Introduction
Methods
Study design and participants
Sample size and sampling
Instruments
Socio-demographic and obstetrics characteristics
Health-promoting Lifestyle Profile-II Questionnaire
The multidimensional scale of perceived social support
Self-efficacy questionnaire
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)
Analysis
Results
Demographic Variables
Variable | All n= 300 | Pregnancy with induced hypertension n =100 | Healthy pregnant women n= 200 | P-value | HPLP P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mother’s Age (years) | Mean(SD) | 28.03 (5.16) | 28.67 (6.42) | 27.71(4.4.38) | 0.702a | 0.201c |
>20 | n(%) | 28(9.3) | 12(12.0) | 16 (8.0) | ||
20-30 | 178 (59.3) | 56 (56.0) | 122(61.0) | |||
30-40 | 94 (31.3) | 32 (32.0) | 62(31.0) | |||
Spouse’s Age (year) | Mean(SD) | 33.07 (6.00) | 33.69(7.74) | 32.76(4.89) | 0.847a | 0.258c |
20-30 | n(%) | 101(33.7) | 35(35.0) | 66(33.2) | ||
30-40 | 167(55.7) | 47 (47.0) | 120(60.3) | |||
40-50 | 25(8.3) | 11 (11.0) | 13(6.5) | |||
>50 | 7(2.3) | 7(7.0) | 0(0) | |||
Mother’s Educational status | n (%) | |||||
Primary school | 12(4.0) | 7(2.3) | 5(1.7) | 0.088b | 0.003c* | |
Secondary school | 56(18.7) | 19(6.3) | 37(12.3) | |||
Diploma | 159(53.0) | 45(28.3) | 114(38.0) | |||
University | 73(24.3) | 29(9.7) | 44(14.7) | |||
Mother’s Employment status | n (%) | |||||
Housewife | 276(92.0) | 89(89.0) | 187(93.5) | 0.182b | 0.094d | |
Employed | 24(8.0) | 11(11.0) | 13(6.5) | |||
Spouse’s Educational status | n(%) | |||||
Primary school | 22(7.3) | 11(11.0) | 11(5.5) | 0.007b* | 0.832c | |
Secondary school | 88(29.3) | 33(33.0) | 55(27.5) | |||
Diploma | 117(39.0) | 43(43.0) | 74(37.0) | |||
University | 73(24.3) | 13(13.0) | 60(30.0) | |||
Spouse’s Employment status | n(%) | |||||
Worker | 58(19.3) | 15(15.0) | 43(21.5) | 0.246b | 0.0843d | |
Employed | 39(13.0) | 11(11.0) | 28(14.0) | |||
Self-employed | 203(67.7) | 74(74.0) | 129(64.5) | |||
Housing | ||||||
Yes | 148 (49.3) | 41 (41) | 107 (53.5) | 0.041 | 0.249 | |
No | 152 (50.7) | 59 (59) | 93 (46.5) | |||
Household income | ||||||
< 5 million Rials | 250 (83.3) | 80 (80) | 170 (85) | 0.273 | 0727 | |
≥ 5 million Rials | 50 (16.7) | 20 (20) | 30 (15) | |||
Parity | n(%) | |||||
Nulliparous | 115(38.3) | 36(36.0) | 79(39.5) | 0.557b | 0.971d | |
Parous | 185(61.7) | 64(64.0) | 121(60.5) | |||
BMI | Mean(SD) | 25.62(4.23) | 25.71(4.26) | 25.44(4.20) | 0.556a | 0.002c* |
Underweight | n(%) | 23 (7.7) | 7(7.0) | 16(8.0) | ||
normal | 121(40.3) | 46(46.0) | 75(37.5) | |||
Overweight | 112(37.3) | 33(33.0) | 79(39.5) | |||
Obese | 44(14.7) | 14(14.0) | 30(15.0) |
Comparison of health-promoting behaviors between two groups
Variable | All n= 300 | Pregnancy with induced hypertension n =100 Mean(SD) | Healthy pregnant women n= 200 Mean(SD) | P-Valuea | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Interpersonal relationship | 23.66(3.67) | 23.15(3.27) | 23.91(3.84) | 0.092 | |
Health responsibility | 21.89(4.68) | 20.60(4.70) | 22.53(3.80) | 0.001* | |
Physical activity | 17.46(4.09) | 17.29(3.99) | 17.81(4.29) | 0.301 | |
Spiritual growth | 26.05(3.87) | 26.53(3.80) | 25.81(3.89) | 0.129 | |
Nutrition | 23.58(4.93) | 22.17(4.45) | 24.28(5.02) | <0.001* | |
