Background
Health risk factors and housing conditions: conceptual framework
Health condition | Housing risk factors | Associated housing conditions | Relevant housing improvements |
---|---|---|---|
Respiratory health | Damp and mould. | Thermal efficiency | Fabric works |
Cold. | Weatherproofing | Central heating | |
Overcrowding | Ventilation | Kitchens & bathrooms | |
Circulatory conditions | Cold. | Thermal efficiency | Fabric works. |
Heating affordability and functioning. | Central heating. | ||
Digestive health | High-blood pressure. | Standard of food storage, preparation and cooking facilities. | Kitchens and bathrooms. |
Unhealthy diet. | |||
Allergies & skin conditions | Dust mites. | Thermal efficiency | Fabric works |
Damp and mould. | Weatherproofing | Central heating | |
Infestations. | Heating affordability and functioning. | Kitchens & bathrooms | |
Soft furnishings. | |||
Cleaning. | Quality of work and floor surfaces. | ||
Temperature and humidity. | |||
Headaches and migraines | Stress. | External quality and appearance. | Fabric works |
Anxiety. | Central heating | ||
Depression. | Damp and mould | Kitchens and bathrooms | |
Fuel poverty | |||
Overcrowding | New front door | ||
Concerns about crime and antisocial behaviour | |||
Mental health | Stress. | External quality and appearance. | Fabric works |
Anxiety. | Central heating | ||
Depression. | Damp and mould | Kitchens and bathrooms | |
Fuel poverty | |||
Overcrowding | New front door | ||
Concerns about crime and antisocial behaviour |
Respiratory conditions
Circulatory conditions
Digestive conditions
Skin conditions and allergies
Migraines and headaches
Mental health conditions
Methods
Survey data
Health outcomes
-
Respiratory Health (Breathing problems, asthma, bronchitis)
-
Circulatory Health (Heart, high blood pressure, blood circulation problems)
-
Digestive Health (Stomach, liver, kidney, digestive problems)
-
Long Term Migraine/Headache Condition (Migraine or frequent headaches)
-
Long term skin conditions/allergies (Skin conditions/allergies)
-
Mental Health (Stress, anxiety or depression)
Housing improvement data
Housing improvement | Description | Number (%) receiving improvement |
---|---|---|
New kitchen, bathroom & rewiring | New kitchen and bathroom equipment. Tiling. Cupboards. Linoleum flooring. | 706 (35.7 %) |
Customer choice of finishings. | ||
Central Heating | Boiler replacement. New central heating system. New water tank. | 374 (18.9 %) |
Doors | New ‘secured by design’ front doors. | 483 (24.4 %) |
Fabric Works | New roof covering. Over-cladding (high-rise). Wall and roof insulation. Rendering or repointing to walls. New gutters and downpipes. | 575 (29.1 %) |
Analyses
Ethical approval
Results
