Introduction
Methods
Study population and setting
Variables and measures
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline demographics
Variables | Mean or number | (SD) | (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Baseline characteristics | |||
Age (years) | 66.92 | (14.08) | |
Gender: male, n (%) | 87 | 62.1 | |
Education: more than high school, n (%) | 58 | 41.4 | |
Service: surgical, n (%) | 89 | 63.6 | |
DNR documented before family meeting, n (%) | 112 | 80.0 | |
Donor consideration, n (%) | 8 | 5.7 | |
Hospitalization (days) | 23.95 | (17.29) | |
ICU stay (days) | 18.64 | (14.01) | |
Intubation (days) | 17.84 | (13.63) | |
Intubation to family meeting (days) | 16.10 | (13.15) | |
Comorbidities | |||
Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 83 | 59.3 | |
Chronic respiratory disease, n (%) | 59 | 42.1 | |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 57 | 40.7 | |
Heart failure, n (%) | 76 | 54.3 | |
Liver disease, n (%) | 43 | 30.7 | |
Advanced malignancy, n (%) | 53 | 37.9 | |
Renal failure, n (%) | 64 | 45.7 | |
Admission category | |||
Neurology, n (%) | 40 | 28.6 | |
Oncology, n (%) | 47 | 33.6 | |
Cardiology, n (%) | 12 | 8.6 | |
Nephrology, n (%) | 3 | 2.1 | |
Chest, n (%) | 25 | 17.9 | |
Infection, n (%) | 13 | 9.3 | |
Vital signs from monitor | |||
SBP (mmHg) | 102.43 | (29.81) | |
DBP (mmHg) | 56.86 | (17.53) | |
Mean blood pressure (mmHg) | 70.71 | (21.63) | |
Pulse rate (/min) | 88.26 | (26.39) | |
Respiratory rate (/min) | 17.57 | (9.04) | |
Pulse oximeter (%) | 90.05 | (15.01) | |
Physical variables | |||
Feeding within 24 h, n (%) | 110 | 78.6 | |
Hemodialysis within 3 days, n (%) | 20 | 14.3 | |
Presence of IABP, n (%) | 6 | 4.3 | |
Tracheostomy, n (%) | 10 | 7.1 | |
Neurological variables | |||
Coma scale (total GCS) | 5 | (2) | |
Motor response (extensor or absent), n (%) | 70 | 50.0 | |
Absent Light reflex, n (%) | 70 | 50.0 | |
Absent corneal reflex, n (%) | 73 | 52.1 | |
Absent cough reflex, n (%) | 80 | 57.1 | |
Respiratory variables | |||
FiO2 from ventilator (%) | 48.59 | (28.20) | |
PEEP (cmH2O) | 6.82 | (2.15) | |
Static pressure (cmH2O) | 24.41 | (6.97) | |
Minute ventilation (L/min) | 8.63 | (3.74) | |
Mean airway pressure (mmHg) | 11.92 | (3.74) | |
Spontaneous breathing trail within 24 h, n (%) | 57 | 40.7 | |
Medications previous to withdrawal | |||
Total dose of opioids within 24 h (mg) | 13.33 | (21.01) | |
Total dose of BZDs within 24 h (mg) | 34.00 | (93.30) | |
Total dose of propofol within 24 h (mg) | 80.75 | (389.54) | |
Opioids use within 24 h, n (%) | 101 | 72.1 | |
BZDs use within 24 h, n (%) | 80 | 57.1 | |
Propofol use within 24 h, n (%) | 28 | 20.0 | |
Inotropic agents use within 24 h, n (%) | 25 | 17.9 | |
