Background
Methods
Study population and data collection
Exposures, outcomes and confounders
Statistical analysis
Ethics approval
Results
Characteristics of non-smokers (non-passive vs passive) and smokers (former vs current)
Attributes | Smoking status | Total (N) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-exposure | Passive smoker | Former smoker | Current smoker | ||||||
n | Row % | n | Row % | n | Row % | n | Row % | ||
Overall | 1,098 | 2.7 | 28,096 | 68.7 | 8,444 | 20.7 | 3,236 | 7.9 | 40,874 |
Age (yrs) | |||||||||
< 30 | 368 | 2.1 | 13,847 | 78.7 | 2,298 | 13.1 | 1,088 | 6.2 | 17,601 |
30–39 | 444 | 3.0 | 9,732 | 65.4 | 3,358 | 22.6 | 1,357 | 9.1 | 14,891 |
40–49 | 215 | 3.1 | 3,958 | 56.4 | 2,175 | 31.0 | 674 | 9.6 | 7,022 |
50+ | 71 | 5.2 | 559 | 41.1 | 613 | 45.1 | 117 | 8.6 | 1,360 |
Sex | |||||||||
Male | 273 | 1.5 | 7,951 | 42.7 | 7,325 | 39.3 | 3,095 | 16.6 | 18,644 |
Female | 825 | 3.7 | 20,145 | 90.6 | 1,119 | 5.0 | 141 | 0.6 | 22,230 |
Marital status | |||||||||
Single | 490 | 2.5 | 15,418 | 77.1 | 2,805 | 14.0 | 1,285 | 6.4 | 19,998 |
Partnered | 587 | 2.9 | 12,190 | 60.8 | 5,397 | 26.9 | 1,861 | 9.3 | 20,035 |
Urbanisation | |||||||||
Rural-Rural | 446 | 2.4 | 12,821 | 70.0 | 3,620 | 19.8 | 1,431 | 7.8 | 18,318 |
Rural–urban | 304 | 2.6 | 7,923 | 67.2 | 2,678 | 22.7 | 881 | 7.5 | 11,786 |
Urban–rural | 45 | 2.5 | 1,144 | 64.0 | 421 | 23.6 | 177 | 9.9 | 1,787 |
Urban-Urban | 283 | 3.3 | 5,942 | 70.0 | 1,610 | 18.9 | 694 | 8.1 | 8,529 |
Personal income (Baht/month) | |||||||||
Up to 3000 | 83 | 2.4 | 2,497 | 72.4 | 525 | 15.2 | 346 | 10.0 | 3,451 |
3000–7000 | 267 | 2.5 | 8,294 | 76.3 | 1,597 | 14.7 | 716 | 6.6 | 10,874 |
7000–10,000 | 185 | 2.0 | 6,499 | 70.7 | 1,776 | 19.3 | 739 | 8.0 | 9,199 |
10,000–20,000 | 303 | 2.7 | 7,242 | 63.5 | 2,884 | 25.3 | 973 | 8.5 | 11,402 |
> 20,000 | 233 | 4.5 | 3,009 | 58.1 | 1,535 | 29.6 | 401 | 7.7 | 5,178 |
Education | |||||||||
High school | 437 | 2.4 | 11,154 | 62.4 | 4403 | 24.6 | 1,887 | 10.6 | 17,881 |
Vocation | 272 | 2.5 | 7940 | 72.8 | 1,897 | 17.4 | 798 | 7.3 | 10,907 |
University | 387 | 3.2 | 8,936 | 74.5 | 2,127 | 17.7 | 545 | 4.5 | 11,995 |
Asset value | |||||||||
Low | 292 | 1.9 | 10,513 | 70.4 | 2,789 | 18.7 | 1,348 | 9.0 | 14,942 |
Middle | 340 | 2.6 | 8,894 | 68.6 | 2,734 | 21.1 | 1,002 | 7.7 | 12,970 |
High | 461 | 3.6 | 8,576 | 67.0 | 2,890 | 22.6 | 873 | 6.8 | 12,800 |
Drinking | |||||||||
