Introduction
Methods
Data sources
Study population and data extraction
Statin use
Outcomes
Statistical analysis
Sensitivity analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics
Variables | Total (n = 2725) | Non-statins | Statins | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 1241) | (n = 1484) | |||
Number | ||||
Age(year) | 72 (64, 80) | 69 (61, 78) | 73 (67, 80) | < 0.001 |
Gender(male) | 1456 (53.4) | 643 (51.8) | 813 (54.8) | 0.121 |
Los-ICU | 5.5 ± 5.9 | 6.0 ± 6.4 | 5.1 ± 5.4 | < 0.001 |
Hospital days | 12.4 ± 10.2 | 12.9 ± 10.9 | 12.0 ± 9.7 | 0.013 |
Vitals | ||||
SBP (mmHg) | 117.0 ± 16.0 | 116.6 ± 15.6 | 117.4 ± 16.3 | 0.197 |
DBP (mmHg) | 61.9 ± 10.8 | 63.1 ± 11.0 | 60.9 ± 10.6 | < 0.001 |
HR (beats/min) | 85.9 ± 15.6 | 87.7 ± 16.4 | 84.4 ± 14.7 | < 0.001 |
RR (beats/min) | 19.8 ± 3.7 | 19.9 ± 3.9 | 19.8 ± 3.5 | 0.29 |
SpO2 (%) | 96.2 ± 2.3 | 96.2 ± 2.3 | 96.2 ± 2.2 | 0.826 |
Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
Asthma | 114 ( 4.2) | 55 (4.4) | 59 (4) | 0.544 |
CAD | 456 (16.7) | 117 (9.4) | 339 (22.8) | < 0.001 |
CHF | 1216 (44.6) | 422 (34) | 794 (53.5) | < 0.001 |
PVD | 517 (19.0) | 168 (13.5) | 349 (23.5) | < 0.001 |
CVD | 433 (15.9) | 161 (13) | 272 (18.3) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes | 938 (34.4) | 315 (25.4) | 623 (42) | < 0.001 |
Liver disease | 314 (11.5) | 219 (17.6) | 95 (6.4) | < 0.001 |
Renal disease | 692 (25.4) | 215 (17.3) | 477 (32.1) | < 0.001 |
Malignant cancer | 446 (16.4) | 255 (20.5) | 191 (12.9) | < 0.001 |
Laboratory events | ||||
WBC(109/L) | 14.7 ± 11.2 | 15.0 ± 14.1 | 14.5 ± 8.0 | 0.249 |
HGB (g/L) | 11.3 ± 2.2 | 11.5 ± 2.3 | 11.3 ± 2.1 | 0.014 |
PLT (109/L) | 147.0 (119.0, 196.0) | 144.0 (118.0, 190.0) | 149.0 (120.0, 199.2) | 0.038 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 209.0 (156.0, 277.0) | 206.0 (148.0, 284.0) | 210.5 (160.8, 272.0) | 0.184 |
Calcium (mg/dL) | 8.6 ± 0.7 | 8.6 ± 0.8 | 8.6 ± 0.7 | 0.047 |
Sodium (mmol/L) | 139.6 ± 4.9 | 139.5 ± 5.3 | 139.7 ± 4.6 | 0.342 |
Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 0.553 |
Anion gap (mmol/L) | 16.4 ± 4.5 | 16.5 ± 4.7 | 16.3 ± 4.4 | 0.161 |
Treatment, n (%) | ||||
Glucocorticoid | 968 (35.5) | 483 (38.9) | 485 (32.7) | < 0.001 |
Antibiotic | 2280 (83.7) | 1073 (86.5) | 1207 (81.3) | < 0.001 |
Vasopressin | 284 (10.4) | 114 (9.2) | 170 (11.5) | 0.054 |
Norepinephrine | 575 (21.1) | 238 (19.2) | 337 (22.7) | 0.024 |
Epinephrine | 130 ( 4.8) | 56 (4.5) | 74 (5) | 0.563 |
ACEI/ARB | 416 (15.3) | 122 (9.8) | 294 (19.8) | < 0.001 |