APACHE II score at ICU admission | 25.21 | (7.74) | |
APACHE II score at extubation | 30.58 | (8.26) | |
Survival time after Extubation (h) | 21.83 | (53.61) | |
Survival more than 1 h (%) | 64 | 45.7 | |
Survival more than 24 h | 35 | 25.0 |
Time to death
Univariate analysis
Time to death < 1 h (76) | Time to death ≧ 1 h (64) | pa | Time to death < 1 day (105) | Time to death ≧1 day (35) | pa | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | IQR | Min–max | Median | IQR | Min–max | Median | IQR | Min–max | Median | IQR | Min–max | |||
Baseline characteristics | ||||||||||||||
Age (years) | 64.5 | 20 | 19–94 | 68 | 20.8 | 35–93 | 0.343 | 67 | 20.5 | 19–94 | 66 | 20 | 37–91 | 0.922 |
Intubation (days) | 14 | 13 | 0–65 | 16 | 15 | 1–62 | 0.156 | 14 | 13 | 0–65 | 17 | 16 | 3–62 | 0.116 |
Intubation to family meeting (days) | 13 | 12 | 0–62 | 14 | 15.8 | 1–62 | 0.412 | 13 | 12 | 0–62 | 14 | 17 | 1–62 | 0.329 |
GCS (total) | 3 | 2.8 | 3–10 | 6 | 2 | 3–11 | < 0.001 | 3 | 3 | 3–1 | 6 | 4 | 3–9 | 0.040 |
Vital signs from monitor | ||||||||||||||
SBP (mmHg) | 98.5 | 40.5 | 35–165 | 111 | 41.5 | 53–179 | 0.179 | 101 | 39.0 | 35–169 | 116 | 54.0 | 61–179 | 0.040 |
DBP (mmHg) | 51 | 21.0 | 12–110 | 57 | 27 | 39–105 | 0.029 | 51 | 19.0 | 12–110 | 67 | 25.0 | 43–97 | < 0.001 |
MAP (mmHg) | 66 | 28.8 | 0–128.3 | 74.3 | 30.4 | 44–125.3 | 0.029 | 66 | 26.0 | 0–128.3 | 83 | 34.3 | 56–111.7 | 0.011 |
Pulse rate (/min) | 84 | 47.5 | 26–155 | 97 | 23.8 | 50–164 | 0.007 | 89 | 43.0 | 26–164 | 96 | 23.0 | 57–126 | 0.205 |
Pulse oximetry (SpO2, %) | 95 | 16 | 0–100 | 97 | 4 | 55–100 | 0.109 | 95 | 13 | 0–100 | 97 | 4 | 57–100 | 0.008 |
Respiratory variables | ||||||||||||||
Respiratory rate (/min) | 15 | 9.8 | 0–50 | 20 | 8 | 0–45 | < 0.001 | 16 | 10.5 | 0–50 | 18 | 8.0 | 11–45 | 0.241 |
FiO2 from ventilator (%) | 60 | 65 | 21–100 | 30 | 5 | 21–100 | < 0.001 | 45 | 55 | 21–100 | 25 | 9 | 21–45 | < 0.001 |
PEEP (cmH2O) | 8 | 3 | 5–14 | 5 | 3 | 5–13 | 0.003 | 8 | 3 | 5–14 | 5 | 1 | 5–8 | < 0.001 |
Static pressure (cmH2O) | 26 | 9.0 | 5–43 | 22 | 8.8 | 7–41 | 0.011 | 25 | 9.0 | 5–43 | 21 | 9.0 | 7–31 | 0.019 |
Minute ventilation (L/min) | 10.3 | 4.5 | 3.5–19.6 | 5.9 | 2.3 | 2.1–16.3 | < 0.001 | 9.29 | 4.9 | 3.5–19.6 | 5.2 | 2.3 | 2.1–16.3 | < 0.001 |
Medications prior to extubation | ||||||||||||||
Dose of opioids within 24 h (mg) | 10 | 10 | 0–146 | 10 | 15 | 0–90 | 0.077 | 10 | 10 | 0–146 | 10 | 10 | 0–90 | 0.913 |
Dose of BZDs within 24 h (mg) | 1.8 | 5 | 0–382.50 | 5 | 13.48 | 0–684.50 | 0.050 | 8 | 7 | 0–684.50 | 5 | 10 | 0–348.20 | 0.823 |
Dose of propofol within 24 h (mg) | 0 | 0 | 0–4400 | 0 | 0 | 0–680 | 0.899 | 0 | 0 | 0–4400 | 0 | 16.67 | 0–680 | 0.464 |
