Results
Table
1 shows the demographic characteristics of the eight patients who were interviewed. Half of them were female, the mean age was 60.9 years, the majority of the patients had a high level of education and lived in small cities. Reasons for their ICU treatment differed strongly, the most prevalent admission diagnosis was transplantation of lung or liver.
Table 1
Patient characteristics (n = 8)
sex | male | 4 |
female | 4 |
age | 40—50 years | 2 |
51—60 years | 3 |
61 -.70 years | 3 |
educational history | secondary schools | 2 |
intermediate maturity | 1 |
high school diploma | 5 |
place of residence, number of inhabitants | < 10.001 | 3 |
10.001 to 25.000 | 4 |
25.001 to 1,5 Mio | 1 |
admission diagnosis | cardiac surgery | 2 |
neurosurgical intervention | 1 |
polytrauma | 1 |
sepsis | 1 |
transplantation (liver or lung) | 3 |
The following presentation of the results is based on the interview guideline (see e-supplement
2). "(…)" means a break in the narrative flow, "[…]" means a shortening of the quote.
Four categories merged from our analysis of patient interviews:
1)
Long-term trustful relationship between patient and the GP team
Most patients cited a long-term and trustful relationship to the GP team as major facilitator for the success and acceptance of the intervention. Vice versa, lack of this relationship was identified as a possible barrier.
2)
Intervention by a medical doctor
A medical doctor who applies the intervention has the sufficient knowledge about the ICU setting and knowledge of the patient’s medical history. This knowledge was perceived as great advantage in comparison to the more theoretical knowledge attributed to psychotherapists, who are not familiar to these settings. However, a single patient stated that a GP team might be not sufficiently trained to have these kind of psychological conversations and identified the missing qualification as barrier of acceptance.
3)
Professional emotional distance of the GP team
The professional emotional distance of the GP team was perceived as relieving for patients and their families in terms of “professional complicity” and was a strong facilitator for acceptance of the intervention.
4)
Brevity of the intervention
The brevity of the intervention was mentioned as a barrier for acceptance by two patients. They would have liked more time for the intervention or more than the three sessions offered. Table
2 lists facilitators and barriers cited by the interviewed patients.
1)
Long-term trustful relationship between patient and the GP team
Table 2
Most frequent cited facilitators and barriers for acceptance of the NET interventions identified by patients
long-term trustful relationship between patient and GP practice staff (n = 5) | brevity of the intervention (n = 2) |
medical doctor applies the intervention (n = 4) | unknown GP applies the intervention (n = 1) |
professional emotional distance of the GP (n = 2) | non-psychological expert applies the intervention (n = 1) |
Five patients cited the long-term trustful relationship between patient and the GP team as the main facilitator for the acceptance of the NET intervention. An interviewee emphasized the importance of home visits as well as the quick and low-threshold accessibility of the GPs practice:
“I won´t hear a word against my doctor (laughs), she is simply the best. How long does it take to find a doctor that makes house calls? Besides that, she is always ready to listen. When I call the practice, then she calls me back within 10 min and that is really super.” (B8; female, 52 years old, secondary school, admission diagnosis: polytrauma)
Other patients also report the very good and trusting relationship with their GP, which they describe as fundamental to the acceptance of the intervention.
"Very positive. (…) Because there is a certain level of trust with her, (…) because that is a prerequisite." (B3; female, 59 years old, high school diploma, admission diagnosis: cardiac surgery)
“The doctor, simply put, knows me..…..inside out, she knows each of my little aches and pains….and that is naturally very helpful, because then I know for sure, that she wouldn´t do anything that is not good for me ….and that´s reassuring.”(B8; female, 52 years old, secondary school, admission diagnosis: polytrauma)
This statement indicates that, from the patient's perspective, mental and physical health are inextricably linked. Good psychological support is therefore assumed, since the long-term doctor-patient relationship also means that the patients` medical history is known.