β-blocker | 1437 (52.7) | 545 (43.9) | 892 (60.1) | < 0.001 |
VENT | 873 (32.0) | 387 (31.2) | 486 (32.7) | 0.383 |
Scores | ||||
CCI | 7.4 ± 2.6 | 7.0 ± 2.6 | 7.8 ± 2.5 | < 0.001 |
SAPII | 39.8 ± 12.8 | 40.4 ± 14.0 | 39.3 ± 11.6 | 0.023 |
OASIS | 34.3 ± 9.0 | 35.5 ± 9.4 | 33.3 ± 8.5 | < 0.001 |
Outcomes, n (%) | ||||
Delirium | 436 (16.0) | 237 (19.1) | 199 (13.4) | < 0.001 |
30-day mortality | 492 (18.1) | 269 (21.7) | 223 (15) | < 0.001 |
Propensity score matching analysis
Item n | Unmatched | SMD | Matched | SMD | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-statins | Statins | SMD | − 0.1 | Non-statins | Statins | SMD | − 0.1 | |
1241 | 1484 | 955 | 955 | |||||
Age (year) | 69.46 (11.77) | 73.12 (9.80) | 0.338 | > 0.1 | 71.56 (11.38) | 71.54 (9.58) | 0.002 | < 0.1 |
SBP (mmHg) | 116.61 (15.63) | 117.41 (16.35) | 0.05 | < 0.1 | 117.03 (15.40) | 117.40 (16.22) | 0.023 | < 0.1 |
DBP (mmHg) | 63.14 (10.99) | 60.91 (10.59) | 0.207 | > 0.1 | 62.22 (10.69) | 62.15 (10.78) | 0.006 | < 0.1 |
HR (beats/min) | 87.74 (16.36) | 84.37 (14.75) | 0.216 | > 0.1 | 86.22 (15.95) | 85.90 (15.38) | 0.021 | < 0.1 |
SpO2 (%) | 96.16 (2.34) | 96.18 (2.20) | 0.008 | < 0.1 | 96.15 (2.35) | 96.18 (2.15) | 0.009 | < 0.1 |
Asthma | 55 (4.4) | 59 (4.0) | 0.023 | < 0.1 | 45 ( 4.7) | 47 (4.9) | 0.01 | < 0.1 |
CAD | 117 (9.4) | 339 (22.8) | 0.371 | > 0.1 | 111 (11.6) | 119 (12.5) | 0.026 | < 0.1 |
Liver disease | 219 (17.6) | 95 ( 6.4) | 0.351 | > 0.1 | 85 (8.9) | 87 (9.1) | 0.007 | < 0.1 |
Malignant cancer | 255 (20.5) | 191 (12.9) | 0.207 | > 0.1 | 165 (17.3) | 155 (16.2) | 0.028 | < 0.1 |
PLT (109/L) | 225.28 (114.45) | 227.34 (99.49) | 0.019 | < 0.1 | 229.06 (108.70) | 230.91 (105.12) | 0.017 | < 0.1 |
HGB (g/L) | 11.46 (2.26) | 11.26 (2.10) | 0.094 | < 0.1 | 11.38 (2.22) | 11.42 (2.13) | 0.018 | < 0.1 |
Calcium (mg/dL) | 8.58 (0.81) | 8.64 (0.69) | 0.076 | < 0.1 | 8.62 (0.80) | 8.61 (0.69) | 0.012 | < 0.1 |
Sodium (mmol/L) | 139.55 (5.27) | 139.73 (4.64) | 0.036 | < 0.1 | 139.70 (4.87) | 139.72 (4.60) | 0.005 | < 0.1 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 169.56 (96.72) | 177.37 (104.89) | 0.077 | < 0.1 | 170.52 (100.27) | 172.39 (92.73) | 0.019 | < 0.1 |
Glucocorticoid | 483 (38.9) | 485 (32.7) | 0.13 | > 0.1 | 355 (37.2) | 355 (37.2) | < 0.001 | < 0.1 |
Antibiotic | 1073 (86.5) | 1207 (81.3) | 0.14 | > 0.1 | 802 (84.0) | 804 (84.2) | 0.006 | < 0.1 |
Norepinephrine | 238 (19.2) | 337 (22.7) | 0.087 | < 0.1 | 202 (21.2) | 188 (19.7) | 0.036 | < 0.1 |
Epinephrine | 56 (4.5) | 74 (5.0) | 0.022 | < 0.1 | 47 (4.9) | 40 (4.2) | 0.035 | < 0.1 |
