Background
Methods
Design
Sample size and sampling
Instruments
Data collection
Data analysis
Results
All (n = 421) | Users (n = 210) | Non-users (n = 211) | P-value* | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | ||
Gender | 0.365 | |||
Female | 294 (69.8) | 151 (71.9) | 143 (67.8) | |
Male | 127 (30.2) | 59 (28.1) | 68 (32.2) | |
Marital status | 0.554 | |||
Single | 105 (24.9) | 55 (26.2) | 50 (23.7) | |
Married | 316 (75.1) | 155 (73.8) | 161 (76.3) | |
Education | 0.918 | |||
< Secondary education | 77 (18.3) | 38 (18.1) | 39 (18.5) | |
≥ Secondary education | 344 (81.7) | 172 (81.9) | 172 (81.5) | |
Income | 0.023 | |||
low | 308 (59.8) | 145 (69.4) | 163 (79.1) | |
Intermediate/high | 107 (20.8) | 64 (30.6) | 43 (20.9) | |
BMI (kg/m2)* | ||||
< 25 | 223 (53.0) | 116 (55.2) | 107 (50.7) | 0.325 |
≥ 25 | 198 (47.0) | 94 (44.8) | 104 (49.3) | |
Age | ||||
Mean (SD)c | 37.3 (11.5) | 38.3 (11.1) | 36.2 (11.9) | 0.056 |
Variable | No | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Fast food consumption frequency | More than twice a week | 16 | 3.8 |
1–2 times a week | 107 | 25.4 | |
Once or twice a month | 88 | 20.9 | |
Less than once a month | 210 | 49.9 | |
Membership card | Yes | 49 | 11.6 |
No | 372 | 88.4 | |
Types of sandwich and hot dog | Yes | 256 | 60.8 |
No | 165 | 39.2 | |
Pizza | Yes | 147 | 34.9 |
No | 274 | 65.1 | |
Other (snacks, fried foods …) | Yes | 80 | 19.0 |
No | 341 | 81.0 | |
Popularity | Any types of sandwiches | 178 | 42.3 |
Hot dog | 4 | 1.0 | |
Pizza | 114 | 27.1 | |
French fries | 38 | 9.0 | |
Steak | 16 | 3.8 | |
Fried chicken | 31 | 7.4 | |
Fried fish and shrimp | 40 | 9.5 | |
Sauces consumption | Yes | 349 | 82.9 |
No | 72 | 17.1 | |
Soft drinks | Yes | 281 | 66.7 |
No | 140 | 33.3 | |
Meal | Breakfast | 1 | 0.2 |
Lunch | 113 | 26.8 | |
Dinner | 286 | 67.9 | |
Supper | 21 | 5.0 | |
Companions | Family | 304 | 72.2 |
Friends | 96 | 22.8 | |
Alone | 21 | 5.0 | |
Motivation: Enjoyment and fun | Yes | 280 | 66.5 |
No | 141 | 33.5 | |
Motivation: Ease of access | Yes | 36 | 8.6 |
No | 385 | 91.4 | |
Motivation: Busy and time constrain to prepare food at home | Yes | 116 | 27.6 |
No | 305 | 72.4 | |
Place of use | Outside (restaurant) | 233 | 55.3 |
Home | 188 | 44.7 | |
Knew the fast food ingredients | Yes | 292 | 69.4 |
No | 129 | 30.6 | |
Priority factors in choosing fast food | Hygiene | 321 | 76.2 |
Diversity | 90 | 21.4 | |
Price | 10 | 2.4 | |
Aware of the harmfulness of fast food | Yes | 381 | 90.5 |
No | 40 | 9.5 |
Health literacy by items | Never | Rarely | Sometimes | Usually | Always | |
No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | ||
Reading | Reading educational materials about health (booklets, pamphlets, and leaflets) is easy for me. | 13 (3.1) | 14 (3.3) | 96 (22.8) | 159 (37.8) | 139 (33.0) |
Reading written instructions from doctors, dentists and health workers about my illness is easy for me. | 15 (3.6) | 39 (9.3) | 88 (20.9) | 156 (37.1) | 123 (29.2) | |
