Background
Methods
Data
Study variables
Outcome variable
Explanatory variables
Statistical analyses
Variables | Frequency (n) | Percentage (%) | FGM in women aged 15–49 | χ2 (p-value) | FGM in girls aged 0–14 | χ2 (p-value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual level factors | ||||||
Age | 0.40 (0.818) | 392.2 (< 0.001) | ||||
15–24 | 1884 | 29.7 | 48.6 | 1.2 | ||
25–34 | 2530 | 40.0 | 51.0 | 14.5 | ||
35 years and above | 1920 | 30.3 | 50.8 | 22.3 | ||
Mother’s education | 150.7 (< 0.001) | 172.6 (< 0.001) | ||||
No education | 4290 | 67.7 | 56.8 | 16.9 | ||
Primary | 1382 | 21.8 | 39.5 | 5.3 | ||
Secondary/Higher | 662 | 10.5 | 30.2 | 3.0 | ||
Partner’s education | 171.5(< 0.001) | 214.6 (< 0.001) | ||||
No education | 3768 | 59.5 | 58.1 | 18.5 | ||
Primary | 1179 | 18.6 | 42.3 | 6.9 | ||
Secondary/Higher | 1387 | 21.9 | 36.4 | 2.7 | ||
Marital status | 10.1 (0.001) | 33.1 (< 0.001) | ||||
Married | 5757 | 90.9 | 51.4 | 13.9 | ||
Cohabiting | 577 | 9.1 | 38.6 | 3.3 | ||
Employment status | 29.0 (< 0.001) | 15.5 (< 0.001) | ||||
Not working | 2995 | 47.3 | 48.8 | 12.6 | ||
Working | 3339 | 52.7 | 51.5 | 13.2 | ||
Ethnicity | 7.6 (< 0.001) | 497.04 (< 0.001) | ||||
Sara | 2065 | 32.6 | 44.8 | 4.6 | ||
Gorane | 256 | 4.0 | 11.5 | 3.9 | ||
Arab | 833 | 13.2 | 89.8 | 24.9 | ||
Ouaadai/maba/massalit/mimi | 647 | 10.2 | 82.0 | 30.2 | ||
Kenemu-Borno | 446 | 7.1 | 10.2 | 3.1 | ||
Boulala/medego/kouka | 282 | 4.5 | 61.3 | 17.1 | ||
Other | 1804 | 28.5 | 40.5 | 13.6 | ||
Religion | 256.1 (< 0.001) | 233.3 (< 0.001) | ||||
Christianity | 2628 | 41.5 | 35.1 | 3.7 | ||
Islam | 3583 | 56.6 | 62.2 | 20.0 | ||
Other | 123 | 2.0 | 30.0 | 4.1 | ||
Frequency of reading newspaper/magazine | 53.6 (< 0.001) | 43.9 (< 0.001) | ||||
Not at all | 5913 | 93.3 | 51.7 | 13.6 | ||
Less than once a week/at least once a week | 421 | 6.7 | 29.6 | 3.0 | ||
Frequency of listening to radio | 47.6 (< 0.001) | 44.3 (< 0.001) | ||||
Not at all | 4689 | 74.0 | 53.2 | 14.5 | ||
Less than once a week/at least once a week | 1645 | 26.0 | 41.8 | 8.5 | ||
Frequency of watching television | 17.5 (< 0.001) | 26.7 (< 0.001) | ||||
Not at all | 5582 | 88.1 | 51.3 | 13.6 | ||
Less than once a week/at least once a week | 752 | 11.9 | 42.5 | 7.7 | ||
Respondent circumcised | N/A | 974.5 (< 0.001) | ||||
No | 3153 | 49.8 | N/A | 0.4 | ||
Yes | 3181 | 50.2 | N/A | 25.3 | ||
Wealth quintile | 102.4 (< 0.001) | 32.9 (< 0.001) | ||||
Poorest | 1590 | 21.0 | 57.1 | 14.1 | ||
Poorer | 1328 | 20.9 | 53.2 | 12.7 | ||
Middle | 1320 | 20.2 | 47.9 | 13.9 | ||
Richer | 1280 | 18.4 | 46.5 | 14.4 | ||
Richest | 1238 | 19.5 | 45.5 | 9.3 | ||
Contextual factors | ||||||
Place of residence | 2.1 (0.147) | 17.3 (< 0.001) | ||||
Urban | 1390 | 22.0 | 49.4 | 10.3 | ||
Rural | 4944 | 78.0 | 50.6 | 13.6 | ||
Community literacy level | 170.2 (< 0.001) | 180.7 (< 0.001) | ||||
Low | 2271 | 35.9 | 60.6 | 20.3 | ||
Medium | 2057 | 32.5 | 45.0 | 11.0 | ||
High | 2007 | 31.8 | 40.7 | 6.4 | ||
Community socio-economic status | 103.2 (< 0.001) | 58.4 (< 0.001) | ||||
Low | 4025 | 63.5 | 53.4 | 14.6 | ||
Medium | 575 | 9.1 | 40.1 | 8.9 | ||
