Introduction
Methods
Study design
Statistical analyses
Results
Patient demographics
n (%) | Total (n = 514) | Patients alive at 30 days (n = 454) | Patients deceased within 30 days (n = 60) | P value* |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (Mean, SD) | 51 (19) | 52 (18) | 49 (21) | 0.14 |
Male | 402 (78) | 357 (79) | 45 (75) | 0.52 |
Injury characteristics | ||||
Blunt traumaa | 471 (92) | 420 (93) | 51 (85) | 0.07 |
ISS (Median, IQR) | 17 (13–27) | 17 (13–25) | 34 (22–43) | < 0.001 |
Polytraumatized (ISS ≥ 16) | 313 (61) | 257 (57) | 56 (93) | < 0.001 |
RTSb (Median, IQR) | 7.8 (7.1–7.8) | 7.8 (7.6–7.8) | 4.1 (2.6–7.8) | < 0.001 |
TRISSc (Median, IQR) | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | < 0.001 |
Highest AIS – thorax | < 0.001 | |||
3 | 399 (78) | 367 (81) | 32 (53) | |
4 | 86 (17) | 70 (15) | 16 (27) | |
5 | 27 (5) | 17 (4) | 10 (17) | |
6 | 2 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (3) | |
Other injuries | ||||
AIS head ≥ 3 | 98 (19) | 73 (16) | 25 (42) | < 0.001 |
AIS face ≥ 3 | 10 (2) | 8 (2) | 2 (3) | 0.41 |
AIS neck ≥ 3 | 7 (1) | 2 (0) | 5 (8) | < 0.001 |
AIS abdomen ≥ 3 | 52 (10) | 39 (9) | 13 (22) | 0.002 |
AIS spine ≥ 3 | 34 (7) | 31 (7) | 3 (5) | 0.59 |
AIS extremities ≥ 3 | 89 (17) | 72 (16) | 17 (28) | 0.016 |
AIS external ≥ 3 | 2 (0) | 1 (0) | 1 (2) | 0.09 |
AIS head ≥ 3 | ||||
Clinical characteristics | ||||
ASAd (Median, IQR) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 0.15 |
CCIe (Median, IQR) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–4) | 0.26 |
CPSf (Median, IQR) | 0 (0–4) | 0 (0–4) | 1 (0–5) | 0.55 |
Anticoagulantsg | 85 (18) | 75 (17) | 10 (17) | 0.39 |
GCSh ≤ 8 | 84 (16) | 42 (9) | 42 (70) | < 0.001 |
SBP on admission (Mean, SD) | 127 (33) | 131 (27) | 95 (52) | < 0.001 |
LOS (Median, IQR) | 7 (3–14) | 9 (4–15) | 1 (0–4) | < 0.001 |
ICU admission | 213 (41) | 184 (41) | 29 (48) | 0.25 |
Complicationsi | ||||
≥ 1 complications during admission | 189 (37) | 147 (32) | 42 (72) | < 0.001 |
No. of complications (Mean, SD) | 0.6 (1) | 0.5 (1) | 0.9 (1) | < 0.001 |
Grade 1 Resolves without intervention | 28 (6) | 28 (6) | 0 (0) | 0.05 |
Grade 2 Resolves with medical intervention | 87 (17) | 83 (18) | 4 (7) | 0.02 |
Grade 3a Operative treatment, local anesthesia | 24 (5) | 23 (5) | 1 (2) | 0.24 |
Grade 3b Operative treatment, general anesthesia | 24 (5) | 24 (5) | 0 (0) | 0.07 |
Grade 4a IC admission, single organ failure | 49 (10) | 46 (10) | 3 (5) | 0.20 |
Grade 4b IC admission, multi organ failure | 10 (2) | 5 (1) | 5 (8) | < 0.001 |
Grade 5a Death, not actively treated | 13 (3) | 0 (0) | 13 (22) | < 0.001 |
Grade 5b Death, actively treated | 24 (5) | 0 (0) | 24 (40) | < 0.001 |
Mechanism of injury
n(%) | Total (n = 514) | Isolated thoracic trauma (n = 201) | Polytrauma without TBI (n = 215) | Polytrauma with TBI (n = 98) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (Mean, SD) | 51 (19) | 53 (18) | 52 (19) | 47 (18) |
Male | 402 (78) | 156 (78) | 166 (77) | 80 (82) |
Injury characteristics | ||||
ISS (Median, IQR) | 17 (13–27) | 11 (9–13) | 22 (17–29) | 29 (22–41) |
