Background
Methods
Data sources and sampling
Outcome variable
Independent variables
Data analysis
Results
Sociodemographic characteristics
Characteristics | Variable | Total na(%)b |
---|---|---|
Home Birth | Yes | 1177(15.3) |
No | 6200(84.7) | |
Age | 15–19 | 601(8.2) |
20–34 | 4814(65.9) | |
35–49 | 1962(25.9) | |
Region | Eastern | 1475(21.0) |
Northern | 1713(19.6) | |
North-western | 1379(18.8) | |
Southern | 1794(20.4) | |
Western | 1016(20.2) | |
Residence | Urban | 2473(38.1) |
Rural | 4904(61.9) | |
Religion | Christianity/None | 1531(21.3) |
Islam | 5846(78.7) | |
Wealth Index | Poor | 3421(42.8) |
Middle | 1563(20.3) | |
Rich | 2393(36.9) | |
Current Marital Status | Married | 5748(76.9) |
Not Marriedc | 1629(23.1) | |
Ethnicity | Limba | 619(8.8) |
Mende | 2484(34.5) | |
Temne | 2334(36.6) | |
Others | 1509(20.1) | |
Husband/partner’s education level | No education | 3479(54.0) |
Primary | 455(7.7) | |
Secondary | 1550(27.4) | |
Higher | 441(7.8) | |
Don’t know | 165(3.1) | |
Husband/partner’s occupation | Not working/ Don’t know | 312(5.7) |
Working/Had a job | 5778(94.3) | |
Sex of Household head | Male | 5629(75.3) |
Female | 1748(24.7) | |
Parity | 1–5 | 6145(83.9) |
> 5 | 1232(16.1) | |
Ever had a terminated pregnancy | Yes | 546(7.6) |
No | 6831(92.4) | |
Wanted last child | Wanted then | 6054(80.9) |
Wanted later | 1056(15.4) | |
Wanted no more | 267(3.7) | |
Number Antenatal care visit | No Antenatal visit | 101(1.7) |
1–3 visits | 573(8.8) | |
4–7 visits | 4189(64.5) | |
8 or more visits | 1677(25.0) | |
Getting medical help for self: getting permission to go to hospital | Big problem | 1998(24.9) |
Not a big problem | 5379(75.1) | |
Getting medical help for self: getting money needed for treatment | Big problem | 5329(70.1) |
Not a big problem | 2048(29.9) | |
Getting medical help for self: distance to health facility | Big problem | 3668(47.1) |
Not a big problem | 3709(52.9) | |
Covered by health insurance | Yes | 247(3.8) |
No | 7130(96.2) | |
Women’s knowledge level | Low | 5051(29.0) |
Medium | 6356(41.6) | |
High | 4159(29.4) | |
Decision making power | Low | 4087(42.7) |
Medium | 2315(22.4) | |
High | 3435(34.9) | |
Women’s level of tolerance to the idea of intimate partner violence (wife beating) | No/low | 7708(50.1) |
Medium | 6611(41.6) | |
High | 1255(8.3) | |
Currently Working | Yes | 5749(77.0) |
No | 1628(23.0) |
Bivariate association between sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics and place of birth
Characteristics | Variable | Home birth | Chi-square, p-values | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes na(%)b | No na(%)b | |||
Age | 15–19 | 79(6.7) | 522(8.4) | 31.55, p < 0.001 |
20–34 | 709(60.8) | 4105(66.9) | ||
35–49 | 389(32.5) | 1573(24.7) | ||
Region | Eastern | 108(10.0) | 1367(23.0) | 350.22, p < 0.001 |
Northern | 310(19.0) | 1403(19.7) | ||
North-western | 404(37.8) | 975(15.4) | ||
Southern | 229(17.4) | 1565(20.9) | ||
Western | 126(15.8) | 890(21.0) | ||
Residence | Urban | 248(26.4) | 2225(40.3) | 77.62, p < 0.001 |
Rural | 929(73.6) | 3975(59.7) | ||
Religion | Christianity/None | 184(15.4) | 1347(22.4) | 27.27, p < 0.001 |
Islam | 993(84.6) | 4853(77.6) | ||
Wealth Index | Poor | 692(53.5) | 2729(40.9) | 79.84, p < 0.001 |
Middle | 241(20.7) | 1322(20.2) | ||
Rich | 244(25.8) | 2149(38.9) | ||
Current Marital Status | Married | 985(81.8) | 4763(76.0) | 18.01, p = 0.002 |
Not Marriedc | 192(18.2) | 1437(24.0) | ||
Ethnicity | Limba | 116(9.4) | 503(8.7) | 226.25, p < 0.001 |
Mende | 156(14.7) | 2328(38.0) | ||
Temne | 515(51.7) | 1819(33.9) | ||
Others | 282(24.2) | 1227(19.4) | ||
Husband/partner’s education level | No education | 713(66.0) | 2766(51.7) | 72.72, p < 0.001 |
Primary | 61(6.3) | 394(8.0) | ||
Secondary | 189(21.5) | 1361(28.6) | ||
Higher | 35(4.1) | 406(8.5) | ||
Don’t know | 20(2.2) | 145(3.3) | ||
Husband/partner’s occupation | Not working/ Don’t know | 39(4.0) | 273(6.0) | 6.02, p = 0.028 |
Working/Had a job | 979(96.0) | 4799 (94.0) | ||
Sex of Household head | Male | 912(74.9) | 4717(75.4) | 0.14, p = 0 0.788 |
Female | 265(25.1) | 1483(24.6) | ||
