Background
Methods
Data used
Dependent variable, explanatory variables
Zone | States/union territories included |
---|---|
North | Jammu & Kashmir, Himanchal Pradesh, Punjab, Uttaranchal, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan. |
Central | Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh |
East | Orissa, West Bengal, Jharkhand. |
North-east | Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya, Assam. |
West | Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa. |
South | Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu. |
Statistical methods
Results and discussions
Descriptive statistics of the respondents
Socio-demographic variables | Percentage distribution | Percentage women using Contraceptive before first birth |
---|---|---|
Place of residence | ||
Rural | 58.4 | 6.5 |
Urban | 41.6 | 9.8 |
Religion | ||
Hindu | 74.2 | 8.3 |
Muslim | 14.0 | 7.5 |
Others | 11.8 | 5.8 |
Caste | ||
SC/ST | 30.7 | 6.0 |
OBC | 33.7 | 5.7 |
Others | 35.7 | 11.6 |
Educational qualification | ||
No education | 35.0 | 3.6 |
Primary | 15.2 | 6.5 |
Secondary | 41.1 | 9.1 |
Higher | 8.7 | 22.0 |
Current age group | ||
15–19 | 8.9 | 13.1 |
20–24 | 26.8 | 9.9 |
25–29 | 33.2 | 7.3 |
30–34 | 31.1 | 5.4 |
Age at marriage | ||
< =16 | 39.0 | 5.5 |
17–20 | 41.1 | 7.7 |
> = 21 | 19.9 | 13.1 |
Media exposure | ||
Not at all | 19.6 | 3.4 |
Weekly/less than weekly | 25.1 | 6.8 |
Daily | 55.2 | 10.0 |
Zones | ||
North | 18.0 | 5.8 |
Central | 23.2 | 6.3 |
East | 12.5 | 16.0 |
North-east | 15.5 | 10.5 |
West | 12.4 | 8.6 |
South | 18.3 | 3.8 |
Total | 100 | 7.9 |
N | 54,918 | 4336 |
Logistic regression analysis
Socio-demographic variables | Crude odds ratio | Adjusted odds ratio | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio | C. I. (95 %) | Odds ratio | C. I. (95 %) | |||
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | |||
Place of residence | ||||||
Rural | ref | - | - | ref | - | - |
Urban | 1.558** | 1.464 | 1.658 | 0.983 | 0.913 | 1.058 |
Religion | ||||||
Hindu | ref | - | - | ref | - | - |
Muslim | 0.900* | 0.822 | 0.987 | 0.840** | 0.758 | 0.931 |
Others | 0.681** | 0.610 | 0.760 | 0.499** | 0.440 | 0.566 |
Caste | ||||||
SC/ST | ref | - | - | ref | - | - |
OBC | 0.814** | 0.736 | 0.889 | 0.993 | 0.900 | 1.096 |
Others | 1.755** | 1.604 | 1.920 | 1.330** | 1.214 | 1.458 |
Educational qualification | ||||||
No education | ref | - | - | ref | - | - |
Primary | 1.885** | 1.680 | 2.116 | 1.401** | 1.240 | 1.583 |
Secondary | 2.702** | 2.472 | 2.952 | 1.899** | 1.710 | 2.108 |
Higher | 7.635** | 6.892 | 8.459 | 5.705** | 4.975 | 6.543 |
Current age group | ||||||
15–19 | ref | - | - | ref | - | - |
20–24 | 0.724** | 0.656 | 0.799 | 0.579** | 0.520 | 0.644 |
25–29 | 0.518** | 0.468 | 0.572 | 0.332** | 0.296 | 0.372 |
30–34 | 0.377** | 0.339 | 0.419 | 0.229** | 0.203 | 0.258 |
Age at marriage | ||||||
< =16 | ref | - | - | ref | - | - |
17–20 | 1.427** | 1.322 | 1.541 | 1.196** | 1.099 | 1.303 |
> = 21 | 2.597** | 2.396 | 2.816 | 1.687** | 1.563 | 1.941 |
Media exposure | ||||||
Not at all | ref | - | - | ref | - | - |
Weekly/less than weekly | 2.085** | 1.843 | 2.359 | 1.709** | 1.497 | 1.950 |
Daily | 3.152** | 2.821 | 3.521 | 2.034** | 1.784 | 2.320 |
Zones | ||||||
North | 0.986 | 0.885 | 1.099 | 0.816** | 0.728 | 0.916 |
Central | ref | - | - | ref | - | - |
East | 4.383** | 3.978 | 4.830 | 4.774** | 4.296 | 5.306 |
North-east | 1.864** | 1.691 | 2.055 | 2.124** | 1.904 | 2.370 |
West | 1.493** | 1.339 | 1.664 | 1.152* | 1.027 | 1.292 |
South | 0.624** | 0.552 | 0.706 | 0.498** | 0.438 | 0.566 |