Non-drinker | 579 | 5.1 | 10,268 | 91.1 | 297 | 2.6 | 129 | 1.1 | 11,273 |
Former drinker | 61 | 1.7 | 1,841 | 52.5 | 1,265 | 36.1 | 339 | 9.7 | 3,506 |
Current drinker | 456 | 1.8 | 15,903 | 61.3 | 6,834 | 26.3 | 2,743 | 10.6 | 25,936 |
No. of health condition | |||||||||
0 | 469 | 3.2 | 10,270 | 70.7 | 2,604 | 17.9 | 1,191 | 8.2 | 14,534 |
1 | 501 | 2.6 | 13,747 | 70.0 | 3,941 | 20.1 | 1,443 | 7.4 | 19,632 |
≥ 2 | 127 | 1.9 | 4,042 | 61.0 | 1,871 | 28.2 | 592 | 8.9 | 6,632 |
Body size (BMI) | |||||||||
Underweight | 139 | 2.7 | 4,431 | 85.2 | 450 | 8.6 | 183 | 3.5 | 5,203 |
Normal | 602 | 2.8 | 15,762 | 73.5 | 3,614 | 16.8 | 1,477 | 6.9 | 21,455 |
At risk | 176 | 2.6 | 3,863 | 57.5 | 1,955 | 29.1 | 726 | 10.8 | 6,720 |
Obese I | 134 | 2.3 | 3,066 | 52.0 | 2,007 | 34.1 | 688 | 11.7 | 5,895 |
Obese II | 30 | 2.8 | 661 | 60.8 | 284 | 26.1 | 113 | 10.4 | 1,088 |
Location of exposure to ETS and characteristics of those exposed
Passive smokers | Total | Location of ETS exposure | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
At home | Recreational places | Workplace | Transport station | Other places | ||||||||
N | %a | n | %a | n | %a | n | %a | n | %a | n | %a | |
Overall | 28,096 | 96.2 | 6,798 | 24.2 | 5,929 | 21.1 | 1,173 | 4.2 | 15,285 | 54.4 | 14,863 | 52.9 |
Age | ||||||||||||
< 30 | 13,847 | 97.4 | 4,033 | 29.1 | 3,258 | 23.5 | 5,272 | 38.1 | 8,016 | 58.9 | 7,192 | 51.9 |
30–39 | 9,732 | 95.6 | 2,032 | 20.9 | 1,895 | 19.5 | 4,116 | 42.3 | 5,043 | 51.8 | 5,146 | 52.9 |
40–49 | 3,958 | 94.9 | 652 | 16.5 | 690 | 17.4 | 1,612 | 40.7 | 1,955 | 49.4 | 2,209 | 55.8 |
≥ 50 | 559 | 88.7 | 81 | 14.5 | 86 | 15.4 | 173 | 31.0 | 271 | 48.5 | 316 | 56.5 |
Gender | ||||||||||||
Male | 7,951 | 96.7 | 1,247 | 15.7 | 2,036 | 25.6 | 4,259 | 53.6 | 3,925 | 49.4 | 4,152 | 52.2 |
Female | 20,145 | 96.1 | 5,551 | 27.6 | 3,893 | 19.3 | 6,914 | 34.3 | 11,360 | 56.4 | 10,711 | 53.2 |
Marital status | ||||||||||||
Single | 15,418 | 96.9 | 3,865 | 25.1 | 3,545 | 23.0 | 5,953 | 38.6 | 8,929 | 49.9 | 8,270 | 53.6 |
Partnered | 12,190 | 95.4 | 2,841 | 23.3 | 2,291 | 18.8 | 5,015 | 41.1 | 6,083 | 57.9 | 6,373 | 52.3 |
Urbanisation | ||||||||||||
Rural-Rural | 12,821 | 96.6 | 3,657 | 28.5 | 2,466 | 19.2 | 4,998 | 39.0 | 6,861 | 53.5 | 6,684 | 52.1 |
Rural–urban | 7,923 | 96.3 | 1,503 | 19.0 | 1,735 | 21.9 | 3,391 | 42.8 | 4,468 | 56.4 | 4,192 | 52.9 |
Urban–rural | 1144 | 96.2 | 279 | 24.4 | 258 | 22.6 | 441 | 38.6 | 654 | 57.2 | 591 | 52.7 |
