Background
Material and methods
Study participants
RNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing
Sequence analysis and genotype determination
Transmission cluster identification
Drug resistance mutation analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
Demographic features and distribution of HIV-1 genetic forms
Variables | Total [%]a | The frequency and prevalence of different HIV-1 genotypes (%)b | χ2 | P-values | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 1297 | CRF07_BC | CRF01_AE | CRF08_BC | CRF85_BC | B | Othersc | ||||||||||||
Gender | ||||||||||||||||||
Male | 936 [72.17] | 485 (51.81) | 246 (26.28) | 81 (8.65) | 48 (5.12) | 20 (2.13) | 56 (5.98) | 3.866 | 0.569 | |||||||||
Female | 361 [27.83] | 187 (51.8) | 95 (10.14) | 33 (3.52) | 18 (1.92) | 13 (1.38) | 15 (1.6) | |||||||||||
Age (years) | ||||||||||||||||||
< 25 | 71 [5.47] | 48 (67.6) | 17 (1.81) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (0.64) | 83.627 | < 0.0001* | |||||||||
25~ | 183 [14.11] | 128 (69.94) | 29 (3.09) | 7 (0.74) | 0 (0) | 6 (0.64) | 13 (1.38) | |||||||||||
40~ | 197 [15.19] | 110 (55.83) | 45 (4.8) | 27 (2.88) | 3 (0.32) | 4 (0.42) | 8 (0.85) | |||||||||||
≥ 50 | 846 [65.23] | 386 (45.62) | 250 (26.7) | 80 (8.54) | 63 (6.73) | 23 (2.45) | 44 (4.7) | |||||||||||
Ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||||
Han | 1212 [93.45] | 603 (49.75) | 331 (35.36) | 111 (11.85) | 66 (7.05) | 32 (3.41) | 69 (7.37) | 45.287 | < 0.0001* | |||||||||
Yi | 66 [5.09] | 59 (89.39) | 4 (0.42) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | |||||||||||
Others | 19 [1.46] | 10 (52.63) | 6 (0.64) | 2 (0.21) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | |||||||||||
Education level | ||||||||||||||||||
Junior college or above | 83 [6.40] | 49 (59.03) | 26 (2.77) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | 6 (0.64) | 42.786 | < 0.0001* | |||||||||
High school or technical secondary school | 99 [7.63] | 60 (60.6) | 23 (2.45) | 3 (0.32) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 11 (1.17) | |||||||||||
Middle school | 336 [25.91] | 193 (57.44) | 73 (7.79) | 32 (3.41) | 15 (1.6) | 7 (0.74) | 16 (1.7) | |||||||||||
Primary school or illiterate | 779 [60.06] | 370 (47.49) | 219 (23.39) | 78 (8.33) | 50 (5.34) | 24 (2.56) | 38 (4.05) | |||||||||||
Marital status | ||||||||||||||||||
Unmarried | 228 [17.58] | 140 (61.4) | 54 (5.76) | 12 (1.28) | 4 (0.42) | 3 (0.32) | 15 (1.6) | 22.134 | 0.104 | |||||||||
Married | 727 [56.05] | 366 (50.34) | 196 (20.94) | 67 (7.15) | 41 (4.38) | 19 (2.02) | 38 (4.05) | |||||||||||