Parity | 1–5 | 927(80.0) | 5218(84.6) | 15.03, p < 0.001 |
> 5 | 250(20.0) | 982(15.4) | ||
Ever had a terminated pregnancy | Yes | 99(8.8) | 447(7.3) | 3.04, p = 0 0.172 |
No | 1078(91.2) | 5753(92.7) | ||
Wanted last child | Wanted then | 978(81.5) | 5076(80.8) | 3.97, p = 0 0.283 |
Wanted later | 149(14.0) | 907(15.6) | ||
Wanted no more | 50(4.5) | 217(3.6) | ||
Number Antenatal care visit | No Antenatal visit | 41(3.2) | 60(1.5) | 97.91, p < 0.001 |
1–3 visits | 194(15.9) | 379(7.4) | ||
4–7 visits | 599(56.5) | 3590(66.0) | ||
8 or more visits | 238(24.3) | 1439(25.1) | ||
Getting medical help for self: getting permission to go to hospital | Big problem | 339(27.2) | 1659(24.5) | 3.52, p = 0 0.240 |
Not a big problem | 838(72.8) | 4541(75.5) | ||
Getting medical help for self: getting money needed for treatment | Big problem | 940(78.1) | 4389(68.7) | 40.81, p < 0.001 |
Not a big problem | 237(21.9) | 1811(31.3) | ||
Getting medical help for self: distance to health facility | Big problem | 776(62.2) | 2892(44.4) | 120.11, p < 0.001 |
Not a big problem | 401(37.8) | 3308(55.6) | ||
Covered by health insurance | Yes | 50(4.0) | 197(3.7) | 0 0.18, p = 0 0.785 |
No | 1127(96.0) | 6003(96.3) | ||
Women’s knowledge level | Low | 586(46.2) | 2161(31.8) | 116.70, p < 0.001 |
Medium | 465(40.8) | 2639(43.5) | ||
High | 126(13.0) | 1397(24.7) | ||
Decision making power | Low | 452(44.1) | 2174(44.2) | 10.70, p = 0.058 |
Medium | 261(26.1) | 1173(21.8) | ||
High | 305(29.8) | 1725(34.0) | ||
Women’s level of tolerance to the idea of intimate partner violence (wife beating) | No/low | 428(36.1) | 2994(48.5) | 58.93, p < 0.001 |
Medium | 638(54.4) | 2717(43.3) | ||
High | 111(9.4) | 489(8.2) | ||
Currently Working | Yes | 979(82.0) | 4770(76.1) | 18.29, p = 0.002 |
No | 198(18.0) | 1430(23.9) |
Association of women’s empowerment, other sociodemographic and obstetric determinants and choice of homebirth
Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Variable | COR (95%CI) | AOR (95%CI) |
Women’s knowledge level | High | 1 | 1 |
Low | 2.76(2.10–3.62) | 2.04(1.43–2.92) | |
Medium | 1.78(1.38–2.29) | 1.44(1.05–1.97) | |
Decision making power | High | 1 | 1 |
Low | 1.138(0.92–1.41) | 1.11(0.86–1.41) | |
Medium | 1.36(1.09–1.70) | 1.16(0.88–1.53) | |
Women’s level of tolerance to the idea of intimate partner violence (wife beating) | No/low | 1 | 1 |
Medium | 1.69(1.39–2.05) | 1.38(1.09–1.74) | |
High | 1.54(1.13–2.10) | 1.14(0.80–1.62) | |
Labour force Participation | Yes | 1 | 1 |
No | 0.70(0.56–0.88) | 1.00(0.76–1.33) | |
Age | 15–19 | 1 | |
20–34 | 1.04(0.70–1.55) | ||
35–49 | 1.20(0.77–1.89) | ||
Region | Western | 1 | |
Eastern | 0.39(0.21–0.71) | ||
Northern | 0.65(0.38–1.12) | ||
North-western | 1.45(0.85–2.44) | ||
Southern | 1.30(0.74–2.28) | ||
Residence | Urban | 1 | |
Rural | 1.19(0.80–1.75) | ||
Religion | Christianity/None | 1 | |
Islam | 0,85(0.61–1.17) | ||
Wealth Index | Rich | 1 | |
Poor | 1.25(0.83–1.88) | ||
Middle | 1.19(0.79–1.80) | ||
Marital status | Not Married | 1 | |
Married | 1.16(0.62–2.01) | ||
Ethnicity | Others | 1 | |
Limba | 0.73(0.45–1.19) | ||
Mende | 0.26(0.16–0.43) | ||
Temne | 0.90(0.66–1.22) | ||
Husband/partner’s education level | Higher | 1 | |
No formal education | 1.40(0.83–2.36) | ||
Primary school | 1.01(0.56–1.85) | ||
Secondary school | 1.18(0.70-2.00) | ||
Don’t Know | 1.18(0.54–2.58) | ||
Husband/partner’s occupation | Working/Had a job | 1 | |
Did not work/Don’t Know | 0.83(0.53–1.29) | ||
Parity | 1–5 | 1 | |
> 5 | 0.88(0.69–1.12) | ||
Ever had a terminated pregnancy | Yes | 1 | |
No | 0.84(0.62–1.13) | ||
Number of Antenatal visits | 8 or more visits | 1 | |
No Antenatal visit | 2.71(1.34–5.46) | ||
1–3 visits | 2.08(1.51–2.88) | ||
4–7 visits | 0.88(0.69–1.12) | ||
Getting medical help for self: getting permission to go to hospital | Not a big problem | 1 | |
Big Problem | 0.72(0.55–0.94) | ||
Getting medical help for self: getting money needed for treatment | Not a big problem | 1 | |
Big Problem | 1.02(0.77–1.35) | ||
Getting medical help for self: distance to health facility | Not a big problem | 1 | |
Big Problem | 1.95(1.49–2.56) |