High | 1734 | 27.4 | 44.1 | 10.4 |
Variables | Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
aOR [95% CI] | aOR [95% CI] | aOR [95% CI] | ||
Individual level factors | ||||
Mother’s education | ||||
No education | Ref | Ref | ||
Primary | 0.79[0.60–1.04] | 0.81[0.61–1.07] | ||
Secondary/Higher | 0.44***[0.28–0.68] | 0.45***[0.29–0.71] | ||
Partner’s education | ||||
No education | Ref | Ref | ||
Primary | 0.95[0.71–1.29] | 0.99[0.73–1.34] | ||
Secondary/Higher | 0.82[0.60–1.13] | 0.85[0.62–1.16] | ||
Marital status | ||||
Married | Ref | Ref | ||
Cohabiting | 1.00[0.68–1.48] | 1.00[0.68–1.48] | ||
Employment status | ||||
Not working | 0.80*[0.64–0.99] | 0.79*[0.64–0.99] | ||
Working | Ref | Ref | ||
Ethnicity | ||||
Sara | Ref | Ref | ||
Gorane | 0.005***[0.002–0.011] | 0.005***[0.002–0.010] | ||
Arab | 1.13[0.60–2.12] | 1.08[0.58–2.03] | ||
Ouaadai/maba/massalit/mimi | 0.81[0.40–1.62] | 0.74[0.37–1.49] | ||
Kenemu-Borno | 0.012***[0.001–0.025] | 0.011***[0.005–0.023] | ||
Boulala/medego/kouka | 0.17***[0.08–0.36] | 0.17***[0.08–0.36] | ||
Other | 0.13***[0.06–0.17] | 0.12***[0.07–0.20] | ||
Religion | ||||
Christianity | 0.10***[0.06–0.17] | 0.12***[0.07–0.19] | ||
Islam | Ref | Ref | ||
Other | 0.09***[0.03–0.21] | 0.10***[0.04–0.24] | ||
Frequency of reading newspaper/magazine | ||||
Not at all | Ref | Ref | ||
Less than once a week/at least once a week | 0.98[0.61–1.58] | 0.95[0.59–1.54] | ||
Frequency of listening to radio | ||||
Not at all | Ref | Ref | ||
Less than once a week/at least once a week | 0.95[0.72–1.25] | 0.98[0.74–1.29] | ||
Frequency of watching television | ||||
Not at all | Ref | Ref | ||
Less than once a week/at least once a week | 1.28[0.88–1.84] | 1.34[0.93–1.94] | ||
Wealth quintile | ||||
Poorest | Ref | Ref | ||
Poorer | 0.75[0.56–1.02] | 0.75[0.56–1.02] | ||
Middle | 0.73[0.53–1.01] | 0.73[0.53–1.01] | ||
Richer | 0.67*[0.47–0.94] | 0.68*[0.48–0.96] | ||
Richest | 0.65[0.40–1.05] | 0.88[0.51–1.52] | ||
Contextual factors | ||||
Community literacy level | ||||
Low | Ref | Ref | ||
Medium | 0.25***[0.12–0.54] | 0.42**[0.22–0.80] | ||
High | 0.09***[0.04–0.19] | 0.27**[0.13–0.54] | ||
Community socio-economic status | ||||
Low | Ref | Ref | ||
Medium | 0.83[0.21–3.33] | 0.86[0.55–1.34] | ||
High | 1.26[0.60–2.65] | 0.97[0.48–1.94] | ||
Random effect result | ||||
PSU variance (95% CI) | 19.6 (15.0–25.5) | 8.1 (6.5–10.1) | 18.4 (14.2–23.7) | 7.99 (6.41–9.95) |
ICC | 85.6% | 71.2% | 84.8% | 70.8% |
LR Test | χ2 = 3915.41, p < 0.001 | χ2 = 1815.97, p < 0.001 | χ2 = 3742.84, p < 0.001 | χ2 = 1801.56, p < 0.001 |
Wald χ2 | Reference | 491.58*** | 46.41** | 509.50*** |
Model fitness | ||||
Log-likelihood | − 2432.46 | − 2149.31 | − 2420.83 | − 2141.16 |
AIC | 4868.93 | 4344.62 | 4853.66 | 4336.32 |
N | 6334 | 6334 | 6334 | 6334 |
Results
Prevalence of female genital mutilation among women and girls 0–14 years in Chad
Distribution of FGM among women and girls aged 0–14 per the socio-demographic characteristics of women
Predictors of female genital mutilation among women aged 15–49 in Chad