Divorced/widowed | 337 [25.98] | 163 (48.36) | 90 (9.61) | 35 (3.73) | 21 (2.24) | 11 (1.17) | 17 (1.81) | |||||||||||
Unknownd | 5 [0.39] | 3 (60) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | |||||||||||
Occupation | ||||||||||||||||||
Farmers | 843 [65.00] | 422 (50.05) | 240 (25.64) | 83 (8.86) | 38 (4.05) | 19 (2.02) | 41 (4.38) | 36.603 | 0.001* | |||||||||
Unemployed | 184 [14.19] | 89 (48.36) | 45 (4.8) | 15 (1.6) | 18 (1.92) | 7 (0.74) | 10 (1.06) | |||||||||||
Retired | 49 [3.78] | 30 (61.22) | 6 (0.64) | 3 (0.32) | 6 (0.64) | 1 (0.1) | 3 (0.32) | |||||||||||
Others/unknown | 221 [17.04] | 131 (59.27) | 50 (5.34) | 13 (1.38) | 4 (0.42) | 6 (0.64) | 17 (1.81) | |||||||||||
Route of transmission | ||||||||||||||||||
HET-nonmarital and noncommercial | 462 [35.62] | 259 (56.06) | 120 (12.82) | 33 (3.52) | 19 (2.02) | 11 (1.17) | 20 (2.13) | 67.382 | 0.001* | |||||||||
HET-commercial | 556 [42.87] | 257 (46.22) | 149 (15.91) | 62 (6.62) | 44 (4.7) | 12 (1.28) | 32 (3.41) | |||||||||||
HET-nonmarriage | 43 [3.32] | 21 (48.83) | 13 (1.38) | 5 (0.53) | 1 (0.1) | 3 (0.32) | 0 (0) | |||||||||||
HET-Spouses | 129 [9.95] | 72 (55.81) | 32 (3.41) | 12 (1.28) | 2 (0.21) | 5 (0.53) | 6 (0.64) | |||||||||||
MSM | 79 [6.09] | 43 (54.43) | 23 (2.45) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | 11 (1.17) | |||||||||||
IDUs | 8 [0.62] | 8 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||||||||||
Mother to child transmission | 9 [0.69] | 7 (77.77) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | |||||||||||
Others/unknown | 11 [0.85] | 5 (45.45) | 3 (0.32) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | |||||||||||
Regione | ||||||||||||||||||
Chengdu Plain | 729 [56.21] | 451 (61.86) | 203 (21.68) | 29 (3.09) | 5 (0.53) | 9 (0.96) | 32 (3.41) | 5188 | < 0.0001* | |||||||||
South Sichuan | 371 [28.60] | 96 (25.87) | 93 (9.93) | 76 (8.11) | 62 (6.62) | 17 (1.81) | 27 (2.88) | |||||||||||
Northeast Sichuan | 104 [8.02] | 49 (47.11) | 37 (3.95) | 8 (0.85) | 0 (0) | 7 (0.74) | 3 (0.32) | |||||||||||
Panzhihua-Xichang region | 81 [6.24] | 71 (87.65) | 6 (0.64) | 2 (0.21) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.21) | |||||||||||
Northwest Sichuan | 12 [0.93] | 8 (66.66) | 4 (0.42) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Characteristics of transmitted drug-resistant
Analysis of risk factors of transmitted drug resistance
Variables | DR (%)a | Non-DR (%)a | OR (95% CI) | P-values | AOR (95% CI) | P-values |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 138 | n = 1159 | |||||
Age (years) | ||||||
< 25b | 6 (8.45) | 65 (91.54) | 1 | |||
25~ | 13 (7.1) | 170 (92.89) | 1.42 (0.38–5.33) | 0.608 | ||
