Characteristic | Overall | Quartile of total cholesterol intake(mg/d) | P -value | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1(≤186.0) | Q2(186.1-332.0) | Q3(332.1-464.0) | Q4(>464.0) | ||||||||
N | 1617 | 408 | 404 | 401 | 404 | ||||||
Age, years (mean, SD) | 28.6 | 4.1 | 28.0 | 3.8 | 28.5 | 3.9 | 29.0 | 4.4 | 28.9 | 4.1 | 0.001 |
Prepregnancy BMI, kg/m2 (mean, SD) | 21.1 | 3.1 | 21.2 | 3.2 | 21.1 | 3.1 | 21.3 | 3.0 | 20.9 | 3.0 | 0.249 |
Parity (N, %) | |||||||||||
Primiparous | 1157 | 71.6 | 290 | 71.1 | 286 | 70.8 | 293 | 73.1 | 288 | 71.3 | 0.890 |
Multiparous | 460 | 28.4 | 118 | 28.9 | 118 | 29.2 | 108 | 26.9 | 116 | 28.7 | |
Family history of diabetes (N, %) | 162 | 10.0 | 40 | 9.8 | 40 | 9.9 | 41 | 10.2 | 41 | 10.1 | 0.997 |
Education (N, %) | |||||||||||
High school or lower | 387 | 23.9 | 103 | 25.2 | 109 | 27.0 | 96 | 23.9 | 79 | 19.6 | <0.001 |
Junior college | 590 | 36.5 | 175 | 42.9 | 135 | 33.4 | 146 | 36.4 | 134 | 33.2 | |
University or higher | 640 | 39.6 | 130 | 31.9 | 160 | 39.6 | 159 | 39.7 | 191 | 47.3 | |
Monthly income of the family per capita, yuan (N, %) | |||||||||||
≤5000 | 535 | 33.1 | 147 | 36.0 | 125 | 30.9 | 134 | 33.4 | 129 | 31.9 | 0.215 |
5000~9999 | 743 | 45.9 | 192 | 47.1 | 191 | 47.3 | 184 | 45.9 | 176 | 43.6 | |
≥10000 | 339 | 21.0 | 69 | 16.9 | 88 | 21.8 | 83 | 20.7 | 99 | 24.5 | |
Smoking before pregnancy (N, %) | 61 | 3.8 | 17 | 4.2 | 10 | 2.5 | 12 | 3.0 | 22 | 5.5 | 0.119 |
Alcohol consumption before pregnancy (N, %) | 131 | 8.1 | 34 | 8.3 | 23 | 5.7 | 28 | 7.0 | 46 | 11.4 | 0.021 |
WGPO, kg (mean, SD) | 6.20 | 3.31 | 5.64 | 3.26 | 6.43 | 3.25 | 6.27 | 3.26 | 6.44 | 3.40 | 0.001 |
Physical activity, MET-h wk-1 (mean, SD) | 106.8 | 46.4 | 105.3 | 48.8 | 108.7 | 49.0 | 105.8 | 41.9 | 107.4 | 45.5 | 0.710 |
Plasma TG, mmol/L (mean, SD) | 1.32 | 0.50 | 1.30 | 0.47 | 1.31 | 0.45 | 1.36 | 0.52 | 1.30 | 0.57 | 0.257 |
Plasma TC, mmol/L (mean, SD) | 4.14 | 0.64 | 4.05 | 0.66 | 4.13 | 0.61 | 4.17 | 0.63 | 4.21 | 0.67 | 0.002 |
Plasma LDL-C, mmol/L (mean, SD) | 2.05 | 0.9 | 2.03 | 0.52 | 2.05 | 0.48 | 2.06 | 0.48 | 2.04 | 0.48 | 0.932 |
Plasma HDL-C, mmol/L (mean, SD) | 1.67 | 0.34 | 1.60 | 0.34 | 1.66 | 0.34 | 1.68 | 0.32 | 1.75 | 0.35 | <0.001 |
GDM (N, %) | 571 | 35.3 | 118 | 28.9 | 146 | 36.1 | 151 | 37.7 | 156 | 38.6 | 0.016 |
Dietary intake | |||||||||||
Eggs, number/d (mean, SD) | 0.71 | 0.58 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.49 | 0.29 | 0.89 | 0.31 | 1.34 | 0.56 | <0.001 |
Red meats, g/d (mean, SD) | 59.5 | 50.5 | 39.3 | 39.0 | 59.5 | 41.7 | 61.0 | 51.1 | 78.3 | 59.7 | <0.001 |