Predictors of female genital mutilation among girls aged 0–14 in Chad
Variables | Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
aOR [95% CI] | aOR [95% CI] | aOR [95% CI] | ||
Individual level factors | ||||
Age | ||||
15–24 | Ref | Ref | ||
25–34 | 15.30*** [10.26–22.80] | 15.29*** [10.25–22.79] | ||
35 years and above | 31.64*** (21.02–47.65] | 31.72*** [21.07–47.77] | ||
Mother’s education | ||||
No education | Ref | Ref | ||
Primary | 0.94[0.65–1.35] | 0.93[0.65–1.35] | ||
Secondary/Higher | 0.74[0.32–1.71] | 0.76[0.32–1.77] | ||
Partner’s education | ||||
No education | Ref | Ref | ||
Primary | 0.91[0.64–1.28] | 0.92[0.65–1.29] | ||
Secondary/Higher | 0.39***[0.24–0.62] | 0.39***[0.25–0.63] | ||
Marital status | ||||
Married | Ref | Ref | ||
Cohabiting | 0.63[0.36–1.11] | 0.63[0.36–1.11] | ||
Employment status | ||||
Not working | 0.77*[0.63–0.94] | 0.77*[0.63–0.95] | ||
Working | Ref | Ref | ||
Ethnicity | ||||
Sara | Ref | Ref | ||
Gorane | 1.38[0.49–3.93] | 1.41[0.49–4.01] | ||
Arab | 1.90[0.96–3.78] | 1.96[0.98–3.92] | ||
Ouaadai/maba/massalit/mimi | 2.51**[1.25–5.06] | 2.57**[1.27–5.22] | ||
Kenemu-Borno | 1.35[0.48–3.74] | 1.42[0.50–3.98] | ||
Boulala/medego/kouka | 1.67[0.76–3.70] | 1.73[0.78–3.84] | ||
Other | 1.97*[1.03–3.78] | 2.05*[1.06–3.95] | ||
Religion | ||||
Christianity | 0.49*[0.26–0.92] | 0.51*[0.26–0.98] | ||
Islam | Ref | Ref | ||
Other | 0.35[0.10–1.22] | 0.36[0.10–1.23] | ||
Frequency of reading newspaper/magazine | ||||
Not at all | Ref | Ref | ||
Less than once a week/at least once a week | 0.60[0.23–1.56] | 0.62[0.23–1.62] | ||
Frequency of listening to radio | ||||
Not at all | Ref | Ref | ||
Less than once a week/at least once a week | 1.08[0.80–1.45] | 1.10[0.82–1.49] | ||
Frequency of watching television | ||||
Not at all | Ref | Ref | ||
Less than once a week/at least once a week | 1.01[0.65–1.57] | 1.04[0.67–1.62] | ||
Respondent circumcised | ||||
No | 0.01*** [0.005–0.018] | 0.01*** [0.005–0.018] | ||
Yes | Ref | Ref | ||
Wealth quintile | ||||
Poorest | Ref | Ref | ||
Poorer | 0.98[0.74–1.29] | 0.97[0.73–1.28] | ||
Middle | 1.11[0.84–1.48] | 1.10[0.83–1.47] | ||
Richer | 1.12[0.84–1.52] | 1.15[0.85–1.56] | ||
Richest | 0.73[0.49–1.08] | 0.97[0.56–1.68] | ||
Contextual factors | ||||
Residence | ||||
Urban | 2.17*[1.19–3.93] | Ref | ||
Rural | Ref | 0.83[0.51–1.33] | ||
Community literacy level | ||||
Low | Ref | Ref | ||
Medium | 0.37***[0.25–0.55] | 1.06[0.78–1.45] | ||
High | 0.15***[0.09–0.26] | 0.79[0.50–1.25] | ||
Community socio-economic status | ||||
Low | Ref | Ref | ||
Medium | 0.50*[0.27–0..91] | 0.86[0.55–1.34] | ||
High | 0.75[0.42–1.35] | 0.99[0.62–1.58] | ||
Random effect result | ||||
PSU variance (95% CI) | 2.78 (2.17–3.56) | 0.28 (0.15–0.50) | 2.19 (1.70–2.83) | 0.27 (0.15–0.50) |
ICC | 45.8% | 7.8% | 40.0% | 7.6% |
LR Test | χ2 = 584.12, p < 0.001 | χ2 = 20.09, p < 0.001 | χ2 = 443.51, p < 0.001 | χ2 = 19.80, p < 0.001 |
Wald χ2 | Reference | 617.20*** | 71.91** | 617.82*** |
Model fitness | ||||
Log-likelihood | − 2287.89 | − 1539.47 | − 2250.53 | −1537.37 |
AIC | 4579.79 | 3130.94 | 4515.06 | 3136.74 |
N | 6334 | 6334 | 6334 | 6334 |