The telephone contact with the medical assistant was rated neutrally by three respondents, one respondent explicitly emphasized this contact as positive. “I perceived this kind of psychological treatment and the questionnaires quite supportive and then also these calls from the receptionist, who asked me again and again: And, if you look back now, how did you feel in the last two weeks? I think it's good that you just reflect a bit and then maybe classify some things a little different for yourself. Or then maybe you realize why it could have been like that or why you could have reacted like that.” (B5; female, 52 years old, high school diploma, admission diagnosis: sepsis)
Consequently, a female patient identified a primarily unknown GP as a possible barrier for the acceptance of the intervention. She was treated by a previously unknown GP colleague of her GPs practice.
“I think it would be better if a psychotherapist did it, but I would also recommend it if a general practitioner did it. So I think talking about it is definitely better than not doing it at all.” (B5; female, 52 years old, high school diploma, admission diagnosis: sepsis)
2)
Intervention provided by a medical doctor
Four interviewed patients assessed the medical background knowledge of their GP team positively.
“It was just good to talk to someone about it and that they were by my side in my illness and that they understand you and how the pills work and how they can work. They were all cool, nice.” (B1; male, 59 years old, secondary schools, admission diagnosis: transplantation (liver or lung))
“Because she also knows this background a bit, on the other hand, of course, had a medical idea and saw my medical course (…).” (B2; male, 66 years old, high school diploma, admission diagnosis: cardiac surgery)
“From her medical point of view, because she's not a psychologist (…) she asks different questions and has a different approach and also this medical understanding, what psychologists, not all, but many do not have (…), […]. It happened on a (…) different level, […] I don't need to explain anything to a medical doctor." (B4; female, 47 years old, intermediate maturity, admission diagnosis: neurosurgical intervention)
Vice versa, another patient resumed, that she would have preferred to get the intervention by a psychotherapist instead of a GP.
"I found […] that it (…) was somehow conducted strictly according to this given pattern.
I: Was that too strict for you?
R: (…) Yes, let's say: I felt it was more like ticking off and less like a […] face-to-face conversation, […] that now it feels to me like a list has been worked through and […] I could imagine that someone with an appropriate training would have approached it a little differently.” (B5; female, 52 years old, high school diploma, admission diagnosis: sepsis)
3)
Professional emotional distance of the GP team
Two of the interviewees pronounced the professional distance of the GP team who applied the intervention as very beneficial: "That I can just talk without having to worry that whoever is sitting across from me is concerned about me, but still understands me." B4; female, 47 years old, intermediate maturity, admission diagnosis: neurosurgical intervention).
“… telling that to someone else, someone who is not involved, that just feels good and sheds a little ballast. And when this person does not think that one is nuts, then it is just helpful.”(B8; female, 52 years old, secondary school, admission diagnosis: polytrauma)
This kind of professional knowledge helps some of the interviewees, since they can relieve their families and relatives in particular.
"Well, I notice that my mother is afraid, and […] I try to avoid talking about it as much as possible (…). I don't want that either, I don't want her to be afraid about me, I don't want that (…). And (…) so, that was it with the PICTURE study, I thought it was good, because it's a situation where I could just get rid of things like that, I found it extremely helpful." (B4; female, 47 years old, intermediate maturity, admission diagnosis, admission diagnosis: neurosurgical intervention)
4)
Brevity of the intervention
Two patients expressed concerns due to the brevity of the intervention. They would have preferred to have more sessions than three.
“I found that three sessions were a little, I do not want to say, a little short, but four or five would not have been bad. Sometimes I had the wish I may talk about this or that longer.” (B4; female, 47 years old, intermediate maturity, admission diagnosis, admission diagnosis: neurosurgical intervention)
To sum up, we also asked for content-related objective and subjective descriptions of the intervention components. The participants evaluated the first session as profound, but at the same time easy to carry out and valuable to get familiar with this kind of narrative exposition:
“ (…) in the first session she explained the basics, then came at some point kind of (…), how should I name it (…) almost like that family constellation (…), with positive and negative experiences, (…) starting from childhood (…) up to this moment in the intensive care unit.” (B3; female, 59 years old, high school diploma, admission diagnosis: cardiac surgery)
“ (…) the first session with my life up to that point, (…) I think I'm relatively fine with that. (…) but I think I can somehow deal with it a bit and that's why it wasn't difficult” (B2; male, 66 years old, high school diploma, admission diagnosis: cardiac surgery)
“I thought it was really nice, because I liked the idea with the stones and the flowers, (…) looking back, I thought the structure was totally cool and yes, (…) was just good for getting into the topic.” (B4; female, 47 years old, intermediate maturity, admission diagnosis, admission diagnosis: neurosurgical intervention)
The two upcoming sessions were perceived as very helpful to talk about the feelings and impression referring to a traumatic event, like ICU-care.