Stress management | 20.38(4.15) | 20.45(4.12) | 20.24(4.21) | 0.688 | |
Total score of HPLP-II | 132.71(17.89) | 129.83(15.04) | 134.15(19.03) | 0.049* | |
Self-Efficacy | Mean(SD) | 54.16(6.75) | 53.98(6.58) | 54.25(6.85) | 0.749 |
Total Score of Social Support | Mean(SD) | 63.70(12.29) | 60.14(13.13) | 65.49(11.47) | <0.001* |
Level of social support | n (%) | ||||
Low social support | 37(12.3) | 23(7.7) | 14(4.7) | ||
Moderate social support | 150(50.0) | 48(16.0) | 102(34.0) | ||
High social support | 113(37.7) | 29(9.7) | 84(28.0) | ||
Social support form specific people | Mean(SD) | 23.20(4.17) | 22.65(4.44) | 23.47(4.02) | 0.109 |
Friend | Mean(SD) | 17.32(6.76) | 15.93(7.20) | 18.02(6.44) | 0.012* |
Family | Mean(SD) | 23.19(4.22) | 21.56(4.59) | 24.01(3.77) | <0.001* |
perceived stress | Mean(SD) | 39.78(7.79) | 44.30(7.84) | 37.53(6.73) | <0.001* |
Level of perceived stress | n(%) | ||||
low | 43(14.3) | 6(14.0) | 37(12.3) | ||
High | 257(85.7) | 94(36.6) | 163(66.7) |
Comparison of intermediary social determinants of health between two groups
Factors associated with gestational hypertension
Predictors | B | SE | OR | 95% CI | Wald | P-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | ||||||
Total perceived stress | 0.129 | 0.022 | 1.137 | 1.089, 1.188 | 34.106 | <0.001 |
Total Social Support | -0.040 | 0.013 | 0.961 | 0.936,0.986 | 8.949 | 0.003 |
Total Self-Efficacy | -0.005 | 0.023 | 0.995 | 0.952, 1.040 | 0.043 | 0.837 |
Total Health-promoting | -0.004 | 0.010 | 0.992 | 0.986, 1.023 | 0.202 | 0.653 |
Spouse’s Educational status | 9.525 | 0.023 | ||||
Secondary school(1) | 1.599 | 0.593 | 4.948 | 1.548, 15.815 | 7.273 | 0.007 |
Diploma(2) | 0.978 | 0.425 | 2.660 | 1.157, 6.117 | 5.305 | 0.021 |
University(3) | 1.049 | 0.412 | 2.854 | 1.273, 6.398 | 6.485 | 0.011 |
Housing N0(1) | -0.495 | 0.288 | 0.610 | 0.347, 1.073 | 2.947 | 0.086 |
Association between health-promoting behaviors with intermediary social determinants of health
Predictors | Unstandardized Coefficient, β | SE | Standardized Coefficient, β | 95% CI | R2 | Adjusted R2 | F | P-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | ||||||||
Social Support | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.404 | 0.003 to 0.006 | 0.163 | 0.160 | 57.984 | <0.001 |
Model 2 | ||||||||
Self-Efficacy | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.284 | 0.004 to 0.088 | 0.081 | 0.075 | 26.202 | <0.001 |
Model 3 | ||||||||
perceived stress | -0.003 | 0.001 | -0.162 | -0.005 to -0.001 | 0.026 | 0.023 | 8.033 | 0.005 |
Model 4 | ||||||||
Self-Efficacy | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.215 | 0.002 to 0.006 | 0.220 | 0.212 | 27.866 | <0.001 |
Social Support | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.348 | 0.003 to 0.005 | ||||
perceived stress | -0.002 | 0.001 | -0.114 | -0.004 t0 0.000 | ||||
Model 5 | ||||||||
Self-Efficacy | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.215 | 0.002 to 0.006 | 0.229 | 0.218 | 21.866 | <0.001 |
Social Support | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.331 | 0.003 to 0.005 | ||||
perceived stress | -0.002 | 0.001 | -0.112 | -0.004 to 0.000 | ||||
Mother’s Educational status | 0.017 | 0.009 | 0.094 | -0.002 to 0.035 |