Urban-Urban | 5,942 | 95.5 | 1,314 | 22.1 | 1,429 | 24.1 | 2,235 | 37.6 | 3,156 | 53.1 | 3,285 | 55.3 |
Education | ||||||||||||
High school | 11,154 | 96.2 | 3,034 | 27.2 | 2,300 | 20.6 | 4,442 | 39.8 | 5,619 | 50.4 | 6,113 | 54.8 |
Diploma | 7,940 | 96.7 | 2,104 | 26.5 | 1,605 | 20.2 | 3,307 | 41.7 | 4,367 | 55.0 | 4,016 | 50.6 |
University | 8,936 | 95.8 | 1,641 | 18.4 | 2,004 | 22.4 | 3,406 | 38.1 | 5,260 | 58.9 | 4,699 | 52.6 |
Income | ||||||||||||
Very low | 2,497 | 96.8 | 937 | 37.5 | 634 | 25.4 | 471 | 18.9 | 1,439 | 57.6 | 1,515 | 60.7 |
Low | 8,294 | 96.9 | 2,613 | 31.5 | 1,685 | 20.3 | 3,341 | 40.3 | 4,476 | 54.0 | 4,334 | 52.3 |
Middle | 6,499 | 97.2 | 1,468 | 22.6 | 1,421 | 21.9 | 2,895 | 44.6 | 3,670 | 56.5 | 3,307 | 50.9 |
High | 7242 | 96.0 | 1245 | 17.2 | 1457 | 20.1 | 3267 | 45.1 | 3892 | 53.7 | 3,737 | 51.6 |
Very high | 3009 | 92.8 | 395 | 13.1 | 594 | 19.7 | 1116 | 37.1 | 1505 | 50.0 | 1640 | 54.5 |
Asset values | ||||||||||||
Low | 10,513 | 97.3 | 3,132 | 29.8 | 2,170 | 20.6 | 4,257 | 40.5 | 5,826 | 55.4 | 5,478 | 52.1 |
Middle | 8,894 | 96.3 | 2,088 | 23.5 | 1,872 | 21.1 | 3,655 | 41.1 | 4,870 | 54.8 | 4,699 | 52.8 |
High | 8,576 | 94.9 | 1,553 | 18.1 | 1,861 | 21.7 | 3,216 | 37.5 | 4,522 | 52.7 | 4,638 | 54.1 |
Drinking status | ||||||||||||
Non-drinker | 10268 | 94.7 | 2713 | 26.4 | 1,929 | 18.8 | 3,458 | 33.7 | 5611 | 54.7 | 5,326 | 51.9 |
Former | 1841 | 96.8 | 439 | 23.9 | 437 | 23.7 | 734 | 39.9 | 1,039 | 56.4 | 976 | 53.0 |
Current | 15903 | 97.2 | 3629 | 22.8 | 3,552 | 22.3 | 6,948 | 43.7 | 8,593 | 54.0 | 8,516 | 53.6 |
No. of health condition | ||||||||||||
0 | 10270 | 95.6 | 2426 | 23.6 | 2,048 | 19.9 | 3,914 | 38.1 | 5413 | 52.7 | 5,161 | 50.2 |
1 | 13747 | 96.5 | 3351 | 24.4 | 2,869 | 20.9 | 5,489 | 39.9 | 7,489 | 54.5 | 7,362 | 53.6 |
≥ 2 | 4042 | 96.9 | 1014 | 25.1 | 1000 | 24.8 | 1,748 | 43.3 | 2358 | 58.4 | 2,326 | 57.6 |
Smoke exposure, 8-year longitudinal wellbeing, and psychological distress
Smoking statusb | Wellbeing scores (SF-8)c | Psychological Distress (Kessler 6)d | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical Component | Mental Component | ||||||
aMDe | 95 % CI | aMDe | 95 % CI | aORf | 95 % CI | ||
Overall | Control | Ref. | Ref. | 1.00 | . | ||
Passive smoker | −0.94*** | −1.37 to −0.51 | −1.29*** | −1.78 to −0.80 | 1.29*** | 1.10 to 1.52 | |
Former smoker | −1.46*** | −1.93 to −1.00 | −1.67*** | −2.19 to −1.14 | 1.48*** | 1.25 to 1.76 | |