T1 | T2 | Recovered from condition (as % of those with condition at T1) | Developed condition (as % of those without condition at T1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Respiratory | 256 (13.%) | 371 (19 %) | 126 (49 %) | 242 (12 %) |
Circulatory | 323 (16 %) | 443 (23 %) | 170 (53 %) | 291 (15 %) |
Digestive | 85 (4 %) | 160 (8.%) | 65 (77 %) | 140 (7 %) |
Migraine/headache | 122 (6 %) | 189 (9 %) | 96 (79 %) | 160 (8 %) |
Skin/allergies | 30 (2 %) | 135 (6 %) | 20 (66 %) | 125 (6 %) |
Mental health | 93 (14 %) | 137 (21 %) | 42 (45 %) | 86 (15 %) |
Number of LT health conditions (mean) | 0.42 (0.75) | 0.67 (0.97) | 281 (44.7 %)a | 564 (28.6 %)b |
Recovery from health conditions
Respiratory | Circulatory | Digestive | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fabric works | Central heating | Kitchen, bathroom & rewiring | Fabric works | Central heating | Kitchen, bathroom & rewiring | |
Intervention | 0.95 (0.46,1.95) | 0.81 (0.35,1.9) | 0.69 (0.34,1.39) | 1.60 (0.85,2.98) | 2.63 (1.17,5.92)* | 0.33 (0.07,1.48) |
Change in smoking behaviour (ref: non-smoker)
| ||||||
smoker | 0.99 (0.49,2.02) | 0.86 (0.38,1.95) | 0.75 (0.39,1.42) | 1.21 (0.63,2.32) | 0.84 (0.38,1.86) | 3.3 (0.77,14.17) |
stopped smoking | 1.15 (0.32,4.11) | 1.63 (0.39,6.7) | 1.09 (0.36,3.34) | 0.86 (0.28,2.67) | 2 (0.6,6.72) | 3.46 (0.45,26.49) |
started smoking | 1.18 (0.27,5.16) | 0.54 (0.09,3.43) | 1.12 (0.3,4.16) | 3.01 (0.52,17.58) | 1.39 (0.29,6.75) | 1.35 (0.07,24.62) |
Demolition Area | 1.21 (0.51,2.86) | 0.87 (0.31,2.44) | 1.01 (0.43,2.34) | 1.8 (0.88,3.71) | 1.44 (0.55,3.74) | 1.08 (0.17,6.62) |
Female (ref: male) | 0.85 (0.44,1.64) | 0.75 (0.35,1.61) | 0.67 (0.37,1.2) | 0.88 (0.5,1.56) | 0.65 (0.34,1.27) | 2.16 (0.56,8.33) |
Over 65 (T1) | 2.5 (1.21,5.18)* | 1.49 (0.65,3.41) | 1.46 (0.75,2.84) | 2.15 (1.16,4)* | 1.61 (0.76,3.42) | 2.98 (0.6,14.67) |
Not working (T1) | 0.25 (0.05,1.39) | 0.23 (0.04,1.35) | 0.45 (0.12,1.71) | 0.32 (0.09,1.12) | 0.39 (0.09,1.68) | 1.13 (0.15,8.71) |
Educational quals (ref:none) (T1) | 0.92 (0.38,2.25) | 0.63 (0.2,2.02) | 0.84 (0.36,1.99) | 0.84 (0.37,1.92) | 1.54 (0.58,4.13) | 0.88 (0.13,6.18) |
British (ref:not british) (T1) | 0.75 (0.11,5.28) | 2 (0.14,27.66) | 1.02 (0.23,4.63) | 5.23 (1,27.23)* | 2.12 (0.46,9.77) | 0.21 (0.02,2.8) |
Wave pairing (ref: Wave 1- Wave 2)
| ||||||
Wave 1 - Wave 3 | 1.14 (0.45,2.88) | 0.82 (0.31,2.17) | 1.18 (0.53,2.62) | 0.42 (0.19,0.89)* | 0.46 (0.2,1.05) | 0.35 (0.06,2.17) |
Wave 2 -Wave 3 | 0.76 (0.33,1.77) | 0.48 (0.16,1.42) | 0.7 (0.31,1.57) | 0.55 (0.25,1.2) | 0.42 (0.15,1.12) | 1.24 (0.18,8.7) |
Constant | 2.52 | 2.35 | 1.71 | 5.94 | 3.98 | 2.22 |
Nagelkerke R2 | 0.087 | 0.083 | 0.07 | 0.145 | 0.191 | 0.231 |
n | 173 | 132 | 208 | 232 | 173 | 72 |