“ I: And in the other session: Do you remember what that was about?
R: Yes, that was what used to be (…), an earlier event, among other things I remembered, with my father, as a negative event” (B3; female, 59 years old, high school diploma, admission diagnosis: cardiac surgery)”
“To be honest, I can't remember the last one exactly, but the second one, we really did then talk about the event, when I woke up in the night, was tied up and kind of like that was completely helpless and couldn't communicate (...) and no one ever told me what it was like, everything went well or something like that.” (B5; female, 52 years old, high school diploma, admission diagnosis: sepsis)”
“I think it was easier to talk about it, much easier than with the neuropsychologists. With her, talking about that helplessness specifically, I think that's what worries me the most is somehow done, it was much easier with her, with more distance to the events. So then there were no more tears, which, as I said, I certainly did with the neuropsychologists really had too much (…) because somehow I was a bit more distant from it.” (B4; female, 47 years old, intermediate maturity, admission diagnosis, admission diagnosis: neurosurgical intervention)
Discussion
This explorative qualitative study investigated patient reported factors of the interventions acceptance in eight sociodemographic diverse patients, who received a brief study intervention by their GP based on the NET in the PICTURE trial. We identified four main categories which strongly influence acceptance and perceived effectiveness of the intervention that are associated with the role of the GP: 1) long-term trustful relationship between patient and the GP team 2) medical doctor applies the intervention 3) professional emotional distance of the GP team 4) brevity of the intervention.
Patients suffering from PTSD often show behaviour of avoidance, as well as unspecific symptoms like sleep disturbances, exhaustion, feelings of guilt, depressive symptoms [
39]. Therefore, these patients rarely seek psychological support from a psychotherapist or a psychiatrist, although they are severely limited in their everyday functionality and quality of live [
40]. Lack of psychological support has important implications for long-term recovery and quality of life following the episode of critical illness [
32]. In addition, many of these patients somatise as a consequence of (untreated) psychological complaints [
41].
Consequently, patients with PTSD after ICU are treated mainly in general practice. The long-standing trusting relationship provides support and structure, as well as the low-threshold opportunity to address worries and problems. In our study, five out of eight patients addressed the trusting relationship to their GP as supporting factor to face up with their ICU memories and to enter a brief psychological intervention. The diagnostics and the first low-threshold treatment of mental health symptoms should therefore definitely be offered in the setting of GP. This approach has also been established in other areas of mental health [
42,
43].
In addition, GPs can use their medical expertise when talking with patients about their ICU stays [
44]. For example, side effects of the prescribed drugs, as well as the knowledge of the invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures at ICU can be assumed to be known without the patient having to explain them. In addition, not all patients may be able to consciously remember all treatments and procedures [
45].
In our study half of the patients interviewed explicitly appreciated the medical expertise of the GP. The medical knowledge of the GP might be especially welcomed for the treatment of medical-related trauma topics (e.g. surgeries, heart attacks, strokes etc.). However, one patient was critical of the less psychotherapeutic counselling techniques of his GP. If the NET would to be integrated in routine primary care, practical exercises and supervision by a NET specialist need to be standardized part of GP.
When the patient is discharged home or to a long-term care facility, patient-centered communication and provision of information again are key to prepare the patient, family, and the primary care team for this next phase of the continuum [
43,
46].
The professional emotional distance of the GP team might be very helpful, to talk unconditional about personal emotions, without the additional burden of worrying about a close relative [
47]. This is a very important fact, as many patients suffer from feelings of guilt due to the increased attention and family stress, which bring about serious illnesses [
48]. The trusted but neutral and professional relationship of GP and patient seems to facilitate also the NET intervention, which is robust and easy to disseminate [
49].
