Background
Methods
Sample size
Measurement of key variables
Stunting in children under 5 years old
Household HIV status
Econometric specification
The impacts of gender and on HIV status
The impact of HIV status on stunting
Results
Descriptive analysis
Background characteristics of sample households
Household has an HIV positive member? | Difference in means [Y – N] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes [Y] | No [N] | |||||
Mean | S. D | Mean | S. D | |||
Observations (%) | 1804 | (13%) | 12,050 | (87%) | ||
Household head is female | 0.580 | 0.494 | 0.462 | 0.499 | 0.118a | |
Household head age (Years) | 45.555 | 15.049 | 38.854 | 14.577 | 6.701a | |
Marital status: | Married living together | 0.589 | 0.492 | 0.760 | 0.427 | −0.170a |
Married living apart | 0.061 | 0.239 | 0.077 | 0.267 | −0.016a | |
Divorced/separated | 0.097 | 0.296 | 0.050 | 0.218 | 0.047a | |
Widow/widower | 0.213 | 0.409 | 0.080 | 0.271 | 0.133a | |
Household head education level | Primary level | 0.377 | 0.485 | 0.261 | 0.439 | 0.116a |
ZJC level | 0.169 | 0.375 | 0.122 | 0.327 | 0.047a | |
O′ level | 0.302 | 0.459 | 0.453 | 0.498 | −0.150a | |
A’ level | 0.013 | 0.113 | 0.034 | 0.181 | −0.021a | |
Diploma/Certificate after primary | 0.002 | 0.040 | 0.005 | 0.067 | −0.003a | |
Diploma/Certificate after secondary | 0.009 | 0.095 | 0.030 | 0.171 | −0.021a | |
Graduate/Post-Graduate | 0.006 | 0.077 | 0.020 | 0.139 | −0.014a | |
Household head religion: | Roman Catholic | 0.080 | 0.272 | 0.077 | 0.266 | 0.004 |
Protestant | 0.084 | 0.277 | 0.087 | 0.283 | −0.004 | |
Pentecostal | 0.191 | 0.393 | 0.214 | 0.410 | −0.023b | |
Apostolic Sect | 0.270 | 0.444 | 0.296 | 0.456 | −0.026b | |
Zion | 0.101 | 0.301 | 0.074 | 0.262 | 0.027a | |
Traditional | 0.024 | 0.154 | 0.017 | 0.130 | 0.007c | |
No religion | 0.139 | 0.346 | 0.121 | 0.326 | 0.018c | |
Household size | 5.811 | 2.292 | 5.168 | 1.973 | 0.643a | |
Monthly income | 356.347 | 746.649 | 623.581 | 1315.069 | −267.23a | |
Mentally ill household members | 0.185 | 0.520 | 0.115 | 0.391 | 0.070a | |
Household members with mother alive | 2.867 | 1.590 | 2.529 | 1.435 | 0.338a | |
Household members with father alive | 2.420 | 1.515 | 2.365 | 1.395 | 0.055 | |
Household is located in rural areas | 0.671 | 0.470 | 0.515 | 0.500 | 0.156a | |
Province | Bulawayo | 0.025 | 0.156 | 0.023 | 0.150 | 0.002 |
Manicaland | 0.067 | 0.250 | 0.097 | 0.296 | −0.030a | |
Mash Central | 0.094 | 0.292 | 0.117 | 0.321 | −0.023a | |
Mash East | 0.115 | 0.319 | 0.153 | 0.360 | −0.038a | |
Mash West | 0.126 | 0.332 | 0.139 | 0.346 | −0.013 | |
Mat North | 0.129 | 0.335 | 0.074 | 0.262 | 0.054a | |
Mat South | 0.142 | 0.349 | 0.092 | 0.289 | 0.050a | |
Midlands | 0.158 | 0.365 | 0.135 | 0.342 | 0.023b | |
Masvingo | 0.085 | 0.279 | 0.085 | 0.279 | 0.000 | |
Harare | 0.060 | 0.237 | 0.085 | 0.279 | −0.025a |
Stunting in children under 5 years by household HIV status
Status | Mean | S. D | N | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Household has an HIV positive member? | Yes [Y] | 0.277 | 0.447 | 1804 |
No [N] | 0.236 | 0.424 | 12,050 | |
Difference in means [Y – N] | 0.041a,b,c |
Econometric estimation results
Association of gender and HIV status of the households
Household has an HIV positive member | ||
---|---|---|
VARIABLES | Logit | Probit |
(I) | (II) | |
Household head is female | 0.0790 | 0.00992 |
(0.0855) | (0.00737) | |
Household head age [Years] | 0.0141*** | 0.00167*** |
(0.00233) | (0.000289) | |
Married living together | −0.712*** | − 0.0729*** |
(0.176) | (0.0226) | |
Married living apart | −0.734*** | −0.0756*** |
(0.204) | (0.0243) | |
Primary level | 0.223** | 0.0262* |
(0.102) | (0.0148) | |
ZJC level | 0.454*** | 0.0506*** |
(0.121) | (0.0168) | |
O′ level | 0.0112 | 0.00546 |
(0.120) | (0.0150) | |
A’ level | −0.294 | −0.00609 |
(0.240) | (0.0187) | |
Diploma/Certificate after primary | −0.727 | −0.0462 |
(0.630) | (0.0349) | |
Diploma/Certificate after secondary | −0.739*** | −0.0351* |
(0.283) | (0.0182) | |
Graduate/Post-Graduate | −0.704** | −0.0299 |
(0.343) | (0.0195) | |
Protestant | 0.0648 | 0.00669 |
(0.145) | (0.0147) | |
Pentecostal | 0.164 | 0.0166 |
(0.124) | (0.0126) | |
Apostolic Sect | 0.0144 | 0.00164 |
(0.120) | (0.0124) | |
Zion | 0.184 | 0.0217 |
(0.142) | (0.0161) | |
Islam | −0.0501 | −0.00259 |
(0.370) | (0.0349) | |
No religion | 0.351*** | 0.0373*** |
(0.135) | (0.0145) | |
Household size | 0.105*** | 0.0136*** |
(0.0239) | (0.00313) | |
Monthly income | −0.0938*** | −0.00994*** |
(0.0250) | (0.00266) | |
Mentally ill household members | 0.0976 | 0.0153 |
(0.0666) | (0.00976) | |
Household members with mother alive | 0.0648* | 0.0140** |
(0.0392) | (0.00621) | |
Household members with father alive | −0.127*** | −0.0231*** |
(0.0334) | (0.00564) | |
Household is located in rural areas | 0.174* | 0.0177* |
(0.0903) | (0.00910) | |
Constant | −2.340*** | 0.0739** |
(0.325) | (0.0365) | |
Observations | 12,162 | 12,162 |
R-squared | 0.069 |
Impact of household HIV/AIDS status on stunting in children under 5 years
Average treatment effect (ATE) of household HIV positive status on probability of having stunted child | 0.0455*** |
---|---|
(0.0139) | |
Observations | 11,763 |
Gender heterogeneity treatment effects of HIV status on stunting in children under 5 years
Household head is female? | ||
---|---|---|
VARIABLES | Yes | No |
(I) | (II) | |
ATE of household HIV positive status on probability of having stunted child | 0.0666*** | 0.0326* |
(0.0215) | (0.0186) | |
Observations | 4692 | 7071 |