Headache | Mental health | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fabric works | Doors | Kitchen, bathroom & rewiring | Fabric works | Doors | Kitchen, bathroom & rewiring | |
Intervention | 1.47 (0.36,5.97) | 0.37 (0.04,3.98) | 0.19 (0.04,1.03) | 3.55 (1.03,12.23)* | 2.35 (0.77,7.15) | 1.88 (0.97,3.62) |
Change in smoking behaviour (ref: non-smoker)
| 0.38 (0.11,1.36) | 2.52 (0.78,8.14) | 1.41 (0.67,2.95) | |||
smoker | 0.23 (0.06,0.84)* | 0.07 (0.01,0.57)* | 0.28 (0.08,0.96)* | |||
stopped smoking | 0.83 (0.03,23.7) | 0.1 (0,10.34) | 0.36 (0.01,12.07) | |||
started smoking | 0.61 (0.03,13.87) | 0.04 (0,1.9) | 0.49 (0.03,8.58) | |||
Demolition Area | 0.47 (0.11,1.97) | 0.61 (0.08,4.55) | 0.15 (0.02,0.96)* | 1.76 (0.46,6.75) | 0.32 (0.1,1.01) | 0.17 (0.06,0.46)** |
Female (ref: male) | 0.91 (0.25,3.39) | 2.22 (0.37,13.12) | 0.65 (0.2,2.12) | 1.42 (0.41,4.92) | 0.98 (0.34,2.84) | 0 (0,0)* |
Over 65 (T1) | 2.15 (0.46,10.09) | 4.62 (0.44,49.07) | 1.92 (0.42,8.73) | 10.27 (0.83,126.58) | 2.2 (0.47,10.28) | 0.32 (0.12,0.82)* |
Not working (T1) | 3.4 (0.42,27.8) | 10.3 (0.6,177.65) | 7.01 (0.83,58.96) | 0.21 (0.01,3.12) | 5.11 (0.42,62.65) | 0.26 (0.06,1.17) |
Educational quals (ref:none) (T1) | 0.87 (0.18,4.17) | 4.33 (0.25,74.53) | 1.64 (0.34,7.99) | 1.16 (0.33,4.04) | 0.78 (0.18,3.44) | 0.45 (0.14,1.44) |
British (ref:not british) (T1) | 2.54 (0.23,28.09) | 1.74 (0.07,44.92) | 4.33 (0.37,50.3) | 1.01 (0.1,9.75) | 2.42 (0.11,52.82) | 1.28 (0.64,2.53) |
Wave pairing (ref: Wave 1- Wave 2)
| ||||||
Wave 1 - Wave 3 | 0.16 (0.02,1.24) | 0.52 (0.06,4.2) | 0.37 (0.08,1.77) | |||
Wave 2 -Wave 3 | 0.23 (0.03,1.61) | 0.52 (0.04,7.07) | 0.35 (0.07,1.8) | |||
Constant | 4.94 | 2.58 | 3.06 | 11.87 | 0.44 | 0.72 |
Nagelkerke R2 | 0.228 | 0.388 | 0.285 | 0.254 | 0.227 | 0.282 |
n | 80 | 53 | 98 | 64 | 19 | 65 |
Prevention of the onset of health conditions
Respiratory | Circulatory | Digestive | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fabric works | Central heating | Kitchen, bathroom & rewiring | Fabric works | Central heating | Kitchen, bathroom & rewiring | |
Intervention | 1.2 (0.84,1.72) | 1.25 (0.82,1.91) | 1 (0.69,1.44) | 1.19 (0.85,1.68) | 1.02 (0.69,1.53) | 1.05 (0.65,1.69) |
Change in smoking behaviour (ref: non-smoker)
| ||||||
smoker | 1.72 (1.17,2.53)** | 1.31 (0.85,2) | 1.59 (1.11,2.26)* | 0.62 (0.42,0.91)* | 0.7 (0.47,1.04) | 1.5 (0.95,2.39) |
stopped smoking | 1.8 (0.96,3.37) | 1.43 (0.72,2.84) | 1.37 (0.74,2.54) | 1.25 (0.7,2.22) | 1.07 (0.56,2.06) | 1.56 (0.72,3.38) |
started smoking | 1.33 (0.61,2.92) | 1.22 (0.53,2.83) | 1.01 (0.47,2.16) | 0.67 (0.32,1.41) | 0.72 (0.31,1.66) | 1.27 (0.51,3.18) |
Demolition Area | 1.37 (0.93,2.03) | 1.07 (0.63,1.8) | 1.27 (0.84,1.92) | 0.68 (0.45,1.02) | 0.98 (0.6,1.6) | 1.33 (0.77,2.28) |