Of course, the presented intervention applied by a GP team has not been designed to replace psychotherapy, but to assist those who do not have immediate access to this care. In addition, low-threshold support might not only address the patients themselves, but also relatives and families.
Several limitations of the intervention have been mentioned by the patients. The brevity of the study intervention was explicitly emphasized as negative by two patients. Both respondents were affected by several stressful hospital stays as part of their underlying illness and had comparably very high values in the posttraumatic diagnostic scale (PDS-5) scoring. As they were still suffering from moderate PTSD-symptoms, they do not necessarily require a comprehensive trauma therapy. Severely affected patients, should consider the intervention only as a transitional offer. In such cases, further long-term trauma-focused psychotherapy provided by a specialist might be necessary [
32]. However, also severely affected patients may benefit from first positive experiences with NET, which reduces the barrier to seek for psychotherapeutic support.
Patients with mild to moderate PTSD symptoms may recover by NET. It is therefore of the utmost importance to inform outpatient care providers about the clinical signs, symptoms and simple treatment options of mild to moderate PTSD symptoms. Furthermore, they should be informed about somatic indications of a possible stress disorder after ICU.
Timely access to effective treatment is a primary challenge in mental health services. However, when demand exceeds available resources, services may place clients on a waitlist or restrict services [
50]. Therefore, our approach tries to use the existing health system to meet the need for mental care. Furthermore, provision of NET within primary care seems to enable easy integration in patient’s daily routine in employment and family. Due to memories related to delusions or feelings of helplessness, loneliness or anxiety, former ICU patients may feel isolated and lonely, even if supported by friends and relatives [
46]. Close friends, partners or relatives often have to face the critical health state of the patient and their helplessness [
51]. Therefore, psychological distress like anxiety, acute stress disorder, PTSD, depression, and complicated grief symptoms is also observed in partners, close friends and relatives. [
8,
13,
52‐
54] which has been described as (PICS-family) [
54]. Therefore, a further development of the NET for caregivers and relatives would be another important building block in the aftercare of this vulnerable patient group in primary care. These aspects of transferability, availability, feasibility and relevance led to an high level of acceptability among the interviewed participants.
Strengths and limitations of our study
This is the first exploratory study to evaluate barriers and opportunities for the implementation of a brief psychological intervention for post-ICU mental distress in the primary care setting. We gained some valuable insights of the patients` perspective that can be understand as a basis for further examinations.
Although we tried to invite a heterogeneous sample of study participants as possible, a selection bias might be possible. Patients who take part in an evaluation study are usually convinced that the intervention was beneficial for them. It can be assumed, that those patients had a very trustful patient-physician relationship a priori. Furthermore, the GP may be better accepted for dealing with trauma in a medical context than for trauma caused by other means.
In addition, the main trial was tailored for patients suffering from mild to moderate PTSD-symptoms after ICU-care and who have to be open-minded to trauma therapy and narrative exposition therapy. Consequently, it can be assumed that these patients are neither particularly very young nor very old. Since transplant patients wait a long time for their life-saving surgical intervention, these patients are often only affected by a mild to moderate PTSD burden than patients who are affected by other admission diagnoses like sepsis or polytrauma, for example.
Due to our small sample size, data saturation can not be assumed. These results can hardly be transferred to other vulnerable groups such as cognitively impaired/demented patients or children and adolescents. Further studies are needed to examine the transferability of our results to other patient groups, as well as to their caregivers and relatives.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all participants of the PICTURE study, especially the patients who agreed to share their personal experiences after the applied NET-intervention with us. This very personal insights might help to develop and improve patient care in GP, especially in terms of mental health issues following intensive care treatment. Furthermore, we would like to thank the involved GP teams who supported their patients and our study. We also would like to thank the PICTURE study team.