TRISS (Median, IQR)a | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | 1 (1–1) | 0.9 (0.9–1) | 0.8 (0.6–0.8) |
Clinical characteristics | ||||
CPS (Median, IQR)b | 0 (0–4) | 0 (0–4) | 1 (0–4) | 0 (0–3) |
GCS ≤ 8 (Median, IQR)c | 8 (3–15) | |||
LOS (median, IQR) | 7 (3–14) | 5 (2–9) | 10 (5–18) | 11 (3–19) |
Complicationsd | ||||
No complication | 325 (63) | 167 (83) | 120 (56) | 38 (39) |
Minor complication | 66 (13) | 15 (7) | 35 (16) | 16 (16) |
Severe complication | 123 (24) | 19 (10) | 60 (28) | 44 (45) |
No. of AIS ≥ 3 thoracic injuries | ||||
1 | 338 (66) | 167 (83) | 113 (52) | 58 (60) |
2 | 116 (23) | 27 (14) | 62 (29) | 27 (28) |
3 | 47 (9) | 7 (4) | 32 (15) | 8 (8) |
> 3 | 13 (3) | 0 (0) | 8 (4) | 5 (5) |
Injury mechanism | ||||
Car accident | 134 (26) | 54 (27) | 55 (26) | 25 (25) |
Motorcycle | 48 (9) | 24 (12) | 14 (7) | 10 (10) |
Cyclist | 36 (7) | 17 (8) | 12 (6) | 7 (7) |
Pedestrian | 15 (3) | 4 (2) | 6 (3) | 5 (5) |
Traffic other | 19 (4) | 6 (3) | 10 (5) | 3 (3) |
Shot | 2 (0.4) | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Stabbed by sharp object | 21 (4) | 5 (2) | 15 (7) | 1 (1) |
Stump object | 23 (5) | 9 (4) | 9 (4) | 5 (5) |
Fall < 3 m | 60 (12) | 29 (15) | 18 (8) | 13 (13) |
Fall > 3 m | 122 (24) | 39 (19) | 55 (26) | 28 (29) |
Other | 7 (1) | 1 (1) | 6 (3) | 0 (0) |
Unknown | 27 (5) | 11 (5) | 15 (7) | 1 (1) |
Mortality | ||||
30 day mortality | 60 (100) | 4 (100) | 31 (100) | 25 (100) |
Cause of death | ||||
Bleeding thorax | 10 (17) | 1 (25) | 8 (26) | 1 (4) |
Bleeding abdomen | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) |
Multiple bleeding | 6 (10) | 1 (25) | 2 (7) | 3 (12) |
Other bleeding | 7 (12) | 0 (0) | 6 (19) | 1 (4) |
Asphyxia | 3 (5) | 0 (0) | 3 (10) | 0 (0) |
Brain damage | 18 (30) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 18 (72) |
Organ failure | 8 (13) | 1 (25) | 7 (23) | 0 (0) |
Other | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 1 (4) |
Unknown | 5 (8) | 1 (25) | 3 (10) | 1 (4) |
Injury characteristics, treatment and complications
n (%) | Total (n = 514) | Patients alive at 30 days (n = 454) | Patients deceased within 30 days (n = 60) | P value* |
---|---|---|---|---|
Most common thoracic injuries | ||||
Lung contusion | 226 (44) | 194 (43) | 32 (53) | 0.12 |
Pneumothorax | 196 (38) | 173 (38) | 23 (38) | 0.97 |
Flail chest | 72 (14) | 56 (12) | 16 (27) | 0.003 |
Rib fracture | 426 (83) | 383 (84) | 43 (72) | 0.01 |
Hematothorax | 40 (8) | 27 (6) | 13 (22) | < 0.001 |
Lung laceration | 13 (3) | 5 (1) | 8 (13) | < 0.001 |
Sternal fracture | 80 (16) | 68 (15) | 12 (20) | 0.31 |
Thoracic vessel injury | 17 (3) | 7 (2) | 10 (17) | < 0.001 |
Cardiac injury | 29 (6) | 19 (4) | 10 (17) | < 0.001 |
First emergency procedurea | ||||
None | 425 (85) | 398 (88) | 30 (50) | < 0.001 |
Damage control thoracotomy | 19 (4) | 6 (1) | 13 (22) | < 0.001 |
Damage control laparotomy | 26 (5) | 18 (4) | 8 (13) | 0.002 |
Extraperitoneal pelvic packing | 3 (1) | 1 (0) | 2 (3) | 0.004 |
