Introduction
Methods
Study design and population
Data collection
Definitions for the TyG index and HSI
Definitions for AF and NAFLD
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics and parameters of the participants
Characteristics | Total (N = 632) | NAFLD (N = 176) | Normal (N = 456) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, year | 64.81 (9.81) | 62.48 (10.51) | 65.71 (9.39) | < 0.01 |
Female, n (%) | 269 (42.56) | 69 (39.20) | 200 (43.86) | 0.29 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.26 (3.38) | 25.64 (3.69) | 23.73 (3.09) | < 0.01 |
Smoke, n (%) | 134 (21.20) | 34 (19.32) | 100 (21.32) | 0.47 |
Persistent AF, n (%) | 275 (43.51) | 76 (43.18) | 199 (43.64) | 0.92 |
SBP, mmHg | 128 (19) | 130 (19) | 126 (19) | 0.02 |
DBP, mmHg | 73 (14) | 77 (14) | 76 (14) | 0.81 |
Duration of AF, months | 34.31 (48.57) | 37.87 (56.42) | 32.94 (45.18) | 0.72 |
Laboratory results | ||||
AST, mmol/L | 23.52 (19.29–28.71) | 24.93 (20.10–30.38) | 23.19 (18.93–28.06) | 0.04 |
ALT, mmol/L | 20.04 (13.80–28.76) | 23.30 (17.01–33.76) | 18.73 (13.06–26.53) | < 0.01 |
TC, mmol/L | 4.24 (1.06) | 4.59 (1.18) | 4.10 (0.98) | < 0.01 |
TG, mmol/L | 1.23 (0.90–1.71) | 1.62 (1.11–2.38) | 1.14 (0.86–1.53) | < 0.01 |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.16 (0.31) | 1.08 (0.30) | 1.19 (0.32) | < 0.01 |
LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.49 (0.83) | 2.78 (0.95) | 2.38 (0.76) | < 0.01 |
Glucose, mmol/L | 5.13 (4.62–5.88) | 5.62 (4.88–6.89) | 5.02 (4.55–5.61) | < 0.01 |
HbA1C | 5.80 (5.50–6.10) | 5.90 (5.50–6.45) | 5.70 (5.40–6.00) | < 0.01 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 83.02 (21.65) | 85.75 (21.90) | 81.95 (21.48) | 0.05 |
UA, mmol/L | 377.33 (103.78) | 394.59 (104.08) | 370.62 (103.00) | < 0.01 |
HSI | 31.51 (4.89) | 33.80 (5.61) | 30.62 (4.26) | < 0.01 |
TyG index | 8.61 (0.62) | 9.00 (0.69) | 8.46 (0.53) | < 0.01 |
Chronic disease, n (%) | ||||
Hypertension | 359 (56.80) | 107 (60.80) | 252 (55.26) | 0.21 |
Diabetes | 133 (21.04) | 63 (35.80) | 70 (15.35) | < 0.01 |
Dyslipidemia | 267 (42.25) | 108 (61.36) | 159 (34.78) | < 0.01 |
Association of the TyG index with risk of NAFLD
TyG index | Case/N | Crude model OR (95%CI) | P | Model I OR (95%CI) | P | Model II OR (95%CI) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Per 1 unit increase | 176/632 | 4.51 (3.21, 6.34) | < 0.001 | 3.59 (2.40, 5.36) | < 0.001 | 3.27 (2.13, 5.02) | < 0.001 |
Tertiles | |||||||
T1 (≤ 8.29) | 37/211 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 | Ref. | 1.0 |
T2 (8.29–8.82) | 46/210 | 2.63 (1.55, 4.45) | < 0.001 | 2.54 (1.47, 4.39) | < 0.001 | 2.22 (1.24, 3.98) | 0.007 |
T3 (≥ 8.82) | 93/211 | 6.89 (4.16, 11.40) | < 0.001 | 4.97 (2.73, 8.40) | < 0.001 | 4.07 (2.24, 7.39) | < 0.001 |
P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Dose–response relationship between the TyG index and NAFLD
Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis
ORs of the HSI for predicting NAFLD
Parameters | Tertile (range) | OR (95% Cl) | P |
---|---|---|---|
TyG index | |||
T1 (≤ 8.29 ) | Ref. | 1.0 | |
T2 (8.29–8.82) | 2.54 (1.47, 4.39) | < 0.001 | |
T3 (≥ 8.82) | 4.97 (2.73, 8.40) | < 0.001 | |
HSI | |||
T1 (≤ 29.26) | Ref. | 1.0 | |
T2 (29.26–33.13) | 1.29 (0.77, 2.18) | 0.134 | |
T3 (≥ 33.13) | 2.48 (1.44, 4.25) | < 0.001 |
Cut-off values and AUC of the TyG index and HSI of predicting NAFLD
Parameters | Cut-off | Sensitivity | Specificity | AUC | 95%CI | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TyG index | 8.600 | 66.010 | 71.590 | 0.735 | 0.690, 0.779 | < 0.01 |
HSI | 33.900 | 69.070 | 58.720 | 0.677 | 0.629, 0.725 | < 0.01 |