Vasopressin | 114 (9.2) | 170 (11.5) | 0.075 | < 0.1 | 102 (10.7) | 88 (9.2) | 0.049 | < 0.1 |
ACEI/ARB | 122 (9.8) | 294 (19.8) | 0.284 | > 0.1 | 117 (12.3) | 124 (13.0) | 0.022 | < 0.1 |
SAPII | 40.39 (14.03) | 39.28 (11.58) | 0.087 | < 0.1 | 39.81 (13.40) | 39.74 (12.17) | 0.006 | < 0.1 |
OASIS | 35.51 (9.39) | 33.29 (8.46) | 0.249 | > 0.1 | 34.47 (9.08) | 34.47 (8.60) | < 0.001 | < 0.1 |
Los-ICU | 6.01 (6.45) | 5.10 (5.45) | 0.152 | > 0.1 | 5.51 (5.99) | 5.55 (6.16) | 0.006 | < 0.1 |
Item n | Unmatched | SMD | Matched | SMD | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-statins | Statins | SMD | − 0.1 | Non-statins | Statins | SMD | − 0.1 | |
1241 | 1484 | 882 | 882 | |||||
Age (year) | 69.46 (11.77) | 73.12 (9.80) | 0.338 | > 0.1 | 71.83 (11.33) | 71.76 (9.87) | 0.006 | < 0.1 |
SBP (mmHg) | 116.61 (15.63) | 117.41 (16.35) | 0.05 | < 0.1 | 117.40 (15.67) | 117.50 (16.32) | 0.006 | < 0.1 |
DBP(mmHg) | 63.14 (10.99) | 60.91 (10.59) | 0.207 | > 0.1 | 62.43 (10.97) | 62.24 (10.85) | 0.017 | < 0.1 |
HR (beats/min) | 87.74 (16.36) | 84.37 (14.75) | 0.216 | > 0.1 | 86.25 (16.04) | 85.81 (15.29) | 0.028 | < 0.1 |
RR (beats/min) | 19.91 (3.87) | 19.76 (3.48) | 0.041 | < 0.1 | 19.75 (3.67) | 19.90 (3.54) | 0.042 | < 0.1 |
SpO2 (%) | 96.16 (2.34) | 96.18 (2.20) | 0.008 | < 0.1 | 96.18 (2.20) | 96.15 (2.18) | 0.013 | < 0.1 |
CHF | 422 (34.0) | 794 (53.5) | 0.401 | > 0.1 | 374 (42.4) | 377 (42.7) | 0.007 | < 0.1 |
Asthma | 55 ( 4.4) | 59 ( 4.0) | 0.023 | < 0.1 | 36 ( 4.1) | 46 (5.2) | 0.054 | < 0.1 |
Diabetes | 315 (25.4) | 623 (42.0) | 0.357 | > 0.1 | 273 (31.0) | 281 (31.9) | 0.02 | < 0.1 |
Liver disease | 219 (17.6) | 95 ( 6.4) | 0.351 | > 0.1 | 74 ( 8.4) | 86 (9.8) | 0.047 | < 0.1 |
Renal disease | 215 (17.3) | 477 (32.1) | 0.349 | > 0.1 | 193 (21.9) | 190 (21.5) | 0.008 | < 0.1 |
Malignant cancer | 255 (20.5) | 191 (12.9) | 0.207 | > 0.1 | 158 (17.9) | 143 (16.2) | 0.045 | < 0.1 |
HGB(g/L) | 11.46 (2.26) | 11.26 (2.10) | 0.094 | < 0.1 | 11.37 (2.21) | 11.47 (2.14) | 0.046 | < 0.1 |
WBC(10^9/L) | 15.01 (14.11) | 14.51 (7.95) | 0.043 | < 0.1 | 14.74 (10.07) | 15.03 (8.22) | 0.032 | < 0.1 |
Glucose (mg/dl) | 169.56 (96.72) | 177.37 (104.89) | 0.077 | < 0.1 | 170.17 (100.76) | 172.59 (99.14) | 0.024 | < 0.1 |
Sodium (mmol/L) | 139.55 (5.27) | 139.73 (4.64) | 0.036 | < 0.1 | 139.64 (5.04) | 139.64 (4.51) | < 0.001 | < 0.1 |
Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.68 (0.90) | 4.70 (0.83) | 0.023 | < 0.1 | 4.67 (0.89) | 4.69 (0.80) | 0.017 | < 0.1 |
Anion gap (mmol/L) | 16.50 (4.65) | 16.26 (4.35) | 0.054 | < 0.1 | 16.16 (4.29) | 16.22 (4.35) | 0.014 | < 0.1 |
