Background
Materials and methods
Ethics and registration
Participants
Randomization and blinding
Anesthesia and intraoperative care
Interventions and postoperative management
Results
Outcome measures
Criteria | Score of 0 | Score of 1 | Score of 2 |
---|---|---|---|
face | No particular expression or smile | Occasional grimace or frown, withdrawn,uninterested | Frequent to constant quivering chin, clenched jaw |
legs | Normal position or relaxed | Uneasy, restless, tense | Kicking or legs drawn up |
activity | Lying quietly, normal position moves easily | Squirming, shifting, back and forth, tense | Arched, rigid or jerking |
cry | No cry(awake or asleep) | Moans or whimpers; occasional complaint | Crying steadily, screams or sobs, frequent complaints |
consolability | Content, relaxed | Reassured by occasional touching, hugging or being talked to distractible | Difficult to console or comfort |
score | observation |
---|---|
1 | Anxious, agitated or restless |
2 | Cooperative, oriented and tranquil |
3 | Responsive to commands |
4 | Asleep, but with brisk response to a glabellar tap or auditory stimulus |
5 | Asleep, sluggish response to a glabellar tap or auditory stimulus |
6 | Asleep, no response |
Statistical analysis
Results
Number of cases | male/female (n) | Age (month) | Weight (kg) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Group C | 30 | 15/15 | 12.0 ± 2.8 | 9.1 ± 1.2 |
Group N1 | 30 | 19/11 | 13.2 ± 2.2 | 9.6 ± 1.3 |
Group N2 | 30 | 21/9 | 10.8 ± 1.9 | 9.1 ± 1.1 |
groups | number | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FLACC scores | Group C Group N1 Group N2 | 30 30 30 | 7.2 ± 2.8 4.8 ± 2.1a 4.1 ± 2.6a | 5.9 ± 2.8 3.2 ± 2.0a 2.4 ± 2.3a | 5.0 ± 2.5 2.3 ± 1.7a 1.9 ± 1.7a | 3.7 ± 2.1 2.0 ± 1.5a 1.5 ± 1.8a | 3.0 ± 2.0 1.9 ± 1.7a 1.5 ± 1.9a |
Ramsay scores | Group C Group N1 Group N2 | 30 30 30 | 1.5 ± 1.0 2.1 ± 1.4 2.7 ± 1.4a | 2.3 ± 1.3 2.8 ± 1.5 3.3 ± 1.2a | 2.0 ± 1.1 3.2 ± 1.2a 3.1 ± 1.1a | 2.6 ± 1.2 3.3 ± 1.3a 3.7 ± 1.2a | 2.3 ± 1.0 2.4 ± 1.2 3.2 ± 1.4ab |
group | number | Nausea/vomiting | Spo2 < 95% |
---|---|---|---|
Group C | 30 | 3(10) | 0(0) |
Group N1 | 30 | 4(13) | 0(0) |
Group N2 | 30 | 4(13) | 0(0) |
Group C (n = 30) | Group N1 (n = 30) | Group N2 (n = 30) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number(%) of patients who received rescue nalbuphine | 24 | 7 | 8 | < 0.001 |
Frequency of rescue therapy with nalbuphine | < 0.001 | |||
0 dose of nalbuphine | 6 | 23 | 22 | |
1 dose of nalbuphine | 3 | 7 | 7 | |
2 doses of nalbuphine | 9 | 0 | 1 | |
3 doses of nalbuphine | 10 | 0 | 0 | |
4 doses of nalbuphine | 2 | 0 | 0 |