40~ | 13 (6.59) | 184 (93.4) | 0.99 (0.21–4.57) | 0.987 | ||
≥ 50 | 40 (4.72) | 806 (95.27) | 0.80 (0.17–3.71) | 0.776 | ||
Gender | ||||||
Maleb | 51 (5.44) | 885 (94.55) | 1 | |||
Female | 21 (5.81) | 340 (94.18) | 1.05 (0.59–1.88) | 0.863 | ||
Ethnicity | ||||||
Hanb | 66 (5.44) | 1146 (94.55) | 1 | |||
Yi | 5 (7.57) | 61 (92.42) | 0.78 (0.17–3.52) | 0.75 | ||
Others | 1 (5.26) | 18 (94.73) | 0.96 (0.09–6.49) | 0.803 | ||
Marital status | ||||||
Unmarriedb | 16 (7.01) | 212 (92.98) | 1 | |||
Married or living | 36 (4.95) | 691 (95.04) | 0.86 (0.38–1.95) | 0.72 | ||
With spouse | ||||||
Divorced/widowed | 20 (5.93) | 317 (94.06) | 1.08 (0.45–2.60) | 0.856 | ||
Othersc | 0 (0) | 5 (100) | – | – | ||
Education level | ||||||
Primary school and belowb | 43 (5.51) | 736 (94.48) | 1 | |||
Middle school | 19 (5.65) | 317 (94.34) | 0.93 (0.48–1.79) | 0.823 | ||
High school or technical secondary school | 5 (5.05) | 94 (94.94) | 0.61 (0.19–1.97) | 0.41 | ||
Junior college or above | 5 (6.02) | 78 (93.97) | 0.73 (0.19–2.86) | 0.656 | ||
Occupation | ||||||
Farmersb | 39 (4.62) | 804 (95.37) | 1 | |||
Unemployed | 15 (8.37) | 164 (91.62) | 1.87 (0.91–3.82) | 0.087 | ||
Retired | 1 (2.04) | 48 (97.95) | 0.51 (0.06–4.12) | 0.532 | ||
Others | 17 (7.52) | 209 (92.47) | 1.58 (0.72–3.45) | 0.25 | ||
Route of transmission | ||||||
HETb | 60 (5.04) | 1130 (94.95) | 1 | 1 | ||
MSM | 6 (7.59) | 73 (92.4) | 1.34 (0.42–4.23) | 0.622 | 1.91 (0.77–4.77) | 0.163 |
IDUs | 1 (12.5) | 7 (87.5) | 4.63 (0.46–46.69) | 0.193 | 4.86 (0.57–41.44) | 0.148 |
Others | 5 (25) | 15 (75) | 7.55 (1.81–31.43) | 0.005 | 8.13 (2.70–24.53) | < 0.001 |
Genotype | ||||||
CRF07_BCb | 23 (3.42) | 649 (96.57) | 1 | 1 | ||
CRF01_AE | 14 (4.1) | 327 (95.89) | 1.39 (0.68–2.83) | 0.362 | 1.29 (0.65–2.57) | 0.465 |
CRF08_BC | 24 (20.86) | 91 (79.13) | 8.67 (4.43–16.96) | < 0.001* | 8.32 (4.38–15.80) | < 0.001* |
CRF85_BC | 3 (4.54) | 63 (95.45) | 1.70 (0.47–6.15) | 0.42 | 1.62 (0.47–5.61) | 0.447 |
B | 1 (3.03) | 32 (96.96) | 0.72 (0.08–6.10) | 0.759 | 0.88 (0.11–6.88) | 0.901 |
Others | 7 (10) | 63 (90) | 3.73 (1.53–9.07) | 0.004 | 3.43 (1.44–8.20) | 0.005 |
Transmission clusters
Variables | Total [n = 1297]a | In cluster(n = 205; 15.81%) | Out of cluster (n = 1092; 84.19%) | OR (95% CI) | P-values | AOR (95% CI) | P-values |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||||
Maleb | 936 [72.17] | 148 (15.81) | 788 (84.18) | 1 | |||
Female | 361 [27.83] | 57 (15.79) | 304 (84.21) | 0.857 (0.592–1.24) | 0.413 | ||
Age (years) | |||||||
< 25b | 71 [5.47] | 2 (2.82) | 69 (97.18) | 1 | |||
25~ | 183 [14.11] | 14 (7.65) | 169 (92.34) | 1.434 (0.283–7.271) | 0.664 | ||