Female (ref: male) | 0.95 (0.67,1.34) | 0.85 (0.59,1.24) | 0.78 (0.57,1.06) | 0.6 (0.44,0.84)** | 0.52 (0.36,0.74)** | 0.88 (0.58,1.32) |
Over 65 (T1) | 0.97 (0.65,1.45) | 0.88 (0.57,1.37) | 0.95 (0.65,1.39) | 1.32 (0.92,1.91) | 1.12 (0.75,1.67) | 0.67 (0.4,1.1) |
Change in employment status (ref: remain in unemployment)/not working (T1)
| 2.22 (1.13,4.38)* | |||||
remain in employment | 0.25 (0.11,0.56)** | 0.35 (0.16,0.76)** | 0.31 (0.16,0.62)** | 0.19 (0.08,0.42)** | 0.16 (0.06,0.37)** | |
move out of employment | 0.85 (0.41,1.76) | 0.65 (0.28,1.53) | 0.78 (0.4,1.51) | 0.57 (0.27,1.2) | 0.93 (0.46,1.91) | |
gain employment | 0.61 (0.25,1.47) | 0.69 (0.3,1.62) | 0.57 (0.25,1.3) | 0.22 (0.07,0.72)* | 0.21 (0.06,0.7)* | |
Educational quals (ref:none) (T1) | 0.54 (0.32,0.92)* | 0.58 (0.33,1.05) | 0.66 (0.41,1.06) | 0.72 (0.45,1.13) | 0.58 (0.34,0.99)* | 0.92 (0.53,1.61) |
British (ref:not british) (T1) | 0.53 (0.28,0.99)* | 0.54 (0.25,1.14) | 0.45 (0.24,0.83)* | 0.62 (0.34,1.15) | 0.2 (0.08,0.5)** | 0.42 (0.18,0.98)* |
Wave pairing (ref: Wave 1- Wave 2)
| ||||||
Wave 1 - Wave 3 | 2.58 (1.62,4.11)** | 2.79 (1.72,4.52)** | 2.7 (1.78,4.08)** | 1.7 (1.11,2.61)* | 2.39 (1.53,3.74)** | 2.78 (1.56,4.97)** |
Wave 2 -Wave 3 | 1.49 (0.91,2.45) | 1.83 (1.03,3.25)* | 1.5 (0.95,2.38) | 1.15 (0.74,1.79) | 1.71 (1.02,2.87)* | 2.24 (1.22,4.12)** |
Number of long term health problems (T1) | 1.57 (1.18,2.08)** | 2.05 (1.48,2.83)** | 1.65 (1.27,2.14)** | 1.51 (1.12,2.03)** | 1.07 (0.77,1.5) | 1.3 (0.99,1.7) |
Constant | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.03 |
Nagelkerke R2 | 0.123 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.146 | 0.18 | 0.067 |
n | 1276 | 969 | 1400 | 1186 | 928 | 1517 |
Headache | Allergies | Mental health | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fabric works | Central heating | Doors | Kitchen, bathroom & rewiring | Fabric works | Central heating | Kitchen, bathroom & rewiring | Fabric works | Central heating | Doors | Kitchen, bathroom & rewiring | |
Intervention | 0.99 (0.64,1.53) | 0.89 (0.51,1.55) | 0.87 (0.48,1.57) | 0.98 (0.63,1.54) | 0.85 (0.52,1.38) | 0.84 (0.48,1.48) | 1.22 (0.75,1.98) | 0.64 (0.34,1.21) | 1.01 (0.26,3.97) | 0.6 (0.12,3.11) | 0.76 (0.4,1.44) |
Change in smoking behaviour (ref: non-smoker)
| |||||||||||
smoker | 0.72 (0.46,1.15) | 0.69 (0.4,1.2) | 0.75 (0.43,1.32) | 0.7 (0.45,1.1) | 1.15 (0.7,1.89) | 0.9 (0.51,1.57) | 0.95 (0.6,1.51) | 1.39 (0.7,2.77) | 1.1 (0.44,2.76) | 1.88 (0.71,4.99) | 1.26 (0.64,2.48) |
stopped smoking | 0.59 (0.25,1.39) | 0.91 (0.39,2.1) | 0.79 (0.31,2.03) | 0.67 (0.31,1.44) | 0.72 (0.28,1.89) | 0.46 (0.13,1.56) | 0.57 (0.22,1.47) | 1.01 (0.3,3.36) | 0.43 (0.05,3.76) | 1.02 (0.3,3.43) | |
started smoking | 0.73 (0.29,1.84) | 0.96 (0.37,2.47) | 0.75 (0.26,2.14) | 0.81 (0.36,1.83) | 1.34 (0.54,3.35) | 1.76 (0.71,4.33) | 1.36 (0.61,3.03) | 1.21 (0.24,6.19) | 1.9 (0.33,10.91) | 1.46 (0.37,5.73) | |