Reading medical and dental forms (such as admissions, consent, filing, etc. in hospitals and medical centers) is easy for me. | 14 (3.3) | 38 (9.0) | 98 (23.3) | 143 (34.0) | 128 (30.4) | |
Reading leaflets and instructions for laboratory testing, ultrasound or radiology is easy for me. | 12 (2.9) | 52 (12.4) | 83 (19.7) | 144 (34.2) | 130 (30.9) | |
Access to information | I can find health information from different sources when I need such information. | 25 (5.9) | 44 (10.5) | 132 (31.4) | 142 (33.7) | 78 (18.5) |
I can find health information about healthy eating. | 10 (2.4) | 39 (9.3) | 105 (24.9) | 158 (37.5) | 109 (25.9) | |
I can find health information on mental health such as depression and stress. | 29 (6.9) | 74 (17.6) | 117 (27.8) | 127 (30.2) | 74 (17.6) | |
I can find health information about a specific disease when I need to. | 17 (4.0) | 46 (10.9) | 127 (30.2) | 133 (31.6) | 98 (23.3) | |
I can find health information for some health problems and diseases such as high blood pressure, high blood sugar and high lipid levels. | 17 (4.0) | 56 (13.3) | 86 (20.4) | 154 (36.6) | 108 (25.7) | |
I can find health information about harmful effects of tobacco and smoking. | 15 (3.6) | 31 (7.4) | 65 (15.4) | 132 (31.4) | 178 (42.3) | |
Understanding | I can understand the recommendations for a healthy diet. | 5 (1.2) | 14 (3.3) | 48 (11.4) | 143 (34.0) | 211 (50.1) |
I can understand when my physician explains about my illness. | 2 (0.5) | 11 (2.6) | 41 (9.7) | 135 (32.1) | 232 (55.1) | |
I can understand the meaning when reading medical forms (such as admissions, consents, filings, etc.) in hospitals and health centers. | 9 (2.1) | 34 (8.1) | 74 (17.6) | 134 (31.8) | 170 (40.4) | |
I can understand signage guidelines in hospitals, clinics and health centers. | 6 (1.4) | 13 (3.1) | 66 (15.7) | 129 (30.6) | 207 (49.2) | |
I can understand drug information on labels. | 7 (1.7) | 22 (5.2) | 33 (7.8) | 109 (25.9) | 250 (59.4) | |
I can understand the risks, and benefits of drugs prescribed by my physician. | 12 (2.9) | 27 (6.4) | 58 (13.8) | 142 (33.7) | 182 (43.2) | |
I can understand written information before testing, ultrasound or radiology. | 33 (7.8) | 44 (10.5) | 80 (19.0) | 134 (31.8) | 130 (30.9) | |
Appraisal | I can evaluate health-related information on the Internet. | 56 (13.3) | 79 (18.8) | 119 (28.3) | 102 (24.2) | 65 (15.4) |
I can evaluate health-related information broadcast on television and radio. | 11 (2.6) | 45 (10.7) | 108 (25.7) | 161 (38.2) | 96 (22.8) | |
I can assess the accuracy of health-related recommendations I receive from relatives and friends. | 15 (3.6) | 54 (12.8) | 110 (26.1) | 138 (32.8) | 104 (24.7) | |
I can communicate trusted health information to others | 14 (3.3) | 26 (6.2) | 92 (21.9) | 128 (30.4) | 161 (38.2) | |
Decision-making/ behavioral intention | When facing an illness, I know where to go or with who me to speak. | 6 (1.4) | 40 (9.5) | 85 (20.2) | 133 (31.6) | 157 (37.3) |
When physician suggests that I should take antibiotic capsules three times a day I know that I should take one tablet every 8 h. | 6 (1.4) | 19 (4.5) | 46 (10.9) | 124 (29.5) | 226 (53.7) | |