PICTURE study team (alphabetical order):
Adrion, Christine4; Angstwurm, Matthias5; Bergmann, Antje6; Beutel, Antina1; Bielmeier, Gerhard7; Bischhoff, Andrea1; Bogdanski, Ralph8; Brettner, Franz9; Brettschneider, Christian10; Briegel, Josef11; Bürkle, Martin12; Dohmann, Johanna1; Elbert, Thomas2; Falkai, Peter13; Felbinger, Thomas 14; Fisch, Richard15; Förstl, Hans16; Fohr, Benjamin17; Franz, Martin18; Friederich, Patrick15 Friemel, Chris Maria1; Gallinat, Jürgen19; Gehrke-Beck, Sabine3; Gensichen, Jochen1; Gerlach, Herwig18; Güldner, Andreas20; Hardt, Hanna21; Heintze, Christoph3; Heinz, Andreas22; Heller, Axel23; von Heymann, Christian18; Hoppmann, Petra24; Huge, Volker25; Irlbeck, Michael11; Jaschinski, Ulrich23; Jarczak, Dominik26; Joos, Stefanie27; Kaiser, Elisabeth2; Kerinn, Melanie26; Klefisch, Frank-Rainer28; Kluge, Stefan24; Koch, Roland27; Koch, Thea20; Kowalski, Michelle3; König, Hans-Helmut10; Kosilek, Robert1; Lackermeier, Peter12; Laugwitz, Karl-Ludwig24; Lemke, Yvonne26; Lies, Achim18; Linde, Klaus29; Lindemann, Daniela1; Lühmann, Dagmar21; May, Stephanie20; Ney, Ludwig11; Oltrogge, Jan21; Pankow, Wulf18; Papiol, Sergi30; Ragaller, Maximilian20; Rank, Nikolaus7; Reill, Lorenz18; Reips, Ulf-Dietrich2; Richter, Hans-Peter31; Riessen, Reimer32; Ringeis, Grit26; Rüchhardt, Ann1; Sanftenberg, Linda1;Schauer, Maggie2; Schelling, Gustav11; Schelling, Jörg1; Scherag, André33; Scherer, Martin21; Schubert, Tomke3; Schmidt, Konrad3; Schneider, Antonius29; Schneider, Gerhard8; Schneider, Jürgen8; Schnurr, Julia27; Schultz, Susanne1; Schulze, Thomas G30.; Schumacher, Karin1; Spieth, Peter20; Thurm, Franka 33; Vogl, Thomas34 ; Voigt, Karen6; Walther, Andreas17; Wassilowsky, Dietmar11; Wäscher, Cornelia3; Weber-Carstens, Steffen18; Wehrstedt, Regina1; Weierstall-Pust, Roland35; Weis, Marion11; Weiss, Georg12; Well, Harald12; Zöllner, Christian26; Zwissler, Bernhard11
Affiliations
1 Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
2 Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany
3 Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
4 Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology (IBE), LMU Munich, Germany
5 Medical Clinic IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
6 Department of General Practice/Clinic of General Medicine – Medical clinic III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
7 Dritter Orden Clinic, Munich, Germany
8 Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
9 Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Brothers of Mercy Hospital Munich, Germany
10 Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
11 Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
12 Isarklinikum Anästhesie, Isar Kliniken GmbH, Munich, Germany
13 Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
14 Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harlaching Medical Center, The Munich Municipal Hospitals Ltd, Munich Germany
15 Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Bogenhausen Medical Center, The Munich Municipal Hospitals Ltd, Munich Germany
16 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, Germany
17 Department of Anaesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care, Klinikum Stuttgart, Germany
18 Clinic for Anesthesiology, Operative Intensive Care and Pain Management, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
19 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
20 Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
21 Department of General Practice / Primary Care, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
22 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
23 Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Augsburg University, Germany
24 Department of Internal Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
25 Intensive Care Medicine, Schoen Clinic Bad Aibling Harthausen, Schoen Clinic Group, Munich, Germany
26 Center for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
27 Institute for General Practice and Interprofessional Health Care, University Clinic Tübingen, Germany
28 Intensive Care Unit, Paulinenkrankenhaus gGmbH Berlin, Germany
29 Institute of General Practice, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
30 Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
31 Department of Cardiology, Pneumology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, Schwabing Medical Center, The Munich Municipal Hospitals Ltd, Munich Germany
32 Department of Internal Intensive Care, University Clinic Tübingen, Germany
33 Institute of Medical Statistics, Computer and Data Sciences, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
34 Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
35 MSH Medical School Hamburg University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Hamburg, Germany