APACHE II score | ||||||||||||||
At ICU admission | 26 | 10 | 6–41 | 24.5 | 11.25 | 6–43 | 0.723 | 25 | 10 | 6–41 | 23 | 11 | 6–40 | 0.283 |
At extubation | 32 | 10.25 | 19–66 | 23 | 9.25 | 14–40 | < 0.001 | 29 | 10 | 17–66 | 23 | 8 | 14–37 | 0.172 |
Time to death < 1 h (76) | Time to death ≧ 1 h (64) | Statistics | Time to death < 1 d (105) | Time to death ≧ 1 d (35) | Statistics | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | χ2 | pa | n | % | n | % | χ2 | pa | |
Demographics | ||||||||||||
Gender (male) | 44 | 50.6 | 43 | 49.4 | 1.275 | 0.259 | 63 | 72.4 | 24 | 27.6 | 0.820 | 0.365 |
Education (more than high school) | 76 | 54.3 | 64 | 45.7 | 2.417 | 0.120 | 105 | 75.0 | 35 | 25.0 | 0.039 | 0.843 |
Medical service | 46 | 51.7 | 43 | 48.3 | 0.666 | 0.415 | 65 | 73.0 | 24 | 27.0 | 0.504 | 0.478 |
Surgical service | 30 | 58.8 | 21 | 41.2 | 0.666 | 0.415 | 40 | 78.4 | 11 | 21.6 | 0.504 | 0.478 |
DNR signed before family meeting | 76 | 54.3 | 64 | 45.7 | 0.259 | 0.611 | 105 | 75.0 | 35 | 25.0 | 2.143 | 0.143 |
Comorbidities | ||||||||||||
Cerebrovascular disease | 51 | 66.2 | 26 | 33.8 | 9.843 | 0.002 | 58 | 75.3 | 19 | 24.7 | 0.010 | 0.922 |
Chronic respiratory disease | 26 | 44.1 | 33 | 55.9 | 4.290 | 0.038 | 45 | 76.3 | 14 | 23.7 | 0.088 | 0.767 |
Diabetes | 32 | 56.1 | 25 | 43.9 | 0.133 | 0.751 | 40 | 70.2 | 17 | 29.8 | 1.194 | 0.275 |
Congestive heart failure | 40 | 52.6 | 36 | 47.4 | 0.183 | 0.669 | 55 | 72.4 | 21 | 27.6 | 0.614 | 0.433 |
Chronic liver disease | 23 | 53.5 | 20 | 46.5 | 0.016 | 0.900 | 32 | 74.4 | 11 | 25.6 | 0.011 | 0.916 |
Advanced malignancy | 22 | 41.5 | 31 | 58.5 | 5.610 | 0.018 | 39 | 73.6 | 14 | 26.4 | 0.091 | 0.763 |
Renal failure | 37 | 57.8 | 27 | 42.2 | 0.591 | 0.442 | 41 | 73.4 | 17 | 26.6 | 0.154 | 0.695 |
Physiological variables | ||||||||||||
Organ donor consideration | 4 | 50.0 | 4 | 50.0 | 0.063 | 1.000 | 5 | 62.5 | 3 | 37.5 | 0.707 | 0.412 |
Nutrition within 24 h | 57 | 51.8 | 53 | 48.2 | 1.259 | 0.262 | 81 | 73.6 | 29 | 26.4 | 0.509 | 0.476 |
Dialysis within 3 days | 12 | 60.0 | 8 | 40.0 | 0.307 | 0.580 | 15 | 75.0 | 5 | 25.0 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
Presence of IABP | 4 | 66.7 | 2 | 33.3 | 0.387 | 0.668 | 5 | 83.3 | 1 | 16.7 | 0.232 | 1.000 |
SpO2 ≥ 96 (%) | 35 | 46.1 | 41 | 53.9 | 4.541 | 0.033 | 50 | 65.8 | 26 | 34.2 | 7.522 | 0.006 |
SpO2 ≥ 99 (%) | 16 | 59.3 | 11 | 40.7 | 0.333 | 0.567 | 18 | 66.7 | 9 | 33.3 | 1.239 | 0.266 |
Respiratory variables | ||||||||||||
Tracheostomy | 4 | 40.0 | 6 | 60.0 | 0.886 | 0.512 | 7 | 70.0 | 3 | 30.0 | 0.144 | 0.711 |
Minute ventilation ≥ 12 (L/min) | 53 | 46.5 | 61 | 53.5 | 15.028 | < 0.001 | 81 | 71.7 | 33 | 28.9 | 5.101 | 0.024 |
