Background
Methods
Data Sources
Derivation of Income Quintiles
Study Variables and Statistical Analyses
Results
Descriptive Analysis
Income Quintile | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (low)
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5 (high)
|
p
-for trend*
| |
Clinical Characteristic
| Median (IQR) | |||||
Age (in years) | 56.95 (22.9) | 56.52 (21.48) | 56.95 (19.94) | 55.24 (19.44) | 55.27 (18.5) | 0.032 |
BMI | 29.6 (8.6) | 29.8 (8.3) | 29 (7.9) | 29.5 (8.2) | 28 (7.2) | <0.0005 |
Duration of Diabetes (in years) | 4 (9) | 3 (8) | 3 (10) | 3 (9) | 3 (7) | 0.98 |
LDL-c (mmol/L) | 3.01 (1.26) | 2.97 (1.1) | 3.02 (1.22) | 2.97 (1.23) | 2.99 (1.26) | ** |
HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.12 (0.41) | 1.1 (0.36) | 1.09 (0.37) | 1.1 (0.36) | 1.15 (0.35) | ** |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 2.40 (1.88) | 2.29 (1.99) | 2.41 (2.0) | 2.32 (1.76) | 2.12 (1.61) | ** |
HBA1C (%) | 8.9 (3.7) | 8.9 (3.7) | 8.9 (3.5) | 8.9 (3.7) | 8.4 (3.3) | ** |
Microalbumin: Creatinine | 2.3 (9) | 1.95 (7.7) | 2.4 (7.1) | 1.6 (5.9) | 1.5 (5) | ** |
Regression Analysis
Clinical profiles
Clinical Characteristic | Co-variate | B-coefficient (p-value) | B-coefficient – adjusted for sex (p-value) | B-coefficient – adjusted for sex, age & therapy (p-value) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Quintile | -.339 (0.032) | -.361 (0.023) | |
BMI | Quintile | -.362 (<0.0005) | -.319 (<0.0005) | -.306 (<0.0005) |
Duration of DM | Quintile | -.0167 (0.980) | .0272 (0.968) |
Clinical Parameter | Income Quintile | B-coefficient – Unadjusted (p-value) | B-coefficient – Adjusted (p-value)* |
---|---|---|---|
HDL-C | 1 (reference) | ||
2 | .0126 (0.798) | .015 (0.76) | |
3 | .0625 (0.201) | .063 (0.20) | |
4 | .0151 (0.757) | .021 (0.67) | |
5 | .0756 (0.120) | .084 (0.09) | |
LDL-c | 1 (reference) | ||
2 | -.0813 (0.222) | -.086 (0.193) | |
3 | -.010 (0.885) | -.016 (0.805) | |
4 | -.0391 (0.540) | -.044 (0.488) | |
5 | -.022 (0.731) | -.025 (0.691) | |
HDL-c | 1 (reference) | ||
2 | -.013 (0.52) | -.01 (0.6) | |
3 | -.018 (0.35) | -.009 (0.64) | |
4 | -.014 (0.46) | -.001 (0.95) | |
5 | .031 (0.11) | .05 (0.008) | |
Triglycerides | 1 (reference) | ||
2 | -.23 (0.40) | -.22 (0.43) | |
3 | -.05 (0.86) | -.06 (0.84) | |
4 | -.26 (0.34) | -.28 (0.31) | |
5 | -.63 (0.019) | -.68 (0.011) | |
Microalbumin: Creatinine | 1 (reference) | ||
2 | -8.56 0.058 | -8.97 (0.047) | |
3 | -2.88 0.540 | -2.43 (0.602) | |
4 | -7.58 0.097 | -7.16 (0.116) | |
5 | -6.99 0.122 | -7.01 (0.119) |
Medication Use
Income Quintile | P-value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (low)
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5 (high)
| ||
Therapy
| ||||||
Diet Only | 14.1% | 14.4% | 16.9% | 18.8% | 24.4% | <0.0005 |
Metformin | 37.3% | 36.1% | 37.0% | 31.5% | 30.0% | 0.001 |
Sulfonylureas | 29.6% | 30.1% | 29.3% | 24.1% | 22.4% | <0.0005 |
Glucosidase Inhibitors | 2.0% | 1.3% | 1.8% | 2.0% | 1.2% | 0.558 |
TZD | 3.9% | 3.5% | 4.1% | 4.2% | 3.5% | 0.886 |
Insulin | 19.8% | 18.2% | 18.3% | 18.6% | 17.2% | 0.688 |
Lipid Lowering Medication | 11.8% | 9.0% | 9.3% | 9.6% | 11.0% | 0.212 |
Anti-Hypertensive Medication | 19.7% | 21.7% | 19.0% | 19.7% | 19.0% | 0.596 |