I do not cut my medications without my physician’s permission, even if symptoms disappear. | 13 (3.1) | 33 (7.8) | 84 (20.0) | 121 (28.7) | 170 (40.4) | |
If anyone from my first-degree relatives develops cancer (such as prostate, breast, cervix, colon, etc.), I see a doctor to examine me. | 28 (6.7) | 80 (19.0) | 72 (17.1) | 102 (24.2) | 139 (33.0) | |
I avoid doing or eating things that increase my blood pressure. | 13 (3.1) | 43 (10.2) | 98 (23.3) | 265 (62.9) | 2 (0.5) | |
I visit my physician for regular checkups. | 61 (14.5) | 101 (24.0) | 94 (22.3) | 74 (17.6) | 91 (21.6) | |
I am health-conscious in any situation. | 6 (1.4) | 33 (7.8) | 100 (23.8) | 160 (38.0) | 122 (29.0) | |
If needed, I ask my physician or health care team questions about my disease. | 11 (2.6) | 59 (14.0) | 78 (18.5) | 145 (34.4) | 128 (30.4) | |
I buy dairy products (milk, yoghurt, cheese, etc.) according to their fat percentage. | 13 (3.1) | 59 (14.0) | 76 (18.1) | 129 (30.6) | 144 (34.2) | |
I avoid using substances that increase my weight. | 74 (17.6) | 85 (20.2) | 130 (30.9) | 132 (31.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
I use a seat belt when driving. | 6 (1.4) | 23 (5.5) | 52 (12.4) | 105 (24.9) | 235 (55.8) | |
I consider the food labels when shopping | 9 (2.1) | 36 (8.6) | 86 (20.4) | 144 (34.2) | 146 (34.7) | |
Health literacy by dimensions | Total | Inadequate | Problematic | Sufficient | Excellent | |
Mean (SD) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | ||
Reading | 66.08 (21.51) | 115 (27.3) | 72 (17.1) | 154 (36.6) | 80 (19.0) | |
Access to information | 78.65 (18.33) | 38 (9.0) | 55 (13.1) | 135 (32.1) | 193 (45.8) | |
Understanding | 64.62 (12.51) | 124 (29.5) | 85 (20.2) | 134 (31.8) | 78 (18.5) | |
Appraisal | 68.07 (17.04) | 73 (17.3) | 93 (22.1) | 179 (42.5) | 76 (18.1) | |
Decision making | 69.85 (15.27) | 42 (10.0) | 119 (28.3) | 182 (43.2) | 78 (18.5) | |
Total score | 70.65 (22.20) | 92 (21.9) | 69 (16.4) | 136 (32.3) | 124 (29.5) |
Users (n = 110) | Non-users (n = 211) | P-value* | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
Reading | 69.72 (20.30) | 62.46 (22.10) | < 0.001 |
Access | 80.22 (16.44) | 77.08 (19.95) | 0.089 |
Understanding | 64.43 (20.03) | 64.81 (22.94) | 0.855 |
Appraisal | 69.78 (15.89) | 66.36 (17.98) | 0.111 |
Decision making | 71.75 (14.04) | 67.96 (16.21) | 0.018 |
Total score | 73.15 (20.15) | 68.16 (23.85) | 0.026 |
Univariate analysis | Adjusted analysis* | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P-value** | OR (95% CI) | P-value** | |
Reading | 0.984 (0.975–0.993) | 0.001 | 0.985 (0.975–0.995) | 0.004 |
Access | 0.991 (0.980–1.001) | 0.080 | 0.992 (0.981–1.004) | 0.191 |
Understanding | 1.001 (0.992–1.010) | 0.858 | 1.001 (0.992–1.011) | 0.781 |
Appraisal | 0.988 (0.977–0.999) | 0.040 | 0.991 (0.980–1.004) | 0.166 |
Decision making | 0.984 (0.971–0.996) | 0.011 | 0.986 (0.972–0.999) | 0.049 |
Total score | 0.990 (0.981–0.998) | 0.022 | 0.990 (0.981–0.999) | 0.045 |