Spontaneous breathing trail in 24 h | 5 | 8.8 | 52 | 91.2 | 80.255 | < 0.001 | 24 | 42.1 | 33 | 57.9 | 55.485 | < 0.001 |
Medications prior to extubation | ||||||||||||
Opioids use in 24 h | 54 | 54.8 | 47 | 46.2 | 0.098 | 0.754 | 76 | 75.2 | 25 | 24.8 | 0.012 | 0.913 |
BZD use in 24 h | 38 | 47.5 | 42 | 52.5 | 3.464 | 0.063 | 60 | 75.0 | 20 | 25.0 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
Propofol use in 24 h | 15 | 53.6 | 13 | 46.4 | 0.007 | 0.932 | 19 | 67.9 | 9 | 32.1 | 0.952 | 0.329 |
Inotropic agents use in 12 h | 21 | 84.0 | 4 | 16.0 | 10.828 | 0.001 | 25 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 10.145 | 0.001 |
APACHE II score at extubation | ||||||||||||
≥ 25 | 74 | 73.3 | 27 | 26.7 | 52.640 | < 0.001 | 80 | 79.2 | 21 | 20.8 | 3.424 | 0.064 |
≥ 30 | 55 | 80.9 | 13 | 19.1 | 37.690 | < 0.001 | 55 | 80.9 | 13 | 19.1 | 2.440 | 0.118 |
Multivariate analysis
Death within 1 h | RC | HR (95% CI) | p value |
---|---|---|---|
Intubation (days) | 0.010 | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.219 |
Pulse oximetry (SpO2) (%) | − 0.006 | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.468 |
PEEP (cmH2O) | 0.099 | 1.10 (0.98–1.24) | 0.099 |
Static pressure (cmH2O) | 0.035 | 1.04 (0.99–1.08) | 0.093 |
Total dose of opioids within 24 h (mg) | 0.000 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.981 |
Total dose of BZDs within 24 h (mg) | 0.001 | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.519 |
Education (elementary school or uneducated vs. more than high school) | − 0.432 | 0.65 (0.39–1.08) | 0.095 |
Cerebrovascular disease (yes vs. no) | 0.291 | 1.34 (0.85–1.58) | 0.356 |
Spontaneous breathing trail in 24 h (no vs. yes) | 2.448 | 11.57 (4.30–31.15) | < 0.001 |
Minute ventilation 12(L/min (≥ 12 vs. < 12) | 1.488 | 4.43 (2.30–8.52) | < 0.001 |
Inotropic agents use in 12 h (yes vs. no) | 0.393 | 1.48 (0.85–2.59) | 0.167 |
APACHE II score 25 (≥ 25 vs. < 25) | 2.681 | 14.60 (3.29–64.78) | < 0.001 |
Survival beyond 1 day | |||
Intubation (days) | 0.004 | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.557 |
PEEP (cmH2O) | 0.068 | 1.07 (0.97–1.18) | 0.170 |
Static pressure (cmH2O) | 0.027 | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 0.092 |
Minute ventilation (L/min) | 0.211 | 1.24 (1.16–1.32) | < 0.001 |
APACH II score at extubation | 0.007 | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 0.638 |
DNR signed before family meeting (yes vs. no) | − 0.012 | 0.99 (0.76–1.29) | 0.928 |
Pulse oximetry (SpO2 ≥ 96% vs. SpO2 < 96%) | 0.264 | 1.30 (1.05–1.61) | 0.015 |
Spontaneous breathing trail in 24 h (yes vs. no) | 1.934 | 6.92 (3.60–13.29) | < 0.001 |
Inotropic agents use in 12 h (no vs. yes) | 0.227 | 1.26 (0.76–2.06) | 0.371 |