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Erschienen in: Herz 4/2013

01.06.2013 | Schwerpunkt

Diagnostik und Therapie der chronischen Myokardischämie

Rolle der Echokardiographie

verfasst von: Dr. R.S. von Bardeleben, K. Tiemann

Erschienen in: Herz | Ausgabe 4/2013

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Zusammenfassung

Eine frühe Detektion einer prognostisch signifikanten koronaren Herzkrankheit (KHK) mittels nicht-invasiver Bildgebung im Rahmen der Ischämietestung bildet die Grundlage einer zeitnahen Optimierung von Behandlungspfaden und senkt so Morbidität und Mortalität kardialer Patienten. Vor dem Hintergrund zahlreicher internationaler Leitlinien und des nationalen Versorgungsprogramms zur KHK aus den Jahren 2006 und 2011 sowie der Überarbeitung der 3. universellen Definition des Myokardinfarkts soll die Bedeutung der Echokardiographie beleuchtet werden. Die Ruheechokardiographie wie auch die ergometrische oder pharmakologische Stressechokardiographie sind weithin verfügbare und etablierte Untersuchungsmethoden zur Erfassung der globalen und regionalen linksventrikulären Funktion. Die Kontrastechokardiographie verbessert die Wandbewegungsanalyse und – z. B. durch die Bestimmung der myokardialen Perfusionsreserve – die Sensitivität für die Detektion einer hämodynamisch relevanten KHK. Diese echokardiographischen Verfahren erlauben einen schnellen Überblick auch über die Ergebnisse einer Reperfusionstherapie im Umfeld einer kardialen Brustschmerzeinheit (Chest-Pain-Unit). Die nicht-invasive Erkennung einer hämodynamisch relevanten KHK gelingt im Vergleich zu strahlenintensiveren Alternativmethoden mit vergleichbar hoher Sensitivität und Spezifität und gestattet eine Beurteilung der kardiovaskulären Funktionsparameter wie auch der räumlichen Ausdehnung einer Myokardischämie.
Des Weiteren erlaubt die Methode eine Einschätzung zukünftiger kardialer Ereignisraten mit hoher Genauigkeit. Die negative Untersuchung bietet auf diese Weise ein hohes Maß an Sicherheit vor unerwünschten kardialen Ereignissen. Der Nutzen der echokardiographischen Verfahren besteht für die Diagnostik der KHK bei Patienten mit mittlerer und höherer Vortestwahrscheinlichkeit. Die Untersuchung erlaubt unter antiischämischer Medikation die Identifikation von Hochrisikopatienten. Dabei hat die Stressechokardiographie eine hohe prognostische Bedeutung für die Indikation zu einer Revaskularisation und kann eine Besserung der Prognose sowie kardialer Funktionsparameter wie der linksventrikulären Ejektionsfraktion vorhersagen.
Die Diagnostik ist dabei nicht durch geschlechtsspezifische Einschränkungen limitiert. Neue Techniken beinhalten die dynamische 2- und 3-dimensionale Texturanalyse des Myokards sowie die kontrastmittelverstärkte Verbesserung der Konturabgrenzung und der myokardialen Perfusion. Eine neue europäische Multizenterstudie, erschienen 2013, konnte hier vergleichbare bis verbesserte Sensitivitäten der Erkennung gerade von intermediären Stenosen von 50 bis 70% und hochgradig proximaler bedeutsamer Koronarstenosen im Vergleich zur etablierten EKG-getriggerten SPECT-Technik verifizieren.
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Metadaten
Titel
Diagnostik und Therapie der chronischen Myokardischämie
Rolle der Echokardiographie
verfasst von
Dr. R.S. von Bardeleben
K. Tiemann
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2013
Verlag
Urban and Vogel
Erschienen in
Herz / Ausgabe 4/2013
Print ISSN: 0340-9937
Elektronische ISSN: 1615-6692
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-013-3813-3

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