Current smoker | −1.68*** | −2.18 to −1.17 | −2.71*** | −3.28 to −2.14 | 1.87*** | 1.55 to 2.24 | |
p-trend
| <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Male | Control | Ref. | Ref. | 1.00 | . | ||
Passive smoker | −0.44 | −1.28 to 0.39 | −1.75*** | −2.68 to −0.81 | 1.26 | 0.90 to 1.76 | |
Former smoker | −0.91* | −1.75 to −0.06 | −1.90*** | −2.84 to −0.96 | 1.38 | 0.99 to 1.95 | |
Current smoker | −1.14** | −2.01 to −0.28 | −2.90*** | −3.87 to −1.94 | 1.76** | 1.24 to 2.48 | |
p-trend
| <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Female | Control | Ref. | Ref. | 1.00 | . | ||
Passive smoker | −1.13*** | −1.64 to −0.62 | −1.14*** | −1.72 to −0.56 | 1.32** | 1.09 to 1.59 | |
Former smoker | −2.12*** | −2.78 to −1.45 | −2.06*** | −2.82 to −1.31 | 1.72*** | 1.37 to 2.16 | |
Current smoker | −2.15** | −3.46 to −0.85 | −4.19*** | −5.67 to −2.71 | 2.01** | 1.33 to 3.02 | |
p-trend
| <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Location of ETS exposure | Health outcomes | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wellbeing scores (SF-8)b | Psychological Distress (Kessler 6)c | ||||||
Physical Component | Mental Component | ||||||
aMDd | 95 % CI | aMDd | 95 % CI | aORe | 95 % CI | ||
Overall | Home | −0.48*** | −0.67 to −0.28 | −0.59*** | −0.81 to −0.37 | 1.21*** | 1.14 to 1.29 |
Recreational places | −0.28** | −0.48 to −0.07 | −0.52*** | −0.75 to −0.29 | 1.23*** | 1.15 to 1.32 | |
Work | −0.45*** | −0.63 to −0.29 | −0.58*** | −0.77 to −0.38 | 1.23*** | 1.16 to 1.30 | |
Transport station | −0.37*** | −0.54 to −0.21 | −0.35*** | −0.53 to −0.16 | 1.10*** | 1.04 to 1.17 | |
Male | Home | −0.20 | −0.62 to 0.23 | −0.54* | −1.02 to −0.07 | 1.23* | 1.06 to 1.42 |
Recreational places | −0.16 | −0.50 to 0.19 | −0.58** | −0.96 to −0.19 | 1.37*** | 1.21 to 1.54 | |
Work | −0.23 | −0.54 to 0.07 | −0.62*** | −0.96 to −0.27 | 1.13* | 1.01 to 1.26 | |
Transport station | −0.30* | −0.60 to 0.00 | −0.24 | −0.57 to 0.01 | 1.15* | 1.04 to 1.29 | |
Female | Home | −0.54*** | −0.76 to −0.31 | −0.60*** | −0.85 to −0.34 | 1.21*** | 1.12 to 1.30 |
Recreational places | −0.34** | −0.59 to −0.09 | −0.49** | −0.78 to −0.21 | 1.18** | 1.08 to 1.27 | |
Work | −0.55*** | −0.75 to −0.34 | −0.55*** | −0.79 to −0.32 | 1.27*** | 1.18 to 1.36 | |
Transport station | −0.41*** | −0.61 to −0.21 | −0.40*** | −0.62 to −0.17 | 1.09* | 1.02 to 1.16 |