Demolition Area | 1.81 (1.15,2.84)* | 1.53 (0.78,3.02) | 2.62 (1.38,5)** | 1.64 (1,2.67)* | 1.62 (1,2.63) | 1.51 (0.79,2.89) | 1.48 (0.88,2.49) | 1.41 (0.67,2.95) | 2.22 (0.43,11.58) | 0.56 (0.06,5.35) | 1.11 (0.52,2.37) |
Female (ref: male) | 1.77 (1.14,2.75)* | 1.52 (0.92,2.5) | 1.76 (1.03,2.99)* | 1.64 (1.09,2.47)* | 1.06 (0.68,1.65) | 0.77 (0.47,1.26) | 0.93 (0.62,1.39) | 1.88 (0.97,3.62) | 1.65 (0.65,4.25) | 1.95 (0.69,5.53) | 2.35 (1.21,4.53)* |
Over 65 (T1) | 0.16 (0.08,0.32)** | 0.19 (0.09,0.4)** | 0.15 (0.07,0.34)** | 0.17 (0.09,0.32)** | 0.56 (0.31,1.01) | 0.49 (0.27,0.91)* | 0.49 (0.29,0.85)* | 0.17 (0.06,0.46)** | 0.21 (0.07,0.63)** | 0.25 (0.06,0.98)* | 0.2 (0.08,0.5)** |
Change in employment status (ref: remain in unemployment)/not working (T1)
| 1.48 (0.77,2.84) | ||||||||||
remain in employment | 0.69 (0.37,1.29) | 0.56 (0.26,1.22) | 0.68 (0.37,1.25) | 0.94 (0.48,1.84) | 0.32 (0.12,0.86)* | 0.6 (0.29,1.21) | 0.32 (0.12,0.82)* | 0.08 (0.01,0.61)* | 0.17 (0.03,0.83)* | 0.3 (0.12,0.78)* | |
move out of employment | 0.21 (0.05,0.87)* | 0.62 (0.21,1.82) | 0.35 (0.12,1) | 1.02 (0.42,2.49) | 0.32 (0.08,1.38) | 0.78 (0.32,1.87) | 0.26 (0.06,1.17) | 0.24 (0.03,2.05) | 0.17 (0.02,1.45) | 0.2 (0.04,0.91)* | |
gain employment | 0.28 (0.09,0.93)* | 0.36 (0.11,1.2) | 0.24 (0.07,0.78)* | 0.64 (0.22,1.86) | 0.16 (0.02,1.18) | 0.5 (0.17,1.41) | 0.45 (0.14,1.44) | 0.48 (0.09,2.56) | 0.31 (0.03,2.82) | 0.38 (0.12,1.22) | |
Educational quals (ref:none) (T1) | 0.87 (0.52,1.46) | 0.79 (0.41,1.51) | 0.82 (0.43,1.58) | 0.77 (0.46,1.29) | 1.22 (0.71,2.09) | 1.08 (0.56,2.1) | 0.95 (0.56,1.61) | 1.28 (0.64,2.53) | 0.97 (0.28,3.39) | 1.57 (0.55,4.5) | 1.22 (0.62,2.39) |
British (ref:not british) (T1) | 0.58 (0.31,1.1) | 0.52 (0.22,1.24) | 0.38 (0.15,0.98)* | 0.58 (0.31,1.08) | 0.93 (0.48,1.8) | 0.26 (0.08,0.81)* | 0.66 (0.34,1.29) | 0.72 (0.3,1.75) | 0.11 (0.01,1.2) | 0.66 (0.27,1.58) | |
Wave pairing (ref: Wave 1- Wave 2)
| 0 (0,0)** | ||||||||||
Wave 1 - Wave 3 | 1.9 (1.08,3.33)* | 2.88 (1.5,5.5)** | 2.49 (1.36,4.56)** | 2.36 (1.4,3.96)** | 1.25 (0.7,2.23) | 1.42 (0.78,2.6) | 1.3 (0.77,2.19) | ||||
Wave 2 -Wave 3 | 1.79 (1.03,3.1)* | 2.54 (1.23,5.23)* | 2 (0.9,4.45) | 2.02 (1.18,3.46)* | 0.97 (0.54,1.73) | 1.1 (0.53,2.28) | 1.21 (0.71,2.08) | ||||
Number of long term health problems (T1) | 1.6 (1.21,2.13)** | 1.35 (0.95,1.91) | 1.44 (1,2.08)* | 1.55 (1.2,2.02)** | 1.14 (0.84,1.54) | 1.01 (0.72,1.41) | 1.03 (0.78,1.36) | ||||
Constant | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
Nagelkerke R2 | 0.122 | 0.106 | 0.123 | 0.116 | 0.026 | 0.066 | 0.027 | 0.143 | 0.202 | 0.18 | 0.141 |
n | 1340 | 1041 | 949 | 1510 | 1398 | 1087 | 1581 | 381 | 234 | 174 | 398 |