Poultry, g/d (mean, SD) | 12.5 | 29.2 | 6.3 | 17.7 | 11.2 | 22.4 | 13.5 | 29.2 | 19.3 | 40.8 | <0.001 |
Fish/shellfish, g/d (mean, SD) | 18.6 | 41.8 | 6.9 | 19.3 | 14.1 | 33.5 | 17.6 | 41.6 | 35.8 | 57.8 | <0.001 |
Total dairy products, g/d (mean, SD) | 138.5 | 132.8 | 93.8 | 116.2 | 132.6 | 129.5 | 149.4 | 124.7 | 178.7 | 145.0 | <0.001 |
Animal organs, g/d (mean, SD) | 5.4 | 17.3 | 3.2 | 14.8 | 4.6 | 11.5 | 4.5 | 13.6 | 9.1 | 25.4 | <0.001 |
Dietary glycaemic load, g/d (mean, SD) | 153.3 | 59.4 | 147.3 | 58.7 | 152.7 | 53.6 | 158.4 | 67.6 | 154.8 | 56.7 | 0.061 |
Energy intake, kcal/d (mean, SD) | 1848.1 | 530.5 | 1600.1 | 486.6 | 1819.1 | 510.2 | 1901.2 | 475.4 | 2074.9 | 535.9 | <0.001 |
Saturated fat, unsaturated fat, g/d (mean, SD) | 68.8 | 24.8 | 53.0 | 19.1 | 66.6 | 23.5 | 72.0 | 20.3 | 83.6 | 25.6 | <0.001 |
Animal protein, g/d (mean, SD) | 25.4 | 15.4 | 12.8 | 8.2 | 22.7 | 10.4 | 27.3 | 12.2 | 39.1 | 16.4 | <0.001 |
Fibre, g/d (mean, SD) | 12.9 | 6.3 | 11.9 | 6.5 | 12.9 | 6.7 | 13.0 | 5.8 | 13.7 | 5.9 | <0.001 |
Continuous variable (each additional egg/d) | Quartile egg intake (number/d) | P for trend | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||||||||
OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | ||
Median, number/d | 0.7 | 0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.3 | - | |||||
Model 1a | 1.36 | 1.14-1.62 | 1.00 | - | 1.48 | 1.11-1.98 | 1.46 | 1.09-1.96 | 1.64 | 1.22-2.20 | 0.002 |
Model 2b | 1.32 | 1.11-1.58 | 1.00 | - | 1.48 | 1.11-1.99 | 1.39 | 1.03-1.87 | 1.59 | 1.18-2.14 | 0.006 |
Model 2 plus nutrientsc | |||||||||||
Saturated fat, unsaturated fat | 1.30 | 1.08-1.56 | 1.00 | - | 1.47 | 1.09-1.97 | 1.35 | 1.00-1.84 | 1.54 | 1.13-2.09 | 0.013 |
Animal protein | 1.33 | 1.10-1.60 | 1.00 | - | 1.48 | 1.11-1.99 | 1.39 | 1.02-1.89 | 1.59 | 1.16-2.17 | 0.008 |
Fibre | 1.32 | 1.11-1.58 | 1.00 | - | 1.48 | 1.11-1.99 | 1.39 | 1.03-1.88 | 1.59 | 1.18-2.15 | 0.005 |
All previous nutrients | 1.32 | 1.10-1.60 | 1.00 | - | 1.48 | 1.10-1.98 | 1.38 | 1.02-1.88 | 1.58 | 1.16-2.17 | 0.009 |
Model 2 plus plasma lipid profiles(mmol/L) d | |||||||||||
TG | 1.30 | 1.10-1.60 | 1.00 | - | 1.57 | 1.16-2.12 | 1.46 | 1.07-1.99 | 1.65 | 1.20-2.25 | 0.009 |
TC | 1.31 | 1.09-1.58 | 1.00 | - | 1.61 | 1.19-2.18 | 1.45 | 1.06-1.98 | 1.64 | 1.20-2.24 | 0.011 |
LDL-C | 1.33 | 1.11-1.60 | 1.00 | - | 1.62 | 1.20-2.19 | 1.46 | 1.07-1.99 | 1.68 | 1.23-2.30 | 0.007 |
HDL-C | 1.31 | 1.09-1.58 | 1.00 | - | 1.60 | 1.19-2.16 | 1.44 | 1.06-1.96 | 1.64 | 1.20-2.25 | 0.011 |
All previous measurements | 1.30 | 1.08-1.56 | 1.00 | - | 1.58 | 1.17-2.13 | 1.46 | 1.07-1.99 | 1.63 | 1.19-2.23 | 0.011 |