Revascularisation of an extremity | 1 (0) | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Intervention radiology | 3 (1) | 3 (1) | 0 (0) | |
Craniotomy | 3 (1) | 3 (1) | 0 (0) | |
Intracranial pressure gauge placement | 19 (4) | 14 (3) | 5 (8) | 0.06 |
Chest tube placementb | ||||
Emergency department | 99 (19) | 84 (19) | 15 (25) | 0.23 |
No drain | 367 (71) | 336 (74) | 31 (52) | < 0.001 |
Pre-hospital drain | 27 (5) | 15 (3) | 12 (20) | < 0.001 |
n (%) | Total (n = 514) | Patients alive at 30 days (n = 454) | Patients deceased within 30 days (n = 60) | P value* |
---|---|---|---|---|
CD grade 1 | ||||
Complication other† | 16 (3) | 16 (4) | 0 (0) | 0.14 |
CD grade 2 | ||||
Pneumonia | 55 (11) | 52 (11) | 3 (5) | 0.13 |
Pulmonary embolism | 3 (1) | 3 (1) | 0 (0) | 0.53 |
Wound infection | 7 (1) | 7 (2) | 0 (0) | 0.33 |
Complication other | 20 (4) | 19 (4) | 1 (2) | 0.34 |
CD grade 3a | ||||
Respiratory failure (chest tube next day) | 14 (3) | 14 (3) | 0 (0) | 0.17 |
Complication other† | 8 (2) | 7 (2) | 1 (2) | 0.94 |
CD grade 3b | ||||
Respiratory failure (chest tube next day) | 9 (2) | 9 (2) | 0 (0) | 0.27 |
Compartment syndrome | 2 (0) | 2 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.60 |
Ischemic intestine | 1 (0) | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.72 |
Complication other† | 2 (0) | 2 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.60 |
CD grade 4a | ||||
Respiratory failure | 42 (8) | 39 (9) | 3 (5) | 0.34 |
Sepsis | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 0.12 |
CVA | 1 (0) | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.88 |
Cardiac arrest | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 0.12 |
CD grade 4b | ||||
Multi organ failure | 10 (2) | 6 (1) | 4 (7) | 0.005 |
CD grade 5a | ||||
Respiratory failure | 3 (1) | 0 (0) | 3 (5) | 0.002 |
CVA | 4 (1) | 0 (0) | 4 (7) | < 0.001 |
Cardiac arrest | 2 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (3) | 0.01 |
CD grade 5b | ||||
Respiratory failure | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 0.12 |
Sepsis | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 0.12 |
CVA | 2 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (3) | 0.01 |
Cardiac arrest | 12 (2) | 0 (0) | 12 (20) | < 0.001 |
Risk factors for mortality following thoracic trauma
Factor and variable | Odds ratio | 95% CI for odds ratio Upper–Lower | P value* |
---|---|---|---|
Female sex | 2.7 | 1.0–7.1 | 0.04 |
TRISS 75–100 | Ref | – | – |
TRISS 50–75 | 2.5 | 0.6–10.6 | 0.22 |
TRISS 0–50 | 43.9 | 14.1–136.9 | < 0.001 |
CPS > 9 | 4.8 | 1.4–15.9 | 0.01 |
CI ≥ 30 | 12.5 | 4.8–32.5 | < 0.001 |
n (%) | Patients in model (n = 463) | Patients excluded from final regression model due to missing data (n = 51) | Transferred patients that were excluded from the study (n = 93) | Total AIS ≥ 3 thorax trauma admitted to HUS (n = 607) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Deaths | 39 (8) | 21 (41) | 7 (8) | 67 (11) |
Median ISS (IQR) | 17 (13–25) | 29 (19–38) | 25 (18–36) | 19 (13–29) |
Mean Age (SD) | 52.5 (19) | 43.0 (18) | 52.3 (19) | 51.6 (19) |
Sex (male) | 360 (78) | 42 (82) | 77 (80) | 477 (79) |