| ||||
CRH score (per 1 point increase) | 2.719 (2.503–2.954) | < 0.001 | 2.095 (1.891–2.320) | < 0.001 |
CRH score | ||||
Q2 vs Q1 | 3.636 (2.241–5.898) | < 0.001 | 2.586 (1.583–4.223) | < 0.001 |
Q3 vs Q1 | 6.293 (3.965–9.989) | < 0.001 | 3.652 (2.267–5.882) | < 0.001 |
Q4 vs Q1 | 21.246 (13.687–32.979) | < 0.001 | 8.319 (5.182–13.355) | < 0.001 |
AS (
n
= 328)
| ||||
CRH score (per 1 point increase) | 2.086 (1.448–3.004) | < 0.001 | 1.791 (1.018–3.148) | 0.043 |
CRH score | ||||
Q2 vs Q1 | 1.478 (0.247–8.848) | 0.669 | 1.036 (0.157–6.813) | 0.971 |
Q3 vs Q1 | 4.652 (1.005–21.538) | 0.049 | 2.407 (0.473–12.240) | 0.290 |
Q4 vs Q1 | 7.873 (1.792–34.584) | 0.006 | 2.990 (0.546–16.380) | 0.207 |
AR (
n
= 780)
| ||||
CRH score (per 1 point increase) | 3.416 (2.618–4.457) | < 0.001 | 3.290 (2.245–4.821) | < 0.001 |
CRH score | ||||
Q2 vs Q1 | — | — | — | — |
Q3 vs Q1 | — | — | — | — |
Q4 vs Q1 | — | — | — | — |
MS (
n
= 320)
b
| ||||
CRH score (per 1 point increase) | 7.279 (3.457–15.320) | < 0.001 | 4.986 (2.069–12.016) | < 0.001 |
CRH score | ||||
Q2 vs Q1 | — | — | — | — |
Q3 vs Q1 | — | — | — | — |
Q4 vs Q1 | — | — | — | — |
MR (
n
= 1677)
| ||||
CRH score (per 1 point increase) | 2.552 (2.161–3.014) | < 0.001 | 1.938 (1.573–2.389) | < 0.001 |
CRH score | ||||
Q2 vs Q1 | 2.964 (1.260–6.973) | 0.013 | 1.696 (0.708–4.064) | 0.236 |
Q3 vs Q1 | 5.416 (2.414–12.148) | < 0.001 | 2.599 (1.118–6.044) | 0.026 |
Q4 vs Q1 | 13.451 (6.216–29.106) | < 0.001 | 4.017 (1.720–9.381) | 0.001 |
TR (
n
= 1085)
| ||||
CRH score (per 1 point increase) | 2.676 (2.246–3.188) | < 0.001 | 2.253 (1.808–2.808) | < 0.001 |
CRH score | ||||
Q2 vs Q1 | 2.400 (0.922–6.247) | 0.073 | 2.167 (0.816–5.752) | 0.121 |
Q3 vs Q1 | 3.973 (1.611–9.798) | 0.003 | 3.361 (1.318–8.571) | 0.011 |
Q4 vs Q1 | 16.708 (7.293–38.279) | < 0.001 | 10.502 (4.315–25.557) | < 0.001 |
MVHD (
n
= 1814)
| ||||
CRH score (per 1 point increase) | 2.611 (2.255–3.024) | < 0.001 | 1.914 (1.603–2.284) | < 0.001 |
CRH score | ||||
Q2 vs Q1 | 1.977 (1.104–3.539) | 0.022 | 1.474 (0.817–2.657) | 0.198 |
Q3 vs Q1 | 3.752 (2.190–6.429) | < 0.001 | 2.076 (1.182–3.647) | 0.011 |
Q4 vs Q1 | 9.788 (5.904–16.228) | < 0.001 | 3.931 (2.258–6.844) | < 0.001 |
Association of cardio-renal-hepatic function with mortality in clinically meaningful subsets
Multivariable analysis | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mortality under medical treatment | Mortality in patients with LVEF ≥ 50% | Mortality in patients with primary VHD | |
Total cohort | |||
Adjusted HR (95%CI) | 2.168 (1.946–2.416) | 2.072 (1.806–2.376) | 2.199 (1.876–2.578) |
P value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
ASa
| |||
Adjusted HR (95%CI) | 2.499 (0.922–6.778) | 1.387 (0.776–2.481) | 1.791 (1.018–3.148) |
P value | 0.072 | 0.270 | 0.043 |
ARb
| |||
Adjusted HR (95%CI) | 4.435 (2.781–7.072) | 3.615 (2.110–6.193) | 3.289 (2.111–5.127) |
P value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
MSc
| |||
Adjusted HR (95%CI) | 4.401 (1.155–16.778) | 10.749 (3.134–36.867) | 4.986 (2.069–12.016) |
P value | 0.030 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
MR | |||
Adjusted HR (95%CI) | 1.994 (1.601–2.483) | 1.583 (1.112–2.253) | 2.242 (1.445–3.477) |
P value | < 0.001 | 0.011 | < 0.001 |
TR | |||
Adjusted HR (95%CI) | 2.200 (1.758–2.751) | 2.581 (1.975–3.371) | 3.602 (2.158–6.013) |
P value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
MVHD | |||
Adjusted HR (95%CI) | 1.977 (1.642–2.380) | 1.857 (1.449–2.378) | 1.932 (1.485–2.514) |
P value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |