Introduction
Surrogate Endpoints
Definition
Validity
Reliability
Limitations of Surrogate Endpoints
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Parameters Potentially Suited as Surrogate Endpoints
Infarct Size
Basic Description
Image Analysis
Validity and reliability
Comparison to alternative methods
Myocardial Salvage
Basic Description
Image Analysis
Validity and reliability
Comparison to alternative methods
Microvascular Obstruction
Basic Description
Image Analysis
Validity and reliability
Comparison to alternative methods
Left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes
Basic Description
Image Analysis
Validity and reliability
Comparison to alternative methods
Other CMR parameters
Intramyocardial Hemorrhage
Infarct core and border zone
General limitations of post-infarct CMR imaging
Randomized controlled STEMI trials with primary CMR endpoints
Primary CMR endpoint | Study | Treatment | Number of patients | Year published |
---|---|---|---|---|
Myocardial salvage index at days 2-4 | Thiele et al. (LIPSIA-N-ACC study)[48] | High-dose N-acetylcysteine | 251 | 2010 |
LV endsystolic volume index at 10-14 weeks | Abbate et al.[71] | Interleukin-1 blockade with anakinra | 10 | 2010 |
LV ejection fraction at 6 months | Wöhrle et al.[72] | Autologous intracoronary bone-marrow cell therapy | 42 | 2010 |
Myocardial salvage at 3 months | Lonborg et al.[47] | Ischemic postconditioning | 118 | 2010 |
Infarct size at 4-6 months | Haeck et al.[73] | Proximal embolic protection and thrombus aspiration | 206 | 2010 |
Infarct size and LV ejection fraction at 90 days | Patel et al. (APEX-AMI trial)[74] | Pexelizumab (anti-C5 complement antibody) | 99 | 2010 |
LV endsystolic volume index at 24 weeks | Weir et al.[75] | Eplerenone | 100 | 2009 |
LV ejection fraction at 6 months | Tendera et al. (REGENT study)[76] | Intracoronary infusion of bone-marrow derived selected CD34+CXCR4+ cells versus non-selected mononuclear cells | 200 | 2009 |
Infarct size at 1 month | Song et al.[77] | Upstream high-dose tirofiban treatment | 2009 | |
LV ejection fraction at 4 and 12 months | Dill et al.[78] | Intracoronary administration of bone-marrow derived progenitor cells | 54 | 2009 |
Infarct size after 5 days | Atar et al. (FIRE study)[79] | FX06 | 234 | 2009 |
Infarct size and microvascular obstruction at 2 days | Thiele et al.[25] | Intracoronary versus intravenous bolus abciximab application | 144 | 2008 |
Infarct size at 3 days | Hahn et al.[80] | Distal protection device | 39 | 2007 |
Global and regional myocardial function at 3 months | Engelmann et al.[81] | Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor | 44 | 2006 |
LV ejection fraction at 6 months | Kang et al. (MAGIC Cell-3-DES trial)[82] | Intracoronary infusion of mobilized peripheral blood stem cells | 96 | 2006 |
Systolic wall thickening at 6 months | Ripa et al. (STEMMI trial)[83] | Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor | 78 | 2006 |
LV ejection fraction at 4 months | Janssens[84] | Transfer of autologous bone-marrow derived stem cells in the infarct-related artery | 67 | 2006 |
Infarct size at 6 months | Thiele et al.[85] | Pre-hospital combination-fibrinolysis plus conventional care versus pre-hospital combination-fibrinolysis plus facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention | 164 | 2005 |
LV ejection fraction at 6 months | Wollert et al. (BOOST trial)[86] | Intracoronary transfer of autologous bone-marrow cells | 60 | 2004 |
LV volumes at 6 months | Darasz et al.[87] | Captopril and xamoterol | 70 | 1995 |