40~ | 197 [15.19] | 25 (12.69) | 172 (87.3) | 1.406 (0.267–7.412) | 0.688 | ||
≥ 50 | 846 [65.23] | 164 (19.39) | 682 (80.61) | 1.875 (0.36–9.777) | 0.456 | ||
Ethnicity | |||||||
Hanb | 1212 [93.45] | 200 (16.5) | 1012 (83.49) | 1 | |||
Yi | 66 [5.09] | 5 (7.58) | 61 (92.42) | 0.669 (0.22–2.038) | 0.48 | ||
Others | 19 [1.46] | 0 (0) | 19 (100) | - | 0.998 | ||
Marital status | |||||||
Unmarriedb | 228 [17.58] | 22 (9.64) | 206 (90.35) | 1 | |||
Married | 727 [56.05] | 133 (18.29) | 594 (81.7) | 1.149 (0.668–1.977) | 0.616 | ||
Divorced/widowed | 337 [25.98] | 49 (14.54) | 288 (85.45) | 0.75 (0.412–1.366) | 0.347 | ||
Unknownc | 5 [0.39] | 1 (20) | 4 (80) | – | – | ||
Occupation | |||||||
Farmersb | 843 [65.00] | 159 (18.86) | 684 (81.13) | 1 | |||
Unemployed | 184 [14.19] | 22 (12.29) | 157 (87.7) | 0.851 (0.495–1.462) | 0.559 | ||
Retired | 49 [3.78] | 4 (8.16) | 45 (91.83) | 0.456 (0.151–1.375) | 0.163 | ||
Others/unknown | 221 [17.04] | 20 (8.84) | 206 (91.15) | 0.749 (0.417–1.345) | 0.334 | ||
Route of transmission | |||||||
HETb | 1190 [91.75] | 202 (16.97) | 988 (83.02) | 1 | 0.429 | ||
MSM | 79 [6.09] | 1 (1.26) | 78 (98.73) | 0.175 (0.022–1.387) | 0.099 | ||
IDUs | 8 [0.62] | 0 (0) | 8 (100) | – | 0.999 | ||
Others/unknown | 20 [1.54] | 2 (10) | 18 (90) | 0.8 (0.139–4.594) | 0.802 | ||
Drug resistanced | |||||||
DRb | 72 [5.55] | 4 (5.55) | 68 (94.44) | 1 | 1 | ||
Non-DR | 1225 [94.45] | 201 (16.4) | 1024 (83.59) | 0.379 (0.132–1.092) | 0.072 | 0.306 (0.106–0.881) | 0.028* |
Subtype | |||||||
CRF07_BCb | 675 [52.04] | 73 (10.81) | 602 (89.18) | 1 | 1 | ||
CRF01_AE | 343 [26.45] | 78 (22.74) | 265 (77.25) | 2.161 (1.497–3.119) | < 0.001* | 2.369 (1.659–3.382) | < 0.001* |
CRF08_BC | 115 [8.87] | 15 (13.04) | 100 (86.95) | 1.158 (0.624–2.15) | 0.641 | 1.26 (0.685–2.314) | 0.457 |
CRF85_BC | 67 [5.17] | 13 (19.4) | 54 (80.59) | 1.546 (0.785–3.044) | 0.208 | 1.686 (0.873–3.258) | 0.120 |
B | 33 [2.54] | 21 (63.63) | 12 (36.36) | 14.692 (6.607–32.668) | < 0.001* | 13.723 (6.338–29.71) | < 0.001* |
Others | 64 [4.93] | 5 (7.81) | 59 (92.18) | 0.716 (0.272–1.885) | 0.499 | 0.761 (0.293–1.977) | 0.576 |
Education level | |||||||
Primary school or illiterateb | 779 [60.06] | 155 (19.89) | 624 (80.1) | 1 | 1 | ||
Middle school | 336 [25.91] | 40 (11.9) | 296 (88.09) | 0.651 (0.427–0.993) | 0.046* | 0.584 (0.396–0.86) | 0.006* |
High school or technical secondary school | 99 [7.63] | 9 (9.09) | 90 (90.9) | 0.707 (0.305–1.643) | 0.421 | 0.457 (0.221–0.943) | 0.034* |
Junior college or above | 83 [6.40] | 1 (1.20) | 82 (98.80) | 0.129 (0.015–1.101) | 0.061 | 0.049 (0.007–0.362) | 0.003* |