Glucocorticoid | 483 (38.9) | 485 (32.7) | 0.13 | > 0.1 | 330 (37.4) | 321 (36.4) | 0.021 | < 0.1 |
Antibiotic | 1073 (86.5) | 1207 (81.3) | 0.14 | > 0.1 | 741 (84.0) | 742 (84.1) | 0.003 | < 0.1 |
Vasopressin | 114 (9.2) | 170 (11.5) | 0.075 | < 0.1 | 89 (10.1) | 82 (9.3) | 0.027 | < 0.1 |
Epinephrine | 56 (4.5) | 74 (5.0) | 0.022 | < 0.1 | 44 (5.0) | 43 (4.9) | 0.005 | < 0.1 |
Norepinephrine | 238 (19.2) | 337 (22.7) | 0.087 | < 0.1 | 181 (20.5) | 171 (19.4) | 0.028 | < 0.1 |
ACEI.ARB | 122 (9.8) | 294 (19.8) | 0.284 | > 0.1 | 109 (12.4) | 119 (13.5) | 0.034 | < 0.1 |
β-blocker | 545 (43.9) | 892 (60.1) | 0.328 | > 0.1 | 462 (52.4) | 464 (52.6) | 0.005 | < 0.1 |
CCI | 6.98 (2.62) | 7.82 (2.47) | 0.33 | > 0.1 | 7.28 (2.65) | 7.28 (2.47) | < 0.001 | < 0.1 |
SAPII | 40.39 (14.03) | 39.28 (11.58) | 0.087 | < 0.1 | 39.57 (12.52) | 39.78 (12.46) | 0.017 | < 0.1 |
OASIS | 35.51 (9.39) | 33.29 (8.46) | 0.249 | > 0.1 | 34.46 (8.84) | 34.48 (8.79) | 0.002 | < 0.1 |
Los-ICU | 6.01 (6.45) | 5.10 (5.45) | 0.152 | > 0.1 | 5.48 (5.85) | 5.42 (5.69) | 0.01 | < 0.1 |
Association between statin exposure and outcomes
Analysis | Delirium (%) | p | 30-day mortality (%) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. of events/no. of patients at risk (%) | ||||
No statin use | 237/1241 (19.1) | 269 (21.7) | ||
Statin use | 199/1484 (13.4) | 223 (15) | ||
Crude analysis-hazard ratio (95% CI) | 0.66 (0.53–0.81) | < 0.001 | 0.64 (0.53–0.78) | < 0.001 |
Multivariable analysis-hazard ratio (95% CI) | 0.67 (0.52–0.85) | 0.001 | 0.67 (0.52–0.85) | 0.001 |
With matching | 0.7 (0.54–0.9) | 0.006 | 0.76 (0.6–0.97) | 0.028 |
With inverse probability weighting | 0.69 (0.56–0.85) | < 0.001 | 0.7 (0.57–0.85) | < 0.001 |
Adjusted for propensity score | 0.7 (0.56–0.88) | 0.002 | 0.73 (0.59–0.9) | 0.003 |
Group | Delirium | 30-day mortality | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of events/No. (%) | Crude.OR_95CI | p | adj.OR_95CI | p | No. of events/No. (%) | crude.OR_95CI | p | adj.OR_95CI | p | |
No statin use | 237/1241 (19.1) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 269/1241 (21.7) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | ||||
Statin use after ICU | 68/644 (10.6) | 0.5 (0.37–0.67) | < 0.001 | 0.55 (0.4–0.75) | < 0.001 | 107/644 (16.6) | 0.72 (0.56–0.92) | 0.009 | 0.85 (0.63–1.15) | 0.287 |
Statin use before and after ICU | 131/840 (15.5) | 0.78 (0.62–0.99) | 0.04 | 0.76 (0.58–1) | 0.047 | 116/840 (13.8) | 0.58 (0.46–0.73) | < 0.001 | 0.55 (